v^^^^ 






A^""^ -^'^-.^''^ 






•-. ,.'^' 



AV 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ACCOUNT 



OF THB 



FOREIGN COMMERCE 



OP THB 



UNITED STATES, 



SHOWING THE FOREIGN COMMERCE OF EACH STATE, WITH THE AGGREGATE IMP0ET3 

FROM, AND EXPORTS TO, EACH FOREIGN" NATION, FROM THE YEAR 1820 TO 

THE YEAR 1856, AND THE FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 

WITH EVERY IMPORTANT MARITIME COUNTRY IN THE WORLD 

DURING THE SAME PERIOD; INCLUDING A REVIEW OP 

THE PROGRESS OF AMERICAN COMMERCE, AND A 

PRELIMINARY SKETCH OF THE TRADE OP 

THB AMERICAN COLONIEa 



COMPILED BY 



J> SMITH'^HOMANS, Junior. 



NEW YOKK: 

PUBLISHED BY a. P. PUTNAM & CO., 321 BROADWAY. 

X SMITH IIOMANS, JUNIOR, 162 PEARL STREET. 

1857. 



n!^ 






Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by 

J. SMITH HOMANS, Junior, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Soutliern District of New York. 



ETEREOTYPEDBT .'-;'•• PRINTED BY 

THOMAS B. SMITH, ?'"' J. W. AMERMAX, 

82 & 84 Beekman St. CO William St. 



INTRODUCTION. 

This volume of Commercial Statistics of the United States has been prepared for 
the purpose of exhibiting, in a condensed manner, the commerce of the United 
States from the year 1820 up to the present time. First, to exhibit the commerce 
of each State separately, by giving the domestic and foreign exports, and the total 
exports and imports, with the amount of bulhon and specie exported and imported 
each year from 1820. Secondly, to show the commerce of the United States with 
every maritime countiy and important colony in the world from the year 1820 to the 
present time, giving the domestic and foreign exports, the total exports and imports, 
the bullion and specie exported and imported, and the domestic and foreign tonnage 
that cleared. In addition, the aggregate for every ten years is shown. These 
statistics show, in a comprehensive manner, the progressive importance of the trade 
of each State, and the great increase of the trade of the United States. 

This complete exhibit of the commerce of the States and the United States is not 
to be met with in any publication, official or private ; and is only to be found in de- 
tail in the Treasury Reports extending over a series of years from 1820 to 1856. 
These statistics were prepared by Michael Nourse, Esq., late chief Clerk of the 
Register's Office, Treasury Department, from the Reports of the Treasury on Com- 
merce and Navigation, and from original documents to wliich he had access while 
in the Treasury Department. Especial care has been taken to insure the accuracy 
and completeness of these statistics, and they have been compared with original 
data. 

To accompany the tabular view of the trade of each State, there is given a 
syaopsis of its early history and present condition, with respect to internal improve- 
ments and natural facilities for trade. Also, a description of the principal domestic 
ports and harbors, with the tonnage employed, depth of water, and pilotage. 

To illustrate the statistical tables of the trade of the United States with each 
foreign country, we add a summary of the present commercial condition of that 
country, its commerce with other countries, and the regulations respecting the com- 
mercial intercourse between the two countries. Also, a description of the principal 
foreign ports and harbors in each country, giving the depth of water, pilotage, and 
difficulties of navigation. 



iv IntToducti(yn, 

A preliminary view is given of tlie commerce of the American colonies from their 
formation, and a tabular view of the exports and imports of the separate colonies 
from the year IT 00 to the year I*? 7 6. 

The progress of American commerce from the Revolution up to the present time, 
showing the exports and imports of each year up to 1856, and the distribution of 
/)nnage at several periods, are briefly shown. 

The authorities that have been prmcipally consulted by the editor in the prepara 
tion of this work, are : McCulloch's Commercial Dictionary ; Encyclopedia Britan- 
nica; Gotha Almanack, 1857 ; The Banker's Magazine and Statistical Register; 
Commercial Returns issued by the State Department, etc. ; Census Report, U. S. •, 
De Bow's Review, etc 



CONTENTS 






Colonies, 
Maine, 

New Hampshire, 
Vermont, 
Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, 
New Tork, 
New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, . 
Maryland, . . 
District op Columbu, 
Virginia, 
North Carolina, 
South Carolina, . 
Georgia, 
Alabama, 
Florida, 
Louisiana, 
Micihgan, . 
Ohio, 

Illinois and Others, 
Texas and California, 
[Progress op Commerce, 
Belgium, 
England, 
Ireland, . 
Scotland, 
Gibraltar, 
Malta, . 

British East Indies, 
Cape op Good Hope, 
Australia, 
Honduras, . 
British Gul4.na, 
British West Indies, 



PAOB 
1 

. 8 

10 
. 12 

14 
. 16 

18 
. 20 

22 
. 24 

26 
. 28 

30 
. 32 

34 
. 36 

38 
. 40 

42 
. 44 

46 
. 48 

50 
. 52 

54 
. 66 

68 
,10 

12 
.14 

16 
. 18 



84 
86 
88 



vi Contents. 

PAGB 

Canada, 90 

British American Colonies, 92 

Other British Colonies, 94 

France, Atlantic, . . .96 

France, Mediterranean, 98 

French West Indies, 100 

French Guiana, 102 

Denmark, 104 

Danish "West Indies, 106 

Holland, 108 

Dutch West Indies, 110 

Dutch East Indies, ......*.... 112 

Dutch Gula.na, 114 

Hanse Towns, 116 

Prussia, 118 

EussiA, , . 120 

Sweden and Norway, 122 

Swedish West Indies, 124 

Spain, Atlantic, . . . . . . . . . . . 126 

Spain, Mediterranean, , .128 

Teneriffe, 130 

Manilla, 134 

Cuba, 132 

Spanish West Indies, 136 

Portugal, 138 

Madeira, 140 

Fatal, etc., 142 

Cape Yerd Islands, 144 

Italy, 146 

Sardinia, 148 

Sicilies, 150 

Trieste!, 152 

Turkey, 154 

Hayti, 156 

Spanish American Colonies, 158 

Mexico, 160 

Uruguay, 162 

Colombia, 164 

Central America, 166 

New Granada, 168 

Venezuela, . . . . ITO 

Brazil, 1*72 

Argentine Eepublic, I(f4 

Chili 116 

Peru, . . 118 

China, . . 180 

Mauritius, . . 182 

Asia, .184 



FOKEIGN COMMEKCE OF THE UNITED STATES, 



A PEELIMIKART VIEW OF THE COMMERCE OF THE 
AMERICAN COLONIES. 



Colonies are establisliments founded in foreign countries by individ- 
uals who either voluntarily immigrate from, or are forcibly sent abroad by, 
their mother country. The colony trade is the trade carried on be- 
tween colonies and their parent States. 

Establishment of Colonies. — Greek Colonies, — ^Various motives 
have, in different countries and ages, led to the formation of colonies. 
The Greek colonies of antiquity seem to have been chiefly founded by 
citizens whom the -vdolence and fury of contending factions forced to 
leave their native land ; but they were sometimes formed for the pur- 
pose of relieving the mother-country of a redundant population, and 
sometimes also for the purpose of extending the sphere of commercial 
transactions, or of providing for their security. The relations between 
the mother-country and the colony depended, in a great measure, on the 
motives which led to the estabhshment of the latter. When a colony 
was founded by fugitives forcibly expelled fi*om their ancient homes ; 
or when it was founded, as was frequently the case, by bodies of volun- 
tary emigrants, who received no assistance from, and were in no respect 
controlled by, the parent State, it was from the first independent ; and 
even in those rarer cases in which the emigration was conducted under 
the superintendence of the parent city, and when the colony was pro- 
tected by her power and influence, the dependence was mostly far from 
being absolute and complete. The great bulk of the Greek colonies 
were really independent States ; and though they commonly regarded 
the land of their forefathers with filial respect, though they yielded to 
its citizens the place of distinction at public games and rehgious solem- 
nities, and were expected to assist them in time of war, they did so as 
allies only, on fair and equal terms, and never as subjects. Owing to 
the freedom of their institutions, and their superiority in the arts of 
civilized life to the native inhabitants of the countries among whom they 
were generally placed, these colonies rose in a comparatively short period 



2 American Colonies. 

to a liigli pi tell of opulence and refinement ; and many among them, as 
Miletus and Ephesus in Asia Minor, Syracuse and Agrigentum in Sicily, 
and Tarentum and Locri in Italy, not only equaled, but greatly sur- 
passed their mother cities in wealth and power. 

Spanish Colonies. — The early colonies of most modern nations were 
founded by private adventurers, influenced either by the hope of gain or 
by a desire to escape from religious persecution, without any wish to re- 
lieve the mother-country of a surplus population or to bridle subjugated 
provinces. On their first institution, therefore, the modern colonies ap- 
proached, though with some essential variations, more nearly to the 
Grecian than the Roman model ; but the period of their freedom was of 
very limited duration. They were very soon subjected to laws and regu- 
lations framed in the metropolis, and calculated, as was to be supposed, 
rather to promote its interests than those of the colony. 

American Colonies. — The English, who, like all the other nations of 
Europe, had been impressed with mingled feelings of admiration and 
envy by the extent and importance of the acquisitions made by the 
Spaniards in the New World, speedily entered with enthusiasm and 
ardor into the career of discovery. Owing, however, to the bull which 
Ferdinand and Isabella had obtained from the Pope, conveying to them 
the ample donation of all the countries inhabited by infidels that the 
Spaniards had discovered or might discover, the Engligh, to avoid en- 
croaching on the dominions of their rivals, directed their efibrts further 
to the north. Several attempts to found colonies on the coast of America 
were made in the reign of Elizabeth by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir 
Richard Grenville, Sir Walter Raleigh, and others. But in consequence 
of their ignorance of the country, the deficiency of their supplies of 
provisions, the loss of time in fruitless searches after gold, and the va- 
rious difficulties incident to the first settlement of a colony, none of 
these attempts proved successful ; and it was not until 1607 that a small 
body of adventurers founded the first permanent establishment of the 
English in America, at Jamestown, in Virginia. Letters patent were 
granted in 1609 by King James to the principal persons resident in 
London, by whom the expense attending the formation of the colony 
was to be defrayed, incorporating them into a company, and estabhshing 
a council in England for the direction of their proceedings, the mem- 
bers of which were to be chosen by, and removable at the pleasure of, 
the majority of the partners of the company — permitting whatever was 
necessary for the support and sustenance of the colony, for the first 
seven years, to be exported free of duty ; declaring that the colonists 
and their descendants were to be secured in all the rights and privileges 
of Englishmen, the same as if they had remained at home or been bom 
in England ; and reserving only, as the stipulated price of these con- 
cessions, and in imitation of the policy of the Spaniards, one fifth part 
of the gold and silver ore to be found in the colonies, which was to be 
paid to his Majesty and his successors in all time to come. In virtue 
of these powers, the company issued, in 1621, a charter or ordinance, 
which gave a legal and permanent form to the constitution of the 
colony. By this charter the supreme legislative authority was lodged, 
partly in the governor, who held the place of the sovereign, partly in a 
council of state, named by the company, and partly in a general coun- 



American Colonies. 3 

cil or assembly, composed of the representatives of the people, in which 
were vested powers and privileges similar to those of the House of Com- 
mons. It was not long, however, before the king and the coinpany 
quarreled. The latter were in consequence divested of all their rights, 
partly by open violence, and partly under color of law, without compen- 
sation, after having expended upward of £150,000 in founding the 
colony ; and a governor and council of state appointed by the king 
succeeded to the powers of those appointed by the committee. — Robert- 
son's History of America, book ix. passim ; Jefpeeson's Notes on 
Virginia, p. 179. 

The founders of the colony in Virginia had been actuated solely by 
the hopes of gain ; but the colonies that were soon after established in 
New England were chiefly planted by men who fled from religious and 
political persecution. Tlie form of government in the !N'ew England 
colonies, though at first modified a good deal by the pecuHar religious 
opinions entertained by the colonists, was in its leading principles es- 
sentially free. For a considerable period the colonists elected their own 
'governors, coined money, and exercised most of the rights of sovereignty ; 
while the English, wholly engrossed with the contest between freedom 
and prerogative at home, had no leisure to attend to their proceedings. 
Subsequently to the Restoration, however, the governments of most of 
the New England States were established nearly on the same footing as 
that of Virginia ; which, indeed, became the favorite model, not only for 
the constitution of the colonies established on the continent, with the 
exception of the proprietary governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland, 
but also for those that were established in the West India Islands. But 
under every vicissitude of government and fortune, the New England 
colonists were distinguished by the same ardent and enthusiastic love 
of liberty that had first induced them to quit their native land. Every 
thing relating to the internal regulation and administration of the dif- 
ferent colonies was determined, in the colonial assemblies, by representa- 
tives freely chosen by the settlers. The personal liberty of the citizens 
was well secured and vigilantly protected. And, if we except the 
restraints on their commerce, the monopoly of which was jealously 
guarded by the mother country, the inhabitants of Virginia, Pennsyl- 
vania, and New England, enjoyed nearly the same degree of freedom 
when colonists of England that they now enjoy as citizens of the power- 
ful republic of North America. Their progress in wealth and popula- 
tion was in consequence quite unprecedented in the history of the 
world. The white population of the colonies had increased in 1776, at 
the commencement of the Revolutionary war, to above 2,000,000, and 
the value of the exports from Great Britain to them amounted to about 
£1,300,000 a year ! 

It is not diflScult to discover the causes of the unexampled prosperity 
and* rapid growth of our North American colonies, and generally of all 
colonies placed under similar circumstances. The North American colo- 
nists carried with them a knowledge of the aits and sciences practiced 
by a civilized and polished people. They had been trained from their 
infancy to habits of industry and subordination. They were practically 
acquainted with the best and wisest form of civil polity that had been 
established in Europe ; and they were placed in a situation that enabled 



4 American Colonies. 

them, without difficulty, to remedy its defects, and to try every institution 
by the test of utility. But the thinness of the aboriginal population, and 
the consequent facility of obtaining inexhaustible supplies of fertile and 
unoccupied land, must certainly be placed at the head of all the causes 
which have promoted the rapid increase of wealth and population in the 
United States, and in all the other colonies both of North and South 
America. On the first foundation of a colony, and for long after, each 
colonist gets an ample supply of land of the best quality ; and having 
no rent, and scarcely any taxes, to pay, his industry necessarily becomes 
exceedingly productive, and he has every means and every motive to 
amass capital. In consequence, he is eager to collect laborers from all 
quarters, and is both willing and able to reward them with high wages. 
But these high wages afibrd the means of accumulation, and, joined to 
the plenty and cheapness of the land, speedily change the more indus- 
trious laborers into proprietors, and enable them, in their turn, to become 
the employers of fresh laborers ; so that every class participates in the 
general improvement, and capital and population advance with a rapidity 
hardly conceivable in old-settled and fully-peopled countries. 

It has been frequently said that the establishment of the British Amer- 
ican and West India colonies was a device of the supporters of the ex- 
clusive or mercantile system — that they founded them in the view of 
raising up a vast agricultural population, whose commerce should be con- 
fined entirely to an exchange of raw products for other manufactured 
goods. There is, however, no truth in these assertions. On the contrary, 
the charters granted to the founders of the settlement in Virginia dis- 
tinctly empower the colonists to carry on a direct intercourse with foreign 
States. Nor were they slow to avail themselves of this permission ; for 
they had, so early as 1620, established tobacco warehouses in MiddlelDurg 
and Flushing ; and the subsequent proceedings of the British govern- 
ment depriving them of this freedom of commerce, were the chief cause 
of those disputes which broke out in 16*76, in an open rebellion of om- 
inous and threatening import. — Robertson's America. It was not until 
the colonists had surmounted the difficulties and hardships incident to 
their first estabhshment, and had begun to increase rapidly in wealth, 
that their commerce became an object of importance, and that regula- 
tions were framed in the view of restricting its freedom, and of rendering 
it peculiarly advantageous to the mother country. The act of 1650, 
passed by the republican Parliament, laid the first foundations of the 
monopoly system, by confining the import and export trade of the col- 
onies exclusively to British or colony built ships. But the famous Nav- 
igation Act ofl660(12 Charles II. c. 18) went much further. It enacted 
that certain specified articles, the produce of the colonies, and since well 
known in commerce by the name of enumerated articles, should not be ex 
ported directly from the colonies to any foreign country ; but that they 
should first be sent to Britain, and there unladen (the words of the act are, 
laid upon the shore) before they could be forwarded to their final destination. 
Sugar, molasses, ginger, fustic, tobacco, cotton, and indigo, were origin- 
ally enumerated ; and the list was subsequently enlarged by the addition 
of cofiee, hides and skins, iron, corn, lumber, etc. In 1739, the mon- 
opoly system was so far relaxed that sugars were permitted to be carried 
directly from the British plantations to any port or place southward of 



American Colonies, 5 

Cape Finisterre ; but the conditions under whicli this indulgence was 
granted continued so strict and numerous down to 1803, when they were 
a good deal simplified, as to render it in a great degree nugatory, (Ed- 
ward's West Indies) ; and with this exception, the oppressive and vex- 
atious restrictions on their direct exportations to foreign countries were 
maintained on most of the other enumerated commodities of any import- 
ance down to a late period. 

But beside compelling the colonists to sell their produce exclusively 
in the EngUsh markets, it was next thought ad^dsable to oblige them to 
buy such foreign articles as they might stand in need of entirely from 
the merchants and manufacturers of England. For this purpose it was 
enacted, in 1663, that no " commodity of the growth, production, or manu- 
facture of Europe shall be imported into the British plantations but such 
as are laden and put on board in England, Wales, or Berwick-upon- 
Tweed, and in English-built shipping, whereof the master and three- 
fourths of the crew are English." The preamble to this statute, which 
effectually excluded the colonists from every market for European prod- 
uce, except that of England, assigns the motive for this restriction to be 
"the maintaining a greater correspondence and kindness between the 
subjects at home and those in the plantations ; keeping the colonies in a 
firmer dependence on the mother country ; making them yet more bene- 
ficial to it, in the further employment and increase of English shipping, 
and the vent of English manufactures and commodities : rendering the 
navigation to and from them more safe and cheap ; and making that 
kingdom a staple, not only of the commodities of the plantations, but 
also of the commodities of other countries and places for their supply, 
it being the usage of other nations to keep their plantation trade exclu- 
sively to themselves." It was also a leading principle in the system of 
colonial policy, adopted as well by England as by other European nations, 
to discourage all attempts to manufacture such articles in the colonies as 
could be provided for them by the mother country. The history of the 
colonial system is full of efforts of this sort ; and so essential was this 
principle deemed to the idea of a colony, that Lord Chatham did not 
hesitate to declare, in his place in Parliament, that " the British colonists 
of North America had no right to manufacture even a nail for a horse- 
shoe." Edwards West Indies. And when such were the enactments 
made by the Legislature, and such the avowed sentiments of a great par- 
liamentary leader and a friend to colonies, we need not be surprised at a 
declaration of the late Lord Sheffield who did no more, indeed, than ex- 
press the opinion of almost all the merchants and politicians of his time, 
when he affirmed that " the only use of American colonies or West India 
islands is the monopoly of their consumption, and the carriage of their 
produce !"* 

* " During the war of the Revolution, our commerce was suspended ; after the 
peace in 1783, our trade continued to languish ; it had to contend with domestic and 
foreign obstacles ; foreign nations entertained a jealousy concerning these States ; 
at home a rivalship was prevalent among the several members of the confederacy, 
and checked the prosperity of the nation. Each of the thirteen independent sover- 
eignties contemplated its own immediate interests ; some of the States declared the 
commercial intercourse with them to be equally free to aU nations, and they cau- 
tiously avoided to lay duties on such merchandise as was subject to them, when im- 
ported into other States." 



NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES-lV00-in6. 



Ykaes. 


N. England. 


New Yobk. 


Penn'a. 


Va, & Md. 


Caeolina. 


Geoegia. 


Exports. 


Exports. 


Exports. 


Exports. 


Exports. 


Exports. 


1700 


£41,486 


£17,667 


£4,608 


£317,302 


£14,058 




1701 


32,656 


18,547 


5,220 


285,738 


16,973 


.... 


1702 


37,026 


7,965 


4,145 


274,782 


11,870 




1703 


83,539 


7,471 


5,160 


144,928 


13,197 




1704 


80,823 


10,540 


2,430 


264,112 


14,067 


.... 


1705 


22,793 


7,893 


1,309 


116,768 


2,698 


.... 


1706 


22,210 


2,849 


4,210 


149,152 


8,652 




1707 


88,793 


14,283 


786 


207,625 


23,311 




1708 


49,635 


10,547 


2,120 


218,493 


10,340 




/ 1709 


29,559 


12,259 


617 


261,668 


20,481 


.... 


1710 


81,112 


8,203 


1,277 


188,429 


20,793 


.... 


1711 


26,415 


12,193 


88 


273,181 


12,871 


.... 


1712 


24,699 


12,466 


1,471 


297,941 


29,394 




1713 


49,904 


14,428 


178 


206,263 


82,449 


.... 


1714 


51,541 


29,810 


2,663 


280,470 


81,290 


.... 


1715 


66,555 


21,316 


5,461 


174,756 


29,158 


.... 


1716 


69,595 


21,971 


5,193 


281,343 


46,287 


.... 


1717 


58,898 


24,534 


4,499 


296,884 


41,275 


.... 


1718 


61,591 


27,831 


5,588 


316,576 


46,885 


.... 


1719 


54,452 


19,596 


6,564 


832,069 


50,373 




1720 


49,206 


16,836 


7,928 


831,482 


62,736 




1721 


50,483 


15,681 


8,087 


857,812 


61,858 





1722 


47,955 


20,118 


6,882 


283,091 


79,650 




1723 


59,339 


27,992 


8,332 


287,997 


78,103 




1724 


69,585 


21,191 


4,057 


277,344 


90,504 




1725 


72,021 


24,976 


11,981 


214,730 


91,942 


.... 


1726 


63,816 


88,807 


5,960 


324,767 


93,453 




1727 


75,052 


81,617 


12,823 


421,588 


96,055 




1728 


64,680 


21,142 


15,230 


413,089 


91,175 




1729 


52,512 


15,833 


7,484 


386,174 


113,329 




1730 


54,701 


8,740 


10,582 


346,823 


151,739 




1731 


49,048 


20,756 


12,786 


408,502 


159,771 




1732 


64,095 


9,411 


8,524 


310,799 


126,207 




1733 


61,983 


11,626 


14,776 


403,198 


177,845 


£203 


1734 


82,252 


15,807 


20,217 


873,090 


120,466 


18 


1735 


72,899 


14,155 


21,919 


394,995 


145,348 


8,010 


1736 


66,783 


17,944 


20,786 


380, 16S 


214,083 




1737 


63,347 


16,883 


15,198 


492,246 


187,758 




1738 


59,116 


16,228 


11,918 


891,814 


141,119 


"ii 


1739 


46,604 


18,459 


8,184 


444,654 


236,192 


233 


1740 


72,389 


21,498 


15,048 


841,997 


265,560 


924 


1741 


60,052 


21,142 


17,158 


577,109 


236,830 




1742 


53,166 


13,536 


8,527 


427,769 


154,607 


l",623 


1743 


63,185 


15,067 


9,596 


557,821 


235,136 


2 


1744 


50,248 


14,527 


7,446 


402,709 


192,594 





1745 


38,948 


14,083 


10,130 


399,423 


91,847 


.... 


1746 


88,612 


8,841 


15,779 


419,871 


76,897 





1747 


41,771 


14,992 


2,832 


492,619 ' 


107,500 




1748 


29,748 


12,358 


12,363 


494,852 


167,805 




1749 


89,999 


23,413 


14,944 


434,618 


120,499 


"hi 


1750 


48,455 


35,632 


28,191 


508,939 


191,607 


1,942 


1751 


63,287 


42,363 


23,870 


460,085 


245,491 


855 


1752 


74,313 


40,648 


29,978 


569,453 


288,264 


1,526 


1753 


83,395 


40,553 


88,527 


632,575 


164,634 


8,057 


1754 


66,538 


26,663 


80,649 


573,435 


807,238 


8,236 


1755 


59,5a3 


28,055 


82,386 


489,668. 


825,525 


4,437 


1756 


47,359 


24,073 


20,091 


887,759 


•222,915 


7,155 


1757 


27,556 


19,168 


14,190 


418,881 


180,889 




1758 


80,204 


14,260 


21,383 


454,862 


150,511 




1759 


25,985 


21,684 


22,404 


857,228 


206,534 


6,074 


1760 


37,802 


21,125 


22,754 


504,451 


162,769 


12,198 


W61 


46,225 


48,648 


89,170 


455,083 


253,002 


5,764 


1762 


41,733 


58,882 


88,091 


415,709 


181,595 


6,522 


1763 


74,815 


52,993 


88,228 


642,294 


282,866 


14,469 


1764 


88,157 


53,697 


86,258 


559,508 


841,727 


81,825 


1765 


145,819 


54,959 


25,148 


505,671 


385,918 


84,183 


1766 


141,733 


67,020 


26,851 


461,693 


293,587 


53,074 


1767 


128,207 


61,422 


87,641 


437,926 


895,027 


85,856 


1768 


148,375 


87,115 


59,404 


406,048 


508,108 


42,402 


1769 


129,358 


73,466 


26,111 


861,892 


887,114 


82,270 


1770 


148,011 


69,882 


28,109 


435,094 


278,907 


55,532 


1771 


150,381 


95,875 


81,615 


577,848 


420,311 


63,810 


1772 


126,265 


82,707 


29,133 


528,404 


425,923 


66,083 


1773 


124,624 


76,246 


86,652 


589,803 


456,513 


85,391 


1774 


112,248 


80,008 


69,611 


612,030 


432,302 


67,647 


1775 


116,588 


187,018 


175,962 


758,356 


579,349 


103,477 


1776 


762 


2,318 


1,421 


73,226 


13,668 


12,569 



NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES— It 00-11 16. 



Years. 


N. Englaio). 


New Yobk. 


Pbnn'a. 


Va. & Md. 


Caeolina. 


Geobgia. 


Imports. 


Imports. 


Imports. 


Imports. 


Imports. 


Imports. 


1700 


£91,918 


£49,410 


£18,529 


£173,481 


£11,003 




1701 


86,322 


81,910 


12,003 


199,683 


13,908 


.... 


1702 


64,625 


29,991 


9,342 


72,391 


10,460 


.... 


1703 


59,608 


17,562 


9,899 


196,713 


12,428 


.... 


1704 


74,896 


22,294 


11,819 


60,458 


6,621 


.... 


1705 


62,504 


27,902 


7,206 


174,322 


19,788 





1706 


57,050 


31,588 


11,037 


58,015 


4001 




1707 


120,631 


29,855 


14,865 


237,901 


10,492 


.... 


1708 


115,505 


26,899 


6,723 


79,061 


11,996 


.... 


1709 


120,349 


34,577 


5,881 


80,268 


28,521 


.... 


1710 


106,838 


81,475 


8.594 


127,689 


19,613 


.... 


1711 


137,421 


28,856 


19,408 


91,535 


20,406 




1712 


128,105 


18,524 


8,464 


134,583 


20,015 


..... 


1713 


120,778 


46,470 


17,037 


76,304 


23,967 


.... 


1714 


121,288 


44,643 


14,927 


128,873 


23,712 


.... 


1715 


164,650 


54,629 


17,182 


199,274 


16,631 




1716 


121,156 


52,173 


21,842 


179,595 


27,272 


.... 


1717 


132,001 


44,140 


22,505 


215,962 


25,058 


.... 


1718 


131,885 


62,966 


22,716 


191,925 


15,841 


.... 


1719 


125,317 


56,355 


27,068 


164,630 


19,630 


.... 


1720 


128,769 


37,397 


24,531 


110,717 


18,290 




1721 


114.524 


50,754 


21,548 


127,876 


17,703 


.... 


1722 


138,722 


57,478 


26,397 


172,754 


84,374 




1723 


176,486 


53,013 


15,992 


123,833 


42,246 




1724 


168,507 


63,020 


80,324 


161,894 


87,839 




1725 


201,768 


70,650 


42,209 


195,884 


39,182 




1726 


200,882 


84,866 


57,634 


185,981 


43,934 




1727 


187,277 


67,452 


31,979 


192,965 


28,254 




1728 


194,590 


81,634 


87,478 


171,092 


33,067 




1729 


161,102 


64,760 


29,799 


108,931 


58,366 


.... 


1730 


208,196 


64,356 


48,592 


150,931 


64,785 




1731 


183,467 


66,116 


44,260 


171,278 


71,145 




1732 


216,600 


65,540 


41,698 


148,289 


58,298 


£828 


1783 


184,570 


65,417 


40,565 


186,177 


70,466 


1,695 


1734 


146,460 


81,758 


54,392 


172,086 


99,658 


1,921 


1735 


189,125 


80,405 


48,804 


220,381 


117,837 


12,112 


1736 


222,158 


86,000 


61,513 


204,794 


101,147 


2,012 


1737 


223,923 


125,833 


56,090 


211,301 


58,986 


5,701 


1738 


203,233 


133,438 


61,450 


258,860 


87,793 


6,496 


1739 


220,378 


106,070 


54,452 


217,200 


94,445 


8,324 


1740 


171,081 


118,777 


56,751 


281,428 


181,821 


3,524 


1741 


198,147 


140,430 


91,010 


248,582 


224,270 


2,553 


1742 


148,899 


167,591 


75,295 


264,186 


127,063 


17,018 


1743 


172,461 


184,487 


79,310 


828,195 


111,499 


2,291 


1744 


143,982 


119,920 


62,214 


284,855 


79,141 


769 


1745 


140,463 


54,957 


54,280 


193,799 


86,815 


939 


1746 


209,177 


86,712 


73,699 


282,545 


102,809 


984 


1747 


210,640 


137,984 


82,404 


200,088 


95,529 


24 


1748 


197.682 


143,311 


75,330 


252,624 


160,172 


1,314 


1749 


238,286 


265,773 


238.637 


323,600 


164,085 


5 


1750 


843,659 


267,130 


217,713 


349,419 


184,037 


2,125 


1751 


805,974 


248,941 


190,917 


247,027 


138,244 


2,065 


1752 


273,340 


194,030 


201,666 


325,151 


150,777 


8,163 


1753 


345,523 


277.864 


245,644 


356,776 


213,009 


14,128 


1754 


829,433 


127,497 


244,647 


823,513 


149,215 


1,974 


1755 


341,796 


151,071 


144,456 


285,157 


189,887 


2,630 


1756 


884,371 


250,425 


200,169 


426,687 


181,780 


536 


1757 


363,404 


353,811 


168,426 


834,897 


213,949 


2,571 


1758 


465,094 


356,555 


260,953 


488.471 


181,002 


10,212 


1759 


527,067 


680,785 


498,161 


459,007 


215,255 


15,178 


1760 


599,647 


480,106 


707,993 


605,882 


218,131 




1761 


334,225 


289,570 


204,067 


546,350 


254,587 


24^279 


1762 


247,885 


288,046 


200,199 


418,599 


194,170 


23,761 


1763 


258,854 


233,560 


284,152 


555,391 


250,132 


44,908 


1764 


459,765 


515,416 


436,191 


515,192 


305,808 


18,338 


1765 


451,299 


882,349 


368,368 


383,224 


334,709 


29,165 


1766 


409,642 


330,829 


327,314 


872,548 


296,732 


67,268 


1767 


400,081 


417,957 


371,830 


437,628 


244,093 


23,334 


1768 


419,797 


482,930 


432,107 


475,984 


289,868 


56,562 


1769 


207,992 


74,918 


199,906 


488,362 


306,600 


58,340 


1770 


394,451 


475,991 


134,881 


717,782 


146,273 


56,193 


1771 


1,420,119 


653,621 


728,744 


920,326 


409,169 


70,493 


1772 


824,830 


848,970 


507,909 


793,910 


449,610 


92,406 


1773 


527,055 


289,214 


426,448 


328,904 


344,859 


62,932 


1774 


• 562,476 


437,937 


625,652 


528,738 


878,116 


57,518 


1775 


71,625 


1,228 


1,366 


1,921 


6,245 


113,777 


1776 


55,050 


.... 


865 




.... 





8 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

MAINE. 

The most north-easterly State of the Republic of the United States of 
America, extends from latitude 33° to 47° 25' N"., and between longitude 
6° and 10° E., from Washington, with an area of 35,000 square miles. 

Early History. — Sebastian Cabot, who was, after the time of Colum- 
bus, the first European navigator along the coasts of Maine and its vicin- 
ity, appears not to have given a name to the countries discovered by him. 

The eldest and greatest name in these parts of North America, is that 
of Baccalaos — a name given by the Biscayan fishermen at first to New- 
foundland, and then also to all the countries which they found near this 
island. On some old maps the name Baccalaos — that is to say, the cod- 
fish-country — reaches over a great part of the eastern coast of America, 
but it appears more particularly in the regions of our State of Maine. 

Stephen Gomez was the first Spanish navigator who discovered (1525) 
and explored the coasts to the west and to the north of Cape Cod a little 
more particularly, and we therefore see on the Spanish maps these regions 
designated with the name of " Tierra de Gomez''' (Gomez's land). So, 
for instance, at first on that of Ribeiro (1529), and afterward on many 
others. After the middle of the sixteenth century, when Gomez was more 
and more forgotten, another name was introduced for these regions, that 
of Norumbec. We can not exactly point out the occasion at which this 
name was invented ; but we find it in the latter half of the sixteenth and 
in the beginning of the seventeenth century, on nearly all the maps of 
these regions. The name seems to be of Indian origin, like the name 
of Kenne&ec, Quebec, and different others, which have hec for the last 
syllable. Perhaps some unknown sailors heard it pronounced by the 
Indians, and introduced it among the geographers, whowere always fond 
of new names. It was, however, changed in many diflferent ways : Nor- 
ubec, Norombec, Arambec, Norumberge, Norumberque, Nurimbequa, etc. 

Rivers^ LaTces^ etc. — It has been estimated that one sixth part of the 
surface of Maine consists of water. There are numerous lakes, the largest 
and most noted of which are Moosehead, Sebago, Chesuncook, and Um- 
bagog. A part of the waters of the latter extend into New Hampshire. 
Some of these lakes are justly celebrated for the picturesque beauties 
of their scenery. A steamboat has been built to ply on the waters of 
Moosehead lake. The Kennebec and the Penobscot are the two most 
important streams; the former is navigable to Augusta, and the latter to 
Bangor. Their shores are adorned with villages, and the intervals along 
their margins are the most fertile and best cultivated in the State. The 
Saco, Androscoggin, and St. Croix rivers enters the Atlantic. St. John, 
and its confluents, the Walloostook, Alagash, and Aroostook, drain the 
northern part of the State. The St. John forms a part of the northern 
part of the State by the late treaty of Washington, and its waters are 
open to the free navigation of both nations. The principal bays are 
Casco, Penobscot, Machias, and Passamaquoddy. 

There were, January, 1856, 11 railroads in this State ; 494 miles com- 
pleted and in operation, and 90 miles in course of construction. The 
only canal in the State, is the Cumberland and Oxford, 20i miles long, 
connecting navigation from Portland to Sebago, and by a lock in Saco 
river, navigation is extended to Long Pond, 30 miles further. 



Maine. 

FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF MAINE, 

Feom Octobee 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


DOMESTIO. 


Foreign, 


Total. 


Total. 


Ameeican. 


Foreign. 


1821 


$994,223 


$46,925 


$1,041,148 


$980,294 


111,854 


520 


1822 


1,013,873 


22,769 


1,036,642 


943,775 


105,880 


4,452 


1823 


865,046 


80,545 


895,591 


801,644 


70,773 


1,379 


1824 


870,871 


29,324 


900,195 


768,643 


98,477 


774 


1825 


964,664 


66,463 


1,031,127 


1,169,940 


113,381 


8,250 


1826 


1,001,875 


50,700 


1,052,575 


1,245,235 


115,060 


VB 


1827 


1,033,035 


37,099 


1,070,134 


1,333,890 


94,660 


2,896 


1828 


1,003,642 


15,875 


1,019,517 


1,246,809 


95,066 


1,785 


1829 


729,106 


8,726 


737,832 


742,781 


85,718 


2,705 


1830 
Total, 


643,435 


27,087 


670,522 


572,666 


91,629 


6,165 


$9,119,770 


335,513 


9,455,283 


9,805,177 


982,448 


26,166 


1831 


799,748 


5,825 


805,573 


941,407 


61,582 


49,872 


1832 


907,286 


74,157 


981,443 


1,123,326 


67,128 


64,720 


1833 


989,187 


30,644 


1,019,831 


1,880,808 


65,488 


98,735 


1834 


815,277 


18,890 


834,167 


1,060,121 


62,859 


99,674 


1835 


1,044,951 


14,416 


1,059,367 


883,389 


63,048 


64,031 


1836 


836,074 


14,912 


850,986 


930,086 


71,155 


74,586 


1837 


947,276 


8,676 


955,952 


801,404 


81,898 


74,160 


1838 


915,076 


20,456 


935,532 


899,142 


54,816 


66,715 


1839 


878,434 


17,051 


895,485 


982,724 


77,968 


61,097 


1840 
Total, 


1,009,910 


8,359 


1,018,269 


628,762 


82,534 


75,055 


$9,143,219 


213,386 


9,356,605 


9,630,669 


688,476 


728,645 


1841 


1,078,633 


12,982 


1,091,565 


700,961 


90,764 


56,679 


1842 


1,043,172 


7,351 


1,050,523 


606,864 


86,827 


58,721 


1843* 


680,432 


2,459 


682,891 


250,260 


60,453 


35,974 


1844 


1,164,964 


11,171 


1,176,185 


570,824 


91,020 


61,929 


1845 


• 1,167,640 


87,465 


1,255.105 


855,645 


88,602 


62,901 


1846 


1,318.099 


10,269 


l,828i368 


787,092 


96,739 


72,053 


184T 


1,614,071 


20,132 


1,634,203 


574,056 


104,169 


69,608 


1848 


1,937,006 


20,389 


1,957,895 


795,565 


152,026 


89,448 


1849 


1,279,393 


7,288 


1,286,681 


721,409 


127,368 


66,081 


1850 
Total, 


1,536,818 


29,094 


1,565,912 


856,411 


111,123 


91,014 


$12,820,228 


208,550 


13,028,778 


6,719,087 


1,009,091 


614,408 


1851 


1,517,487 


83,951 


1,551,438 


1,176,590 


120,887 


74,854 


1852 


1,668,274 


49,544 


1,717,818 


1,094,977 


151,303 


3,853 


1853 


1,761,929 


273,858 


2,040,787 


1,386,589 


179,569 


62,614 


1854 


1,930,031 


659,010 


2,689,041 


2,861,900 


198,758 


62,627 


1855 


2,543,014 


2,308,193 


4,851,207 


2,927,443 


251,885 


62,005 


1856 


2,259,947 


703,094 


2,963,041 


1,940,773 


250,203 


50,787 



months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PEINCIPAL PORTS. 

Portland, Maine, city and port of entry, is situated on a peninsula at tlie west- 
em extremity of Casco Bay; lat. (Mount Joy), 43° 39' 52" N., long., 70° 13^ 34" 
"W. The harbor is capacious and safe, and among the best on the Atlantic coast. 
It is protected by islands from storms, seldom obstructed by ice, and has a good en- 
trance. The water is deep enough for vessels of the largest class. The tonnage of 
the port in 1856, was 136,154 tons, 

Bath, Maine, on the Kennebec, 12 miles from the ocean, is one of the principal 
towns of the State, and the largest ship-building port in the world. A branch of 
the Kennebec and Portland R. R. connects the city with Portland. The tonnage of 
the port is the largest in Maine, and in 1856 amounted to 193,320 tons. 

Belfast, Maine, at the head of Belfast Bay, 30 miles from the ocean, has an ex- 
cellent harbor, and a considerable trade in lumber and fish. Its cliief industry, how- 
ever, is ship-building. Steamboats ply to Portland and Boston. The tonnage of 
Belfast, m 1856, was 76,812 tons. 

Bangoe, Maine, on the Penobscot. Tonnage in 1856, 38,048 tons. 



10 Commercial Statistics of the United States, 

NEW HAMPSHIRE 

Is situated between latitude 42° 41' and 45° 11' N., and 70° 40' and 
72° 30' W. longitude. It contains 8,030 square miles. 

Early History. — John Mason, one of the first eminent settlers of tho 
north-eastern coast of New England, having agreed with Sir Ferdinando 
Gorges, to make the Piscataqua the division line between them, took 
subsequently from the Plymouth Council, a patent of what lies between 
that river and Merrimack, and he called that tract of land " New Hamp- 
shire," because he had been Governor of Portsmouth, in Hampshire, 
England. 

In the year 1680, New Hampshire separated from the province of 
Massachusetts, and was established as an independent royal province. It 
was afterward united again with Massachusetts, but in 1749, finally sep- 
arated, and has existed since that time as an independent community, 
first under the name of " the Province of New Hampshire," and since 
1776, under that of " the State of New Hampshire." 

The Connecticut river has its source in the highlands, on the north 
border of the State, and its west branch forms the boundary-line between 
New Hampshire and Canada, to within one mile of the forty-fifth degree 
of north latitude. Its general course is south by west, and dividing New 
Hampshire and Vermont, it passes through the western part of Massachu- 
setts, and the central part of Connecticut, where it enters Long Island 
Sound. Merrimack river, the Pemigewassit branch, rises near the Notch 
in the White Mountains, and is joined by the Winnipiseogee, 70 miles 
below the source of the former. It here takes the name of Merrimack. 
The Androscoggin and Saco, rise and have a part of their course in 
this State. Granite is plentiful throughout the State, and also marble 
and limestone. Iron ore, zinc, tin, lead, and copper exist, some of which 
have been worked to advantage. 

There were in this State in 1850, 2,251,488 acres of land improved, 
and 1,140,926 of unimproved land in farms. Cash value of farms, 
$55,245,997, and the value of implements and machinery, $2,314,125. 
Live stock — horses, 34,233; asses and mules, 19; milch cows, 94,277 ; 
working oxen, 59,027; other cattle, 114,606; sheep, 384,756; swine, 
63,487; value of I^'ve stock, $8,871,901. 

Manufactures^ etc. — There were in the State in 1850, 54 cotton facto- 
tories, with a capital invested of $10,974,700, employing 2,915 males and 
9,235 females, producing sheetings valued at $8,861,749; 91 woolen 
factories, with a capital of $2,547,500, employing 873 males and 1,021 
females, manufacturing 0,712,840 yards of cloth, and 165,200 pounds of 
yarn, valued at $2,439,967 ; 1 establishment with a capital of $4,000, 
employing 30 persons, producing 200 tons of pig iron, etc., valued at 
$17,200 ; 26 establishments with a capital of $232,700, employing 374 
persons, and making 5,764 tons of castings, etc., valued at $371,710 ; 2 
establishments with a capital of $4,000, employing 6 persons, manufac- 
turing 110 tons of wrought iron, valued at $10,400 ; 178 flouring and 
grist mills, 80 saw mills, 165 tanneries, with a capital of $441,975, em- 
ploying 513 persons; 40 printing oflBces, 2 daily, 36 weekly, 1 semi- 
monthly, and 2 monthly newspapers. Capital invested in manufactures, 
$18,242,114 ; value of manufactured articles, $23,160,503. 



New Hampshire, 



11 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Ybaes 




EXPORTS. 




IMPOETS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 














Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


American. 


Foreign. 


1S21 


$180,129 


$80,636 


$260,765 


$350,021 


8,237 


.... 


1822 


188.882 


10,817 


199,699 


330,052 


8,846 




1823 


182,945 


54,760 


287,705 


371,770 


7,563 





1824 


178,508 


6,875 


185,383 


245,513 


8,048 


.... 


1825 


181,840 


16,840 


198,680 


331,244 


7,566 


4,691 


1826 


150,682 


16,393 


167,075 


848,609 


7,177 




1827 


155,580 


21,818 


177,393 


302,211 


6,849 





1823 


115,947 


8,486 


124,433 


299,849 


5,394 


.... 


1829 


98,264 


7,476 


105,740 


179,889 


6,748 




1830 
Total, 


93,499 


2,685 


96,184 


130,828 


4,632 




$1,526,276 


226,786 


1,753,062 


2,889,986 


71,060 


4,691 


1831 


109,456 


1,766 


111,222 


146,205 


4,326 




1832 


115,582 




115,582 


115,171 


4,777 


'250 


1833 


145,355 


9,903 


155,258 


167,754 


6,002 




1834 


79,656 


1,214 


80,870 


118,695 


4,330 


"78 


1835 


75,076 


6,605 


81,681 


71,514 


3,877 


119 


1836 


15,015 


505 


15,520 


63,912 


2,436 


574 


1837 


26,000 


8,641 


34,641 


81,550 


2,575 


429 


1838 


56,103 


18,567 


74,670 


169,985 


11,191 


1,615 


1839 


74,914 


7,030 


81,944 


50,665 


8,849 


678 


1840 
Total, 


20,761 


218 


20,979 


114,647 


1,925 


2,939 


$717,918 


54,449 


772,367 


1,100,098 


45,288 


6,682 


1841 


10.261 


87 


10,348 


73,701 


1,475 


2,330 


1842 


28,419 


128 


28,547 


60,481 


1,241 


3,612 


1843* 


44,659 


115 


44,774 


8,289 


1,018 


!'L^f 


1844 


5,994 


690 


6,634 


31,420 


201 


4,515 


1845 


2,374 


10 


2,384 


22,689 


169 


2,849 


1846 


4,997 


75 


5,072 


15,485 


893 


8,413 


1&47 


1,407 


283 


1,690 


16,935 


231 


1,671 


1848 


7,807 


436 


8,243 


61,303 


3,229 


2,639 


1849 


5,.S52 


26 


6,878 


64,351 


1,023 


5,819 


1850 
Total, 


8,7-22 


205 


8,927 


49,079 


682 


7,531 


$120,492 


2,055 


122,547 


403,733 


10,162 


36,635 


1851 


4.949 


.... 


4,949 


58,028 


2,3S6 


5,307 


1852 


67,204 


2,254 


69,458 


83.319 


2,284 


5,182 


1853 


1,126 




1,126 


32,608 


845 


3,692 


1854 


913 


'lis 


1,031 


34,505 


1,648 


2,519 


1855 


1,523 




1,523 


17,786 


2,405 


3,061 


1856 


5,168 


'ioi 


5,275 


24,339 


2,268 


3,479 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL POET. 

Portsmouth, New Hampshire, U. S., and the only seaport in the State. It is 
situated on the south side of the Piscataqua river, on a peninsula, three miles from 
the sea, lat. 43° 40' N., long. 10° 45' W. The harbor is one of the best in the 
world ; it has 42 feet water at low tide through the whole channel, and the current 
is sufficient to prevent it from freezing. The U. S. Navy Yard is located on an island 
near the main bank of the river. The city has valuable manufactures and a large 
foreign and country trade, and being intersected by the line of railroads between 
Boston and Portland is connected thereby with aU the New England and Canada 
towns; a railroad also extends to Concord. The tonnage of Portsmouth in 1856, was 
34,590 tons. 

The principal places in this State are Concord, the capital, Manchester, Ports- 
mouth, Dover, Exeter and Nashua. There were in 1856, 15 railroads, with 660 
miles of track completed and in operation, and 24 in course of construction. Tho 
only canals are those faciUtating the navigation of the Merrimack river. 



12 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

VERMONT. 

Vermont, one of the United States of America, lies between latitude 
42° 44' and 45° 00' 30" N., and 72° 30' and 73° 20' W. longitude; 
and contains an area of 8,000 square miles. 

Physical Features^ etc. — This State presents a very considerable variety 
of surface. It is traversed from north to south by the Green mountain 
range, some summits of which rise to a height of 4,279 feet above the 
sea. About the center of the State, they divide into two ridges, the 
principal of which passes in a north-northeast direction into Canada. 
The Green mountains are from ten to fifteen miles wide, much intersected 
by valleys abounding with springs and brooks, and are mostly covered 
with evergreens to their summits, from which they have derived their 
name. The rivers are inconsiderable, most of those flowing east are 
merely small tributaries of the Connecticut ; those on the west side are 
larger, and the three principal, viz., Lamoille, Missisque, and Winooski, 
rise on the east side of the principal mountain range, which they break 
through, and enter Lake Champlain. The inland situation of Vermont 
has deprived her of the advantages and wealth which accrue from com- 
merce, and the want of canals and navigable rivers for the conveyance 
to market of the productions of the State, has retarded the settlement and 
improvement of the uncultivated lands; but the construction of 500 
miles of railroad has provided a valuable substitute for these deficiencies. 

Lake Champlain, a considerable body of water between the States of 
ISTew York and Vermont, and penetrating for a few miles into Canada. 
It is 140 miles in length, and from 1 to 10 in breadth, lying nearly north 
and south ; and contains a great number of small islands, most of which 
belong to Vermont. The Champlain canal, 63 miles in length, connects 
it with the Hudson, and large steamboats and vessels of 100 tons navi- 
gate the lake from end to end. The scenery along its shores is highly 
picturesque, and its waters abound in salmon, salmon-trout, sturgeon, 
and other fish. Lake Champlain is navigable for large vessels, and has 
several good harbors on the Vermont side. It is of the greatest import- 
ance to Vermont by giving her facilities for internal commerce. From 
the shape of the lake, it gives the largest amount of coast-line and length 
of navigation, and makes up for the deficiency of navigable rivers. The 
commerce of Lake Champlain in 1856 was over 20,000 tons. The 
climate varies according to differences of level and other circumstances. 
It is healthy, although the winters are severe. The soil is fertile, but 
more suitable for pasturage than tillage. Wool is the staple production ; 
sheep, horses, and cattle are raised in great numbers ; marble, granite, 
and slate, are abundant, and valuable quarries of each are worked : iron 
ore in several localities throughout the State, and from the sulphuret of 
iron in Strafford and Shrewsbury, copperas is extensively manufactured. 
Several mineral springs occur. 

There were, on the 1st January, 1856, eight railroads, with 516 miles 
of road finished and in operation. Capital employed in manufactures, 
$5,001,377 ; value of manufactured articles, $8,570,920. The principal 
places in the State are Montpeher, the capital, Burlington, Middlebury, 
Brattleboro, Norwich, St. Albans, and Castleton. There were in August, 
1853, 33 banks, with a cash capital of $2,914,040. 



Vermont. 



13 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF VERMONT, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Teabs 

ENDING 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


Sept. 














SO. 


D0ME6TI0. 


FOEEIGK. 


Total. 


Total, 


AilERICAN. 


Foreign. 


1821 


$263,330 




$263,830 


$15,987 


901 


40 


1822 


249,216 


$8,478 


257,694 


60,899 


854 


40 


1823 


236,140 






236.140 


62,242 






1824 


208,258 






208,258 


161.854 


'665 


85 


1825 


396,166 




,. 


396,166 


109.021 


695 


85 


1826 


884,202 




.. 


884,202 


228,650 






1827 


1,259,441 






1,259,441 


144,078 


.... 




1828 


239,610 




,, 


239,610 


177,539 







1829 


803,079 




808,079 


205,392 


24,i6i 





1830 
Total, 


658,256 




658,256 


140.059 


19,290 




$5,202,698 


8,478 


5,211,176 


1,305,719 


46,506 


140 


1831 


925,127 




925,127 


166.206 


20,201 




1832 


349.820 






349.820 


214;672 


14,680 


.... 


1833 


877,399 






377,899 


528,260 


35,106 


.... 


1834 


834,372 






334,872 


322,806 


85.700 


.... 


1835 


328,151 






328.151 


217,853 


36,893 


.... 


1836 


188,165 


. 




188,165 


456,846 


30,045 


.... 


1837 


138,693 






138,693 


342,449 


27,011 





1838 


132,650 






132,650 


258,417 


28,480 





1839 


193,886 






193,886 


418,513 


44,766 


.... 


1840 
Total, 


305,150 






305,150 


404,617 


52,084 


.... 


$3,273,413 




3,273,413 


3,320,689 


324,966 


.... 


1841 


264,005 


13,982 


277,987 


246,739 


18,500 




1842 


550,293 


7,216 


557,509 


209,868 




.... 


1843* 


141,834 


28,137 


169,971 


38,000 


15,859 


.... 


1844 


196,574 


216,793 


413,867 


97,183 


56,836 




1845 


213.976 


828,681 


542,607 


81,997 


52,728 




1846 


215.816 


188,504 


408,820 


127,223 


79,766 




1847 


281,985 


282,313 


514,298 


239,641 


72,064 


.... 


1848 


299,269 


234,833 


584.102 


306.005 


74,416 




1849 


299,938 


388,931 


688,869 


147,721 


97,218 


"325 


1850 
Total, 


404,749 


26,157 


430,906 


463,092 


81,073 


1,783 


$2,817,939 


1,715,497 


4,583,436 


1,957,469 


542,460 


2,108 


1851 


761,712 


304 


762,0.' 6 


691,268 


104,114 


17,734 


1852 


216,088 


172,025 


388,113 


192,593 


42,973 


14,606 


1853 


82,376 


11,741 


94,117 


184,512 


14,492 


6,W4 


1864 


810,078 


1,185,166 


1,445,244 


237,279 


29,803 


10,154 


1855 


322,544 


2,572,924 


2,895,468 


501,593 


11,080 


8,462 


1856 


350,607 


680,843 


1,081,450 


' 1,560,118 


20,057 


19,737 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL POET. 
BuRLmGTON, Yermont, is the most populous town of the State. Its commerce by- 
Lake Champlain, on a bay of which the town is built, is important, and its connec- 
tions by railroad and steamboat afford it every facility in its prosecution. The har- 
bor of Burhngton is the best on the lake, and more vessels navigating the lake are 
owned here than at any other place. It is easy of access from the north and south, 
and to protect it from the west winds, a breakwater, 900 feet long was erected. 
Juniper Island is distant four miles from the wharf, and contains eleven acres of 
ground ; a lighthouse was erected on this island in 1826 ; it is in the form of a trun- 
cated cone, thirty feet high, eighteen feet in diameter at the base, and twelve at the 
top, and is kept Hghted at night during the season of navigation, from the middle of 
April to the 1st of December. Burhngton has an extensive and fertile back country, 
and the mercantile business of the place amounts to about $1,000,000 annually. 
Tonnage, 1853, 5,875 tons; in 1856, it was 7,448 tons. 



14 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Massachusetts, one of the Eastern United States, lies between 41° 23' 
and 42° 52' N. latitude, and between 69° 30' and 73° 30' W. longitude. 
It is about 190 miles long, with an average breadth of 90 miles, and 
contains 7,250 square miles. 

Early History. — The first and most ancient names which were given 
by historians to the territory of the State of Massachusetts were more or 
less the same with those of Maine, and we need not repeat them here. 
The name "La Cote des Almouchiquois" (the Coast of the Almoucbi- 
quois Indians), which the French introduced, and which the Dutch geo- 
graphers frequently changed to " The Land of Almushikosen," covered 
particularly the whole extent of Massachusetts. This latter name was 
first introduced by the English navigators and explorers. 

The word is said to be composed of the Indian words Mos [Arrow- 
head) and Wetuset (hill). The pure and correct orthography of the 
compound word is from this said to be Moswetuset, the hill in the shape 
of an arrow-head. The king of an Indian tribe is said to have resided 
on such a hill near the shores of Massachusetts bay, and his tribe of In- 
dians received from this the name " the Indians of Moswetuset." 

In the earliest time of the Plymouth colony, the name included only 
the country around Boston harbor ; and the name was principally given 
to that great bay of which Boston harbor is part, and which was called 
Massachusetts hay. 

There were, January, 1856, 43 railroads, of which 1,409 miles were 
finished, and in operation, and 48 miles in course of construction. The 
Middlesex canal, 27 miles long, connects Boston with Lowell. The Black- 
stone, and the Hampshire and Hamden canals are both in disuse. 

The principal rivers are the Connecticut, a noble stream, winding for 
50 miles across the State. Housatonic, which rises in Berkshire county, 
and flows through the W. part of the State ; and Merrimac, which rises 
in New Hampshire, and has a course of 50 miles in the N. E. part of the 
State, and enters the ocean below Newburyport. It is navigable for 
large vessels to Haverhill, 15 miles. Besides these there are Nashua, 
Concord, Taunton, and Blackstone rivers. Massachusetts has numerous 
good harbors. There are several important islands off the S. shore of 
this State, to which they belong. The largest is Nantucket, 15 miles 
long and 11 broad, and which constitutes a county of its own name. 
Martha's Vineyard, W. of Nantucket, is 20 miles long, and from 2 to 10 
broad, which, with other small islands, constitute Duke's county. The 
shores of Massachusetts are diversified by some bold promontories and 
capacious bays. Of the latter, Massachusetts bay, between Cape Ann on 
the N., and Cape Cod on the S., is about 40 miles in breadth. Buz- 
zard's bay is on the S.W. side of Cape Cod, and is 20 miles long. Cape 
Ann, in the N. part of the State, is a rocky promontory, 15 miles in 
length. Cape Cod is a peninsula in the S.E. part of the State, extending 
75 miles long, and from 2 to 20 broad, with a bend in the middle nearly 
at right angles. The peninsula of Nahant, a few miles N. of the harboi 
of Boston, is connected with the mainland by Lynn-beach, 2 miles long. 
It has become, on account of its cool breezes and wild sea views, a place 
of fashionable resort during the summer months. 



Massachusetts. 



15 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


DOMESTIO. 


FOREIGIf. 


Total. 


Total. 


Amebican. 


Foreign. 


1821 


$3,638,597 


$8,846,174 


$12,484,771 


$14,826,732 


129,741 


1,170 


1822 


4,072,166 


8,526,359 


12,598,525 


18,337,320 


135,834 


5,297 


1823 


3,944,985 


9,788,254 


18,683,239 


17,607,160 


135,040 


8,785 


1824 


4,038,972 


6,395,356 


10,434,328 


15,878,758 


134,952 


4,667 


1825 


4,262,104 


7,170,883 


11,432,987 


15,845,141 


145,972 


4,943 


1826 


8,888,138 


6,210,724 


10,098,862 


17,063,482 


189,746 


4,519 


182T 


3,820,349 


6,604,084 


10,424,383 


13,370,564 


180,056 


3,951 


1828 


4,096,025 


4,929,760 


9,025,785 


15,070,444 


138,999 


4,819 


1829 


3,949,751 


4,305,186 


8,254,937 


12,520,744 


140,187 


3,835 


1830 
Total, 


8,599,952 


3,613,242 


7,213,194 


10,453,544 


148,124 


5,176 


$39,311,039 


66,339,972 


105,651,011 


150,473,889 


1,378,651 


47,162 


1831 


4,027,201 


8,706,562 


7,733,763 


14,269,056 


157,530 


7,483 


1832 


4,656,635 


7,837,183 


11,993,768 


18,118,900 


204,239 


25,676 


1833 


6,150,584 


4,532,538 


9,683,122 


19,940,911 


201,097 


81,785 


1834 


4,672,746 


5,476,074 


10,148,820 


17,672,129 


183,631 


31,299 


1835 


5,564,499 


4,479,291 


10,048,790 


19,800,873 


210,021 


38,167 


1836 


5,113,196 


5,267,150 


10,380,346 


25,681,462 


219,057 


55,648 


1837 


4,871,901 


4,856,289 


9,728,190 


19,984,668 


188,321 


59,559 


1838 


6,158,529 


2,946,333 


9,104,862 


13,300,925 


231,386 


38,995 


1839 


5,526,455 


8,749,630 


9,276,085 


19,385,22:3 


193,378 


45,069 


1840 
Total, 


6,268,158 


3,918,103 


10,186,261 


16,513,858 


187,995 


58,765 


$52,009,904 


46,269,103 


98,279,007 


184,667,505 


1,976,655 


392,446 


1841 


7,397,692 


4,089,651 


11,487,343 


20,318,003 


236,876 


78,628 


1842 


6,719,115 


3,087,995 


9,807,110 


17,986^433 


212,291 


86,848 


1843* 


4,430,681 


1,974,526 


6,405,207 


16,789,452 


188,295 


49,253 


1844 


6,371,836 


2,724,450 


9,096,286 


20,296,007 


229,281 


105,118 


1845 


7,756,396 


2,594,634 


10,351,030 


22,781,024 


231,096 


122,212 


1846 


7,837,015 


2,476,103 


10,313,118 


24,190,963 


237,384 


137,117 


1847 


9,262,777 


1,985,685 


11,248,462 


34,477,008 


235,800 


132,634 


1848 


9,308,337 


4,111,362 


13,419,699 


28,647,707 


296,883 


192,787 


1849 


8,174,667 


2,090,195 


10,264,862 


24,745,917 


280,187 


244,067 


1850 
Total, 


8,253,473 


2,428,290 


10,631,763 


30,374,684 


272,278 


274,674 


$75,511,989 


27,562,891 


108,074,880 


240,607,198 


2,369,871 


1,418,338 


1851 


9,857,537 


2,495,145 


12,352,682 


32,715,327 


279,863 


846,937 


1852 


14,144,001 


2,402,493 


16,546,499 


83,504,789 


308,5:39 


848,974 


1853 


16,895,804 


3,059,972 


19,955,276 


41,367,956 


337,805 


879,023 


1854 


17,895,738 


3,542,766 


21,438,504 


48,563,788- 


362,615 


375,391 


1855 


24,412,923 


8,778,002 


28,190,925 


45,113,774 


432,634 


380,850 


1856 


26,355,613 


3,467,247 


29,822,860 


43,814,884 


414,358 


372,213 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Boston, in Massachusetts, U. S., lat. 42° 23' K, long. 71° 4' "W. The city la 
situated at the head of a deep bay, on a peninsula, being surrounded on three sides bj 
water. Generally there is sufficient depth of water to enable the largest ships to 
come up to the city at all times of the tide; and they usually moor alongside of 
docks where there is perfect safety. The depth of water in the channel, varies from 
fifteen to thirty feet. It is the great center of the commerce of New England, and 
in this capacity receives and distributes one fifth of the whole commercial material 
of the United States. The tonnage of Boston, in 1856, was 521,117 tons. 

Salem, city and port of entry, Mass. It is chiefly built on a tongue of land 
formed by two inlets from the sea, called North and South rivers ; over the former 
are two bridges (one of which is crossed by the raUroad), connectiag it with Beverly. 
The harbor has good anchorage ground, but vessels drawing more than twelve or 
fourteen feet of water must be partially unloaded before they can come to its 
wharves. The tonnage of Salem in 1856, was 29,970 tons. 

Nantucket, Mass. Tonnage in 1856, 16,857 tons. 



16 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Rhode Island, one of the United States of America, and the smallest 
State in the Union, being about 49 miles long, and 29 broad, containing 
1,200 square miles, of which 130 is included in Narragansett bay. 

Early History. — The country round the Narragansett bay, and to 
the west of it, is in the first old works and maps, generally named Nar- 
agansetts, or the Naragansett country. The colonists at Plymouth dis- 
covered and entered this country already in the first years of the exist- 
ence of their town. Roger Williams was the first settler in this territory. 
He and some other dissenters and refugees from Massachusetts founded 
here the towns of Providence, Newport, and Portsmouth. They united 
all in one government in the year 1643, under the name "Incorporation 
of Providence Plantation," or, as they are styled in King Charles First's 
patent of that year, " Incorporations of Providence Plantations in our 
Naragansetts bay, in New England." It is possible that John Clark and 
WiUiam Coddington, who were men of learning, with others who formed 
the first compact on Rhode Island in 1637, were familiar with the nar- 
ratives of the early voyages to the American coast. They had been 
many times published in England by the famous Hakluyt, Purchas, and 
others, and our colonists had doubtless read, in the collected voyages of 
these compilers, the narrative of Verrazzano, who was the first European 
that ever entered the waters of Narragansett bay, which was in the year 
1524. He was the first, too, to discover Block Island, to which he gave 
the name of Claudia, after the Queen, or mother of Francis I. ; and in 
speaking of its shape, compared it with the Isle of Rhodes. This name 
may have thus been suggested to the early colonists. 

In the year 1663, the colonists of that country obtained from Charles I. 
a charter, which incorporated their community under the name of the 
" Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations." The Narragan- 
sett country, lying S. of Warwick, was also sometimes called The 
King's Prolince. The present legal and official name is still Rhode 
Island and Providence Plantations, but commonly the name is made 
shorter, State of Rhode Island. 

Physical Features^ etc. — ^This State on the N. and W. is hilly and 
broken, but becomes gradually level toward the sea. The islands in 
Narragansetts bay are distinguished by their pleasing and diversified 
scenery and fertile soil. The climate is healthy, particularly on the 
islands, where the sea breezes have the efiect not only of mitigating the 
heat in summer, but moderating the cold in winter, and rendering the 
climate truly delightful. The rivers, though not large, furnish many 
fine mill seats, which are extensively used for manufacturing purposes. 
The principal are Pawtucket, Providence, Pawtuxet, Pawcatuck, and 
Wood rivers. Narragansett bay is a fine body of water, and contains a 
number of beautiful and fertile islands. Among them is Rhode Island, 
which gives name to the State. Iron ore and anthracite coal are found 
to some extent ; marble, limestone, free-stone, and other building stone. 

The principal places in the State are Providence city and Newport, 
each of which is used alternately as the Capital. There were in Sept. 
1853, 11 banks in the State, with a paid capital of 815,917,429. There 
were built, and in operation, January, 1856, 145 miles of railroads. 



Rhode Island. 



17 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 




EXPOETS. 




IMPOETS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


ENDING 














Sept. 














30. 

1821 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total 


American. 


Foreign. 


$481,365 


$515,468 


$996,828 


$1,032,968 


21,314 


107 


1822 


601,238 


261,125 


862,363 


1,884,144 


24,480 




1823 


■520,614 


412,500 


933,114 


1,412,953 


23,890 






1324 


556,582 


316,317 


872,899 


1,388,836 


24,680 






1S25 


519,589 


158,878 


678,467 


907,906 


23,923 






1826 


565,370 


216,170 


781,540 


1,185,934 


23,045 


... 




1327 


5 :6,177 


208,010 


804,187 


1,241,828 


21,359 


... 




1828 


541,675 


180,491 


722,166 


1,128,226 


20,800 


... 




1829 


337,468 


52,913 


890,881 


423,811 


15,621 


... 




1830 
Total, 


206,965 


71,985 


278,950 


488,756 


14,094 






$4,927,043 


2,393,852 


7,820,895 


11,094,862 


212,706 


107 


1831 


348,250 


19,215 


867,465 


562,161 


22,787 




1882 


377,656 


156,803 


584,459 


657,969 


26,672 


"so 


1833 


330,869 


154,612 


485,481 


1,042,286 


26,032 


189 


1834 


420,885 


80,741 


501,626 


427,024 


25,223 


401 


1835 


182,866 


118,137 


296,003 


597,713 


20,973 


762 


1836 


212,297 


16,123 


228,420 


555,199 


24,924 


1,192 


183T 


411,806 


76,452 


488,258 


523,610 


22,584 


126 


1838 


270,065 


21,192 


291,257 


656,618 


27,728 


295 


1839 


175,808 


9,426 


185,234 


610,431 


22,885 


319 


1840 
Total, 


203,006 


3,983 


206,989 


274,584 


17,436 


.... 


$2,933,508 


651,684 


8,585,192 


5,907,540 


237,249 


8,364 


1841 


266,276 


12,189 


278,465 


8B9,592 


20,911 


787 


1842 


823,437 


25,259 


348,696 


823,692 


19,264 


729 


1843* 


105,292 


555 


105,847 


155,758 


7,645 




1844 


257,602 


8,175 


260,777 


269,437 


17,471 


1,782 


1845 


190,141 


891 


191,032 


274,830 


14,598 


196 


1846 


220,019 


4,345 


224,364 


210,489 


18,257 


785 


1847 


191.4S4 


935 


192,309 


305,489 


14,595 


1,978 


1848 


215,860 


5,771 


221,631 


351,590 


19,316 


3,148 


1849 


172,691 


5,461 


178,152 


237,478 


15,568 


2,315 


1S50 
Total. 


206,299 


9,966 


216,265 


258,808 


16,770 


1,705 


$2,149,051 


68,547 


2,217,598 


2,726,158 


164,395 


13,425 


1851 


223,404 


14,373 


237,777 


310,630 


19,838 


S,747 


1852 


174,115 


5,060 


179,175 


210,680 


14,016 


2,913 


1853 


802,454 


8,031 


310,485 


866,116 


16,301 


7,0TT 


18.54 


426,046 


13,935 


439,981 


437,972 


17,841 


7,910 


1855 


331,287 


4,736 


336,023 


536,387 


17,210 


6,474 


1856 


393,224 


14,150 


407,374 


345,803 


16,144 


6,522 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Neavtort, Rhode Island, is situated on the south-west shore of Rhode Island, 
twenty-eight miles south from Providence, and five miles fi'om the ocean. The har- 
bor is one of the best in the United States, and is well defended. Its site is beauti- 
ful, and of late years it has been much resorted to in the summer season. Its ship- 
ping is mainly employed in the whale fisheries and coasting trade ; its manufactures 
are various and of considerable extent. The tonnage of Newport in 1856, was 
11,646 tons. 

Providence, a city, and principal port of entry in Rhode Island, situated in lat 
41° 49' 22" K, long. 71° 24' 28'' W. Providence has great commercial facilities, 
which have been well improved. The harbor is at the head of Narragansett bay, 
thirty-three mUes from the ocean, is spacious, and has sufl&cient depth of water for 
the largest ships. The tonnage of Providence was 19,305 tons, in 1856. 

Bristol, between Mount Hope bay and Narragansett bay, has a good harbor, 
and great facihties for navigation. The tonnage is the largest in the State, being, 
in 1856, 2,902 tons. 



18 Commercial Statistics of the United States, 

CONNECTICUT. 

Connecticut, whicli is the southernmost of the New England States, 
is situated between 41° and 42° 2' N. latitude, and 71° 20' and 73° 15' 
W. longitude, and between 3° 46' 24" and 5° 41' 24" E. longitude 
from Washington. 

Early History. — The beautiful river from which the State of Con- 
necticut derives its name, was first discovered (in the year 1614) by the 
Dutch Captain Adrian Block, who sailed into it as far up as the present 
site of Hartford, and who named it "De Versche river" (the Fresh 
river) probably from the fresh appearance of its waters and green valleys. 
The Dutch from New Amsterdam made some attempts at settlement 
along this river. But the English colonists and explorers from Ply- 
mouth and Boston, on their way to the west, reached it about the year 
1630, and became soon the exclusive proprietors of the river and its 
valley. They adopted for it the original name of the aborigines, which, 
in its true Indian shape, is said to have been " Quonehtucut." The 
meaning of this word is stated to be " The Long river," and it appears 
to be a designation which the Indians applied often as a river name. 
Among others, we find also in Long Island a Connecticut river. 

The State is watered by numerous rivers and streams. Few of the 
rivers are navigable for more than a short distance from their mouths, 
The principal is the Connecticut, which rises on the N. border of New 
Hampshire, and after a course of about 400 miles, falls into Long Island 
Sound, between Saybrook and Lyme. Its general direction is S. by W., 
separating New Hampshire fi'om Vermont, and afterward passing through 
the western part of Massachusetts and the central part of Connecticut. 
Below Middleton it turns to the S. S. K, and continues in that direction 
to its mouth. It is navigable to Middleton, 30 miles from the sea, for 
vessels drawing 10 feet, and to Hartford, 20 miles higher, for vessels 
drawing 8 feet of water. The canals and other improvements recently 
made to overcome the rapids and falls, have rendered it navigable for 
small boats as far as Well's river, 250 miles above Hartford. The prin- 
cipal tributary of the Connecticut in this State is the Tunxis, or Far- 
mington, which rises in the E. slope of the Green mountains in Massa- 
chusetts, and flows southward to Farmington, where it abruptly changes 
its course to the N. On breaking through the trap range of the Talcott 
mountains, it again takes a southerly direction, and falls into the Con- 
necticut opposite East Windsor. The Housatonic rises in the western 
part of Massachusetts, and enters this State near its N. W. corner, after 
which it has a S. and S. E. course to the Sound. Its entrance is ob- 
structed by a bar, but there is a sloop navigation for 12 miles. The 
Thames, formed by the junction of the Quinnebaug, Shetucket, and 
Yantic rivers near Norwich, falls into the Sound at New London. 

The mineral wealth of Connecticut is considerable. Iron ore of ex- 
cellent quality is found abundantly in various parts. The copper mines 
of Bristol and Pl3niiouth are said to be the most profitable in the United 
States. According to Professor Silliman, the Bristol vein extends in a 
southerly direction for more than 30 miles, and, if fully worked, \& 
capable of afibrding employment to 30,000 miners. The Plymouth 
mines are considered to be equally rich. Copper is also found at Granby. 



Connecticut. 



19 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeahs 




EXPOETS. 




IMPORTS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


ENDING 

Sbpt. 


























80. 


DOMESTIO, 


FOEEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


American. 
14,749 


Foreign. 


1821 


$366,180 


$10,007 


$876,187 


$312,090 




1822 


479,353 


5,959 


485,312 


607,094 


17,442 


.... 


1823 


480,941 


1,120 


482.061 


456,463 


16,733 


108 


1824 


570,6:34 


5,218 


575,852 


581,510 


20,946 


.... 


1825 


684,686 


4,584 


689,270 


707,478 


24,395 


.... 


1826 


695,454 


13,439 


708,893 


736,194 


21,684 





1827 


567,100 


23,175 


590,275 


630,004 


18,078 


.... 


1828 


493,925 


27,620 


521,545 


485,174 


17,588 


.... 


1829 


460,985 


6,985 


457,970 


809,538 


16,090 


.... 


1830 
Total, 


886,610 


3,901 


889,511 


269,583 


18,285 


77 


$5,174,868 


102,008 


5,276,876 


4,995,128 


185,940 


185 


1831 


482,073 


810 


482,883 


405,066 


20,189 




1832 


430,466 





430,466 


437,715 


20,944 


'367 


1833 


427,603 




427,603 


852,014 


18,458 


606 


1834 


421,419 


■997 


422,416 


886,720 


18,548 


204 


1835 


487,510 


25,460 


512,970 


439,502 


10,528 


618 


1836 


431,176 


7,023 


438,199 


468,163 


20,342 


1,542 


1837 


523,103 


9,487 


532,590 


318,849 


20,299 


2,145 


1838 


543,610 





543,610 


843,331 


18,892 


420 


1839 


5a3,226 




583,226 


442,847 


26,808 


916 


1840 
Total, 


518,210 


.... 


518,210 


277,072 


24,122 


479 


$4,848,396 


43,777 


4,892,173 


8,870,279 


198,580 


7,297 


1841 


599,848 




599,348 


295,989 


27,886 


3,027 


1842 


582,392 





532,892 


335,707 


27,253 


4,791 


1843* 


807,223 


. 


807,223 


230,841 


14,113 


2,743 


1844 


798,725 


1,291 


800,016 


823,299 


33,381 


4,780 


1845 


960,810 


8,245 


969,055 


872,075 


87,086 


2,101 


1846 


765,912 


10,000 


775,912 


413,478 


81,131 


5,987 


1847 


598,702 


490 


599,192 


275,823 


20,586 


1,966 


1848 


501,064 




501,064 


229,310 


23,500 


4,813 


1849 


264,000 




264,000 


234,743 


20,440 


8,719 


1860 
Total, 


241,262 


'663 


241,930 


872,890 


17,515 


9,802 


$5,569,438 


20,694 


5,590,182 


8,088,655 


252,841 


43,179 


1851 


433,894 


1S4 


434,078 


842,994 


22,534 


8,127 


1852 


505,904 


270 


506,174 


894,675 


27,507 


10,237 


1853 


497,769 


11,665 


509,434 


545,793 


19,942 


8,962 


1854 


721,307 


18,268 


739,575 


562,977 


28,750 


7,342 


1855 


859,492 


19,382 


878,874 


638,826 


21,369 


7,879 


1856 


797,062 


3,263 


800,824 


787,401 


18,602 


5,880 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PUmCIPAL PORTS. 

New London, Connecticut, is situated on the Thames river, three mUes from the 
ocean, fifty miles east of New Haven by raikoad. Its harbor is one of the best in 
the United States, but is seldom visited by foreign vessels. The whale fisheries con- 
stitute its main interest, and it has also a large coasting trade. Several railroads 
connect it with the interior, New York, and Boston, and regular steamboats ply to 
and fi-om New York. The tonnage in 1856, was 40,371 tons. 

New Haven, Connecticut, is situated at the bottom of New Haven bay, about 
four miles fi-om Long Island Sound, and is one of the principal towns on the railroad 
lines between New York and Boston. Its manufactures are extensive, and it is one 
of the principal clock and India-rubber localities. Several important railroads come 
in here, and regular steam communication is maintained with New York. The com- 
merce of the city is small. The total tonnage in 1856, was 18,102 tons. 

The tonnage of the other places is as follows : 

MiDDLETOWN, 14,221 tons. 

Stonington, 18,102 tons. 

Fatrftrt.T), 11,693 tons. 



20 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

NEW YORK. 

New York, one of the United States of America, situated between 
40° 30' and 45° 01' N. latitude, and between 71° 50' and 79° 5Q' W 
longitude, and contains an area of 46,000 square miles. 

Early History of New TorJc State. — The Spaniards comprised the 
territory of the present State of New York under their great name of 
Florida, and designated it also on their maps of the sixteenth century 
particularly as the Tierra de Stephan Gomez, or shorter, Tierra de Gomez, 
because Gomez (1525) was for a long time the only Spanish navigator 
who was known to have explored especially these coasts. 

The EngHsh comprised it since 1585 under the name Virginia, and 
since 1606 under the name of Northern Virginia, or the Northern 
Colony. Since 1616, they considered it as a part of New England, 
which name took the place of the old name of Northern Virginia, and 
went down like this as far south, as the fortieth degree of N. latitude. 

The Dutch began soon after the discovery of Hudson (1609) to call it 
Nieuw Nederlandt (the New Netherlands). This name may already 
have been in use for some time, but it occurs for the first time in a public 
document in the year 1614. They also sometimes called it Nieuw Hol- 
land. It is on maps also sometimes called New Belgimn. They at first 
gave to it very extensive boundaries, as far east as Cape Cod, including 
the whole Barnstable peninsula, and south as far as the Delaware river, 
and beyond it. With these limits, we find it represented on many old 
Dutch maps. The southern limit on the Delaware river remained pretty 
much unchanged on the Dutch maps. Not so the eastern boundary. 
On later maps we see this advancing only as far as Nassau bay, Rhode 
Island. Since 1630 or 1635, the maps have it only as far as the Con- 
necticut river, where at this time the English had already arrived with 
their plantations. 

When, in the year 1664, the English conquered the whole country, 
it was named the Province of New York, in honor of James, Duke of 
York, brother of Charles II. 

It lost in the same year a part of its coast by the grant which the 
Duke of York made to a company of gentlemen who founded the prov- 
ince of New Jersey, between the lower Hudson and the Delaware bay. 

The principal rivers are the Hudson, 324 miles long, navigable 156 
miles to Troy. The Mohawk, 135 miles long, which enters the Hudson 
a little above Troy ; the Genesee, 125 miles long, which enters Lake On- 
tario having at Rochester, 5 miles from its mouth, two falls of 96 and 
75 feet. Black river, which rises near the sources of the Hudson, and 
flows 120 miles into Lake Ontario ; the Saranac, 65 miles long, entering 
Lake Champlain at Plattsburg; the Oswegatchie, 100 miles long, flow- 
ing into the St. Lawrence ; the Oswego, proceeding 40 miles from 
Oneida Lake into Lake Ontario ; the Au Sable, rising in the Adiron- 
dack mountains, and having a course of 75 miles to Lake Champlain. 
The majestic St. Lawrence forms a part of the northern boundary of the 
State. The head branches of the Susquehanna, the Alleghany, and the 
Delaware rise in this State. Besides Lake Ontario and Erie on the N., 
and Champlain on the E., which are but partly within it, there are wholly 
within the State many picturesque sheets of water. 



New Y^ork. 



21 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, 

From October ], 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDtXG 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPORTS. 


TONNAGE OL'D. 


Domestic. 


FOKEIGy. 


Total. 


Total. 


American. 


EOEEIGN. 


1821 


$7,896,605 


$5,264,313 


$13,160,918 


$23,629,246 


158,174 


10,720 


1822 


10,987,167 


6,113,315 


17,100;482 


35,445,628 


185,666 


17,784 


1823 


11,362,995 


7,675,995 


19,038,990 


29,421,349 


192,521 


23,553 


1824 


13,528,654 


9,368,480 


22,897,134 


86,113,723 


222,271 


18,142 


1825 


20,651,558 


14,607,703 


35,259,261 


49,639,174 


255,878 


19,851 


1825 


11,496,719 


10,451,072 


21,947,791 


88,115,630 


214,664 


21,365 


1827 


13,920,627 


9,913,510 


23,834,137 


88,719,644 


239,968 


33,375 


1828 


12,362,015 


10,415,634 


22,777,649 


41,927,792 


217,113 


42,373 


1829 


12,036,561 


8,082,450 


20,119,011 


3^,743,307 


219,674 


32,855 


1830 
Total, 


13,618,278 


6,079,705 


19,697,983 


35,624,070 


229,341 


86,574 


$127,861,179 


87,972,177 


215,833,356 


363,879,563 


2,135,270 


256,592 


1S31 


15,726,118 


9,809,026 


25,535,144 


57,077,417 


254,331 


72,444 


1832 


15,057.250 


10,943,695 


26,000,945 


53,214,402 


242,749 


101,967 


1833 


15,411,296 


9,983,821 


25,395,117 


55,918,449 


384,175 


153,566 


1834 


13,849,469 


11,662,545 


25,512,014 


73,188,694 


861,606 


238,650 


1835 


21,707,867 


8,637,397 


30,345,264 


88,191,305 


589,855 


843,073 


1836 


19,816,520 


9,104,118 


28,920,638 


118,253,416 


477,524 


855,691 


1837 


16,083,969 


11,254,450 


27,338,419 


79,301,722 


483,008 


404,784 


1838 


16,432,433 


6,576,038 


23,008,471 


68,453,206 


515,789 


828,763 


1839 


23,296,995 


9,971,104 


83,268,099 


99,882,433 


569,736 


830,666 


1840 
Total, 


22,676,609 


11,587,471 


84,264,080 


60,440,750 


518,202 


343,114 


$180,058,526 


99,529,665 


279,588,191 


753,921,699 


4,346,975 


2,672,623 


1841 


24,279,608 


8,860,225 


33,139,833 


75,713,426 


600,307 


365,241 


1842 


20,739,286 


6,837,492 


27,576,778 


57,875,604 


556,989 


840,520 


1843* 


13,443,234 


8,319,430 


16,762,664 


81,856,540 


881,281 


174,374 


1844 


26,009,177 


6,852,363 


32,861,540 


65,079,516 


978,813 


414,625 


1845 


25,929,904 


10,245,394 


86,175,298 


70,909,085 


926,280 


414,688 


184<5 


29,585,866 


7,349,547 


36,935,413 


74,254,283 


1,120,944 


425,942 


1847 


44,816,480 


5,027,883 


49,844,363 


84,167,852 


1,040,340 


488,755 


1848 


38,771,209 


14,579,948 


53,351,157 


94,525,141 


1,004,316 


705,373 


1849 


36,738,215 


9,224,885 


45,963,100 


92,567,869 


1,358,643 


784,514 


1850 
Total 


41,502,800 


11,209,989 


52,712,789 


111,123,524 


1,411,557 


737,539 


$301,815,779 


83,507,156 


885,322,935 


757,571,840 


9,379,470 


4,851,571 


1851 


68,104,542 


17,902,477 


86,007,019 


141,546,538 


1,588,313 


878,819 


1852 


74,042,581 


13,441,875 


87,484,456 


132,329,306 


1,570,927 


906,793 


1853 


66,030,355 


12,175,935 


78,206,290 


178,270,999 


1,959.902 


1,084,742 


1854 


105,551,740 


16,982,906 


122,534,646 


195,427,983 


1,918,317 


1,035,154 


1855 


96,414,808 


17,316,430 


113,731,238 


164,776,511 


1,861,682 


1,140,197 


1856 


109,848,509 


9,262,991 


119,111,500 


210,162,454 


2,136,877 


1,385,577 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
New York, State of New York, and first seaport in the U. S., in lat. 40° 42^ N., 
long. 74° 8' W., is situated on Manhattan Island, at the point of confluence of the 
Hudson and East rivers, the latter separating it fi"om Long Island. New York 
bay, or inner harbor, is one of the finest and most capacious in the world ; it is com- 
pletely land-locked, and offers the very best anchorage. At the ebb tide there is 
about 21 feet of water on the bar at Sandy Hook, and the water in the inner and 
outer bays, and in the rivers, is deep enough to allow the largest class of vessel to 
come up to the wharves. Ice rarely impedes navigation, as the great strength of tide 
clears the bay twice a day. The city is about 20 miles firom blue water. Besides 
the entrance through the Narrows, there is one through Long Island Sound, which 
gives a passage to Hurl Gate, with water from 30 to 40 feet, and through Hurl 
Gate for any ordinary vessel. Taking into consideration all the advantages, New 
York harbor can not be surpassed anywhere in the world. The tonnage in New 
York m 1856 was 1,328,036 tons, one fourth of the total tonnage of the United 
States. 



22 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

NEW JERSEY. 

New Jersey lies between 38° 55' and 41° 24' N. latitude, and be- 
tween '73° 59' and 75° 29' W. longitude. It is 163 miles long and 52 
broad, and contains 6,851 square miles. 

Early History. — The shore and territory of the present State of New 
Jersey was at first, since 1606, a part of the great Enghsh province of 
Northern Virginia; and then (since about 1621) it was considered (at 
least by the Dutch) as a part of their New Netherlands. 

The Enghsh, however, always claimed the country ; and in the year 
1648, Sir Edmund Ploydon and some English gentlemen received a char- 
ter and grant of a great tract of country " lying midway between New 
England and Maryland," in which the name of New Albion was given. 
This is the first English name which this country received. The charter 
had, however, no great consequences. The Dutch remained in possession, 
and the name New Albion was forgotten. 

When the English conquered the New Netherlands for the Duke of 
York, all this land was included in the large territory given to the Duke 
of York. But the Duke of York very soon sold (already in the year 1664) 
that part of his grant which was lying between Delaware and Hudson 
river, to Sir George Carteret and John Lord Berkeley. The grant which 
he gave to them, is dated on the 24th of June, 1664. The country re- 
ceived at once the name of New Jersey, in compliment of Sir George 
Carteret, whose ancestors came from the island of Jersey, and who was 
himself governor of the island of New Jersey. It has since that time 
always retained that name, with, so far as our sea-coast is concerned, 
unchanged boundaries. In old works and maps we find the name some- 
times written " Jarzy," and also " Jarze." The name was often translated 
in Latin, "Provincia Nova Csesarea." In the year 1676, the province 
was divided into East and West Jersey, and the whole then often called 
" The Jerseys." But, in the year 1702, those two provinces were again 
united by Queen Anne in one, called " New Jersey," and attached to 
New York. Since 1738, an independent royal province of New Jersey 
was established, and since 1776 the State of New Jersey. 

The Raritan is navigable 17 miles to New Brunswick, and it enters 
Earitan bay ; the Passaic is navigable for small vessels for about 15 
miles, and enters into Newark bay ; the Hackensack, navigable 15 miles, 
also enters Newark bay. Great Egg Harbor river, navigable 20 miles 
for small craft, passes through a bay of the same name and enters into 
the Atlantic. The principal bays are Newark and Raritan. Delaware 
bay is on its south-eastern border. It has two important capes, viz.. 
Cape May, on Delaware bay, and Sandy Hook, at the entrance of the 
bay of New York. It contains quarries of good building stone, valuable 
mines of zinc and of iron, and in the south pails, beds of marl. 

The principal places in this State are Trenton, the capital, Princeton, 
New Brunswick, Rahway, Elizabethtown, Jersey City, Hoboken, Pater- 
son, Hackensack, Morristown, South Amboy, Freehold, Burlington, and 
Camden. There were in the State, January, 1854, 38 banks, with a paid 
capital of $5,147,741. 



New Jersey. i 

FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY, 

From Octobee 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 




EXPORTS. 




IMPOETS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


ENDING 

Sept, 
80. 














Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


American. 


Foreign. 


1821 


$33,613 


$98 


$33,711 


$17,606 


231 


.... 


1822 


83,551 




83,551 


103,190 


2,802 


.... 


1823 


26,064 


.... 


26,064 


5,933 


1,298 




1824 


28,989 


.... 


28,989 


637,518 


1,463 




1825 


43,980 


8,233 


47,213 


27,683 


1,657 


.... 


1826 


30,859 


7,106 


37,965 


48,004 


1,658 




1827 


25,627 


.... 


25,627 


888,497 


938 


'57i 


1828 


1,892 




1,892 


706,872 


180 


.... 


1829 


8,022 




8,022, 


786,247 


414 




1830 
Total, 


8,224 


"ioo 


8,324 


18,444 


627 




$290,821 


10,537 


301,358 


2,684,999 


10,718 


571 


1831 


11,430 




11,430 




703 




1832 


53,991 


7,863 


61,794 


70,466 


782 


800 


1833 


30,853 


1,900 


82,753 


170 


1,424 




1834 


8,131 




8,131 


4,492 


790 


'236 


1835 


66,363 


7,6T8 


74,041 


18,932 


2,337 





1836 


38,769 


24,040 


62,809 


24,263 


8,076 




1837 


19,640 


24,577 


44,217 


69,152 


427 


9,662 


1838 


28,010 


.... 


28,010 


1,700 


990 




1839 


78,434 


19,645 


98,079 


4,182 


8,904 


"347 


1840 
Total, 


14,883 


1,193 


16,076 


19,209 


725 




$350,504 


86,836 


437,340 


212,560 


15,158 


10,385 


1841 


19,166 




19,166 


2,315 


2,739 




1842 


64,931 


5,976 


70,907 


145 


2,301 




1843* 


8,033 


2,588 


10,621 




130 


.... 


1844 


13,889 


4,300 


18,189 


17,670 


609 




1845 








829 






1846 


41687 




4',687 


635 


'isi 




1847 


18,428 


'766 


19,128 


4,837 


552 


'm 


1848 


62 




62 


1,835 




220 


1849 


355 


■"8 


863 


4,253 





428 


1850 
Total, 


1,655 


.... 


1,655 


1,494 


'iso 


981 


$130,606 


13,572 


144,178 


34,013 


6,662 


2,244 


1851 


139 




189 


1,111 




928 


1852 


1,433 


.... 


1,438 


2,491 




1,393 


1853 


1,354 


.... 


1,354 


3,539 





2,681 


1854 


2,225 




2,225 


8,971 




2,.029 


1855 


687 




687 


1,473 


.... 


606 


1856 


390 




890 


2,788 


.... 


608 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Jersey City, New Jersey, is a flourishing city at the mouth of the Hudson river, 
opposite New York city, and is the terminus of the southern railroad travel, and 
also of the New York and Erie Railroad and of the Morris Canal. Though a separ- 
ate municipality, it may be considered as a suburb of the great metropolis, with 
which it connects by several ferries. It is a place of considerable manufacturing in- 
dustry, ship-building, and commerce, and it is the American station of the Cunard 
line of New York and Liverpool steamships. 

Patersox, New Jersey, is situated immediately below the falls of the Passaic 
river, 17 miles from New York. It ranks next to Newark in manufactures, and is 
the third city in the State in respect of population. Its principal products are cotton 
and sUk goods, locomotives, machinery, paper, &c. On the opposite side of the river 
is the manufacturing town of Manchester. Paterson communicates with New York 
by the Paterson and Hudson R. R. and Morris Canal. 

Perth Amboy, 31,949 tons. 

Bridgetown. 16,652 tons. 



24 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Pennsylvania, one of the central United States, lies between 39° 
43' and 42° N. latitude, and between 74° aud 80° 40' W. longitude. It 
is 307 miles long and 160 broad, containing 47,000 square miles. 

Early Hisionj, — The territory of this State was, before the year 1681, 
for the greater part comprised under the name Northern Virginia, and 
since 1616, under the name of New England. 

When Penn, in the year 1681, obtained from Charles II. a great tract 
of land, between 40° and 42° N. latitude, he himself wished to give to it 
the name of New Wales ; but the King, against Penn's wish, called it, 
in honor of Penn, Pennsylvania. The name is to be found, for the first 
time, in the King's charter of the 4th of March, of the year 1681. 

In the year 1682, Penn, desirous of approaching his province to the 
sea coast, bought from the Duke of York, the whole tract of land and 
settlements along the west side of Delaware bay, the so-called three 
lower counties. 

This tract of land remained, however, in connection with Pennsylvania 
only until the year 1776, when the inhabitants of these lands declared 
themselves independent, and founded the State of Delaware. By this the 
State of Pennsylvania was again excluded from the sea coasts, and as a 
nearly entirely inland State, the history of its limits is not of a great in- 
terest for our hydrographical researches. 

The Delaware river washes the entire eastern border of the State, and 
is navigable for ships to Philadelphia. The Lehigh, after a course of 75 
miles, enters it at Easton. The Schuylkill, 130 miles long, unites with 
it 6 miles below Philadelphia. The Susquehanna is a large river, which 
rises in New York, flows south through this State, and enters the Chesa- 
peake bay, in Maryland. It is much obstructed by falls and rapids. The 
Juniata rises among the Alleghany mountains, and, after a course of 180 
miles, enters the Susquehanna 11 miles above Harrisburg. The Alle- 
ghany river, 400 miles long, from the north, and the Monongahela, 300 
miles long, unite at Pittsburg, and form the Ohio. 

The Alleghany mountains cross the State from S.W. to N.E., and there 
are nlany smaller ranges on each side of the principal ridge and parallel 
to it. The south-eastern and north-western parts of the State are either 
level or moderately hilly. The soil is generally fertile, and much of it is 
of a superior quality ; the best land on the south-east is on both sides of 
the Susquehanna. Between the head waters of the Alleghany and Lake 
Erie, the soil is very fertile. The anthracite coal region is immense. 
The Mauch Chunk, Schuylkill, and Lyken's Valley coal-field extends 
from the Lehigh river across the head waters of the Schuylkill, and is 
65 miles in length, with an average breadth of 5 miles. The Lacka- 
wanna coal-field extends from Carbondale, on the Lackawannock, to 10 
miles below Wilkesban-e, on the Susquehanna. The Shamokin field 
has been less explored. The production of coal in 1856 was estimated 
at 10,000,000 tons, of which 7,500,000 was brought to the Atlantic 
coast. Iron ore exists in nearly every county, and in the vicinity of 
Pittsburg, vast quantities are manufactured. Beds of copper and lead 
exist, and quarries of marble and building stone abound. There are 
in the south part valuable mineral springs. 



Pennsylvania. 



25 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeaes 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS. 


TONNAGE GL'D. 


Domestic. 


FOEEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


American. 


Foreign. 


1821 


$2,832,387 


$4,559,380 


$7,391,767 


$8,158,922 


69,436 


3,641 


1822 


8,575,147 


5,472,655 


9,047,802 


11.874,170 


70,846 


5,745 


1823 


3,139,809 


6,477,388 


■ 9,617,192 


13,696,770 


75,630 


5,293 


1824 


3,182,694 


6,182,199 


9,364,893 


11,865,531 


76,681 


5,685 


1825 


3,936,133 


7,333,848 


11,269,981 


15,0^r,797 


82,435 


2,385 


1826 


3,158,711 


5,178,011 


8,^81,722 


13,551,779 


69,444 


4,445 


1827 


3,391,296 


4,184,537 


7,575,833 


11,212,935 


68,753 


4,097 


1828 


3,116,001 


2,935,479 


6,051,480 


12,884,403 


61,819 


5,880 


1829 


2,617,152 


1,472,783 


4,089,985 


10,100,152 


52,841 


4,625 


1830 
Total, 


2,924,452 


1,367,841 


4,291,798 


8,702,122 


68,022 


4,870 


$31,873,782 


45,158,616 


77,032,398 


117,088,586 


690,857 


46,616 


1831 


3,594,302 


1,919,411 


5,513,713 


12,124,083 


65,149 


7,596 


1832 


2,008,991 


1,507,075 


3,516,066 


10,678,858 


46,726 


14,131 


1833 


2,671,800 


1,407,651 


4,078,951 


10,451,250 


49,109 


22,378 


1834 


2,031,803 


1,957,943 


3,9.9,746 


10,479,268 


46,411 


16,236 


1835 


2,416,099 


1,323,176 


3,789,275 


12,389,937 


57,088 


10,935 


1836 


2,627,651 


1,343,904 


8,971,555 


15,068,233 


49,670 


14,349 


1837 


2,565,712 


1,275,887 


8,841,599 


11,680,111 


45,185 


18,234 


1838 


2,481,543 


995,608 


8,477,151 


9,860,371 


. 75,342 


8,859 


1839 


4,148,211 


1,151,204 


5,299,415 


15,050,715 


64,318 


13,381 


1840 
Total, 


5,736,456 


1,083,689 


6,820,145 


8,464,882 


72,288 


11,340 


$30,282,068 


13,965,548 


44,247,616 


115,747,208 


571,286 


136,989 


1841 


4,404,863 


747,683 


5,152,501 


10,346,698 


74,201 


9,822 


1842 


3,293,814 


476,913 


8,770,727 


7,385,853 


65,208 


13,712 


1843* 


2,071,945 


288,003 


2,854,948 


2,760,680 


41,573 


5,899 


1844 


8,265,027 


270,229 


8,535,256 


7,217,267 


70,650 


8,627 


1845 


8,129,678 


444,685 


3,574,363 


8,159,227 


63,271 


12,987 


1846 


4,157,918 


593,087 


4,751,005 


7,989,396 


77,272 


7,627 


1847 


8,263,311 


281.080 


8,544,391 


9,587,516 


107,930 


85,213 


1848 


5,428,809 


804,024 


5,732,333 


12,147,584 


77,870 


20,218 


1849 


4,850,872 


492,549 


5,343,421 


10,645,500 


93,322 


27,005 


1850 
Total, 


4,049,464 


452,142 


4,501,606 


12,066,154 


81,276 


80,842 


$42,915,201 


4,845,350 


47,260,551 


88,305,880 


752,573 


170,952 


1851 


5,101,969 


254,067 


5,856,036 


14,168,761 


102,123 


83,051 


1852 


5,522,449 


306,122 


5,828,571 


14,785,917 


90,951 


48,981 


1853 


6,255,229 


272,767 


6,527,996 


18,884,410 


101,029 


50,656 


1854 


9,846,810 


257,606 


10,104,416 


21,359,306 


120,640 


53,567 


1855 


5,985,125 


289,213 


6,274,333 


15,309,935 


114,203 


35,720 


1856 


7,04-3,408 


189,164 


7,232,572 


16,590,045 


112,087 


31,245 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Philadelphia, near the confluence of the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill, in lat. 
39° 57' N"., long 75° 10' W., and near the head of the Delaware bay. Vessels of 
the largest burden ascend the river as far as Newcastle, but those drawing above 18 
or 20 feet of water can not reach Philadelphia, on account of a bar a little below the 
city. The entrance to the magnificent bay formed by the embouchure of the Dela- 
ware, has Cape May on the north, and Cape Henlopen on its south side. The com- 
merce of Philadelphia has not kept pace with her growth in other respects, especially 
in manufactures. The tonnage in 1856, was 197,228 tons. 

Erie, port of entry, Pa. It is beautifully situated on Presque Isle Bay, on 
Lake Erie, covers one mile square, and has one of the best harbors on the lake, the 
channel or entrance to which has lately been much improved; the water is from 11 
to 20 feet deep, and the largest steamboats enter without difficulty. There is a 
lighthouse on the west side of the entrance of Presque Isle bay, lat. 42° 8' 14" N. ; 
shows a fixed light, elevated 93 feet above the surface of the lake, and visible for a 
distance of 14f miles. The beacon is on the east side of the bay ; visible 8|- miles. 



26 Commercial Statistics of the United States, 

DELAWARE. 

Delaware, one of the middle United States, next to Rhode Island 
the smallest in the Union, and in population the least. 

Early History. — That Delaware bay was already known to the Span- 
iards a long time before Hudson there is no doubt. But the question is 
what they called it. Benson, in his memoir on the names of the State 
of New York, says that they called it The Bay of all Saints. He does 
not give his authority. 

In the most ancient Spanish description of the east coast which we 
have (that of Oviedo), this " Bay of all Saints" is not mentioned at all. 
But Oviedo mentions a Bahia de S. Christoval on the east coast, and 
says that it stands under 39° N. latitude. This is nearly exactly the 
latitude of Delaware bay, which therefore probably is designated by him 
under that name. If it is true that the Spanish Cabo de las Arenas is 
our Cape Henlopen, then that large bay which the Spanish maps in- 
variably paint immediately to the north of this cape, must be Delaware 
bay. The figure which they give to this bay, as well as to the river 
which they make run into it, corresponds with the configuration of this 
bay and river. 

The first navigator whom we can prove to have been at the entrance 
of the bay, is Henry Hudson, when (1609) he sailed along the coast 
from Chesapeake bay toward the north. He looked into the bay, found 
it full of shoals, did not explore it, gave to it no name, and " suspected, 
from the currents which came out from it, that there was a river 
leading into it." 

It is pretty generally said that Lord Delaware, when (in the year 
1610) he sailed to Chesapeake bay, was thrown out of his way, and 
touched at this bay, and that it was therefore called by him or by his 
companions, and by the first English settlers in Virginia, Delaware bay. 
This was not only the first English, but upon the whole the first name 
under which the bay became more generally known in Europe. We 
see it for the first time mentioned and written in the letter of Captain 
Argall, of the year 1612, in "Purchas' Pilgrims." 

The old Virginian writers spelled or corrupted the name in very dif- 
ferent ways. Sometimes they write, " My Lord Delaware's bay," some- 
times " Delavar bay," and sometimes " Delaware bay." Later French 
map-makers (for instance, Beliin) made of this "Bay de Laware, or 
Lavar." 

The first map on which we find this name is a little map of the greater 
part of the east coast by Captain Smith, of the year 1624. 

Delaware, a river of the United States, which rises on the west side 
of the Catskill mountains. State of New York, and after separating 
Pennsylvania from New York and New Jersey, falls into the Delaware 
bay five miles below Newcastle. It is formed by the union of two 
streams. The Mohawk, or western and main branch, rises from a small 
lake in latitude 42° 45' N., at an elevation of 1886 feet above the sea, 
and flows S.W. for nearly 50 miles, when it turns suddenly to the S.E., 
flowing in that direction for five miles to the Pennsylvania boundary 
line in latitude 42° N. Eight miles below this spot it is joined by the 
Popaetoa branch, which has a previous S.W. course of about 50 miles. 



Delaware. 



27 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE, 

Fkom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 




EXPOKTS. 




IMPOETS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


ENDINC 

Sept. 


























80. 


Domestic. 


rOBEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Amebic 


AN. Foreign. 


1821 


$75,915 


$9,530 


$85,445 


$80,997 


2,38 


8 


1822 


163,950 


4,642 


168,592 


216,969 


4,03 


2 145 


1823 


85,724 


18,113 


53,837 


60,124 


12 


4 .... 


1824 


18,964 




18,964 


12,080 


19 


9 127 


1825 


29,361 


2,295 


31,656 


18,693 


82 


r 


1826 


33,818 


1,877 


35,195 


10,009 


1,13 


6 


1827 


9,406 




9,406 


6,993 


81 


7 


1828 


27,028 


2,367 


29,395 


15,260 


1,05 


.... 


1829 


7,195 




7,195 


24,179 


30 


3 


1830 
Total, 


52,258 




52,258 


26,574 


96 


I 141 


$453,119 


38,824 


491,943 


471,878 


11,34 


5 413 


1831 


34,514 




34,514 


21,656 


79 


) 965 


1832 


16,242 


.... 


16,242 


23,653 


69 


I 333 


1833 


45,911 




45,911 


9,043 


18 


3 .... 


1834 


51,945 


.... 


51,945 


185,943 






1835 


88,826 


.... 


88,826 


10,611 




.... 


1836 


74,981 




74,981 


107,063 




.... 


1837 


40,:333 


.... 


40,333 


66,841 




.... 


1838 


36,844 


.... 


36,844 


1,348 







1839 


8,680 


.... 


8,680 









1840 
Total, 


37,001 




87,001 


802 






$435,277 




435,277 


426,960 


1,68^ 


I 1,298 


1841 


38,585 




38,585 


3,276 


l,63f 


5 2,202 


1842 


55,665 




55,665 


8,557 


2,53" 


2,672 


1843* 


93,490 


'192 


98,682 


4,685 


1,94{ 


> 366 


1844 


125,771 


406 


126,177 


8,093 


8,88f 




1845 


138,195 




138,195 


2,274 


4,95[ 


'ioo 


1846 


144,045 


2,177 


146,222 


11,215 


8,49c 


) .... 


1847 


235,459 




235,459 


12,722 


4,09f 


839 


184S 


83,039 


"19 


83,058 


490 


2,46( 


3,612 


1849 
1850 

Total, 


37,850 


879 


88,229 


1,400 

1 
! 


1,091 


1,599 


$957,099 


3,173 


960,272 


47,712 I 


26,101 


11,390 


1851 








1 






1852 















1853 






. . . \ 


.... 






1854 


80',926 




80',926 


..'.'. 


2,053 




1855 


63,087 





63,087 


5,821 


2,444 


.... 


1856 


76,330 


.... 


76,380 


8,053 

1 


1,674 





* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL POETS. 

Wilmington, port of entry, and the principal commercial town of Delaware, situ- 
ated between Brandywine and Christiana creeks, one mile above their junction. 
On Brandywine creek are some of the finest flouring mills in the United States, to 
which vessels drawing eight feet water can come. Christiana creek is navigable for 
vessels drawing fourteen feet of water, and gives to Wilming-ton considerable com- 
merce. The tonnage of the port in 1856, was 13,665 tons, 

Delaware Breakwater, This breakwater is situated at the entrance into Dela- 
ware bay, near Cape Henlopen. The anchorage ground, or roadstead, is formed by 
a cove in the southern shore, directly west of the pitch of the cape, and the seaward 
end of an extensive shoal called The Shears. The entrance from the ocean is 1,950 
feet in width, and is accessible during all winds from the sea. The depth of water 
is from 24 to .36 feet, at low tide, throughout the harbor. There are two dykes — one 
of 1,500 feet, and the other of 6,000 feet, giving a secure harbor of seven tenths of a 
square mile. The objects of this artificial harbor are to protect vessels from winds 
from the E. to N". "W., by way of N,, and against the floatmg ice of the bay. 



28 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

MARYLAND. 

Marfland, one of the central United States, lies between 38° and 
39° 44' N. latitude, and between 75° 10' and 79° 21' W. longitude. 
It is 196 miles long, and' 120 broad, containing 11,000 square miles. 

Early History of Maryland.— in the year 1632, King Charles I. gave 
a charter to Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, and granted to him a 
tract of land lying in that peninsula, between the ocean and Chesapeake 
bay, and around the northern extremities of that same bay, and ordered 
this land to be called Maryland, in honor of the Queen Henrietta Maria, 
the consort of Charles I. She was of the Catholic religion, like Lord 
Baltimore himself, as were likewise the greater part of the settle-rs which 
he carried out. The name appears for the first time in the charter of 
Maryland of the 20th June, 1632. 

It is possible that Lord Baltimore and his associates, in proposing to 
the king that name, had also under consideration at the same time 
the old Spanish maps of North America on which Chesapeake bay is 
called St. Mary's bay (Bahia de Santa Maria), and that they had a 
desire to carry back to this bay that old and historical name. It may 
be a mere accident that the name Maria was as well in modern as in 
ancient times applied to the same regions. But what we call accident 
in history is often secretly hnked together by an association of ideas, 
which escapes our research. 

The Potomac river, which divides the State from Virginia, is 350 miles 
long, and navigable about 180 miles to Washington city. It is 1\ miles 
wide at its mouth. The great falls are 14 miles above Washington; 
the perpendicular descent is 16 feet, and the rapids extend for several 
miles up the river, and form a very picturesque view. The Susque- 
hannah is a large river which enters into the head of Chesapeake bay 
in this State. It is li miles wide at its mouth, but is navigable only 5 
miles, being above that much obstructed by falls and rapids. The Pa- 
tapsco is a small river, navigable, however, 14 miles to Baltimore for 
ships. The Patuxent is 110 miles long, and is navigable for 50 miles 
for vessels of 50 tons. The other rivers are Elk, Sassafras, Chester, 
Choptank, Nanticoke, and Pocomoke. The Chesapeake bay, 270 miles 
long, and from 70 to 20 wide, and by its numerous inlets furnishes many 
fine harbors, and abounds with the choicest water-fowls, fish, etc. 

There were in this State (January, 1856) 3 railroads, with 466 
miles of road finished, and in operation, and 30 miles in course of 
construction. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 184 miles long, is 
mostly in this State. Capital invested in manufactures, $14,753,143 ; 
value of manufactured articles, annually, $32,477,702. 

Number of vessels built, and their tonnage, in the State of Maryland 
during the year ending June 30, 1856 : 

Sloops and Total rr-„„„„- 

Canal boats, number. -Lonnage. 

3 QQ 15,393 

25 2,004 

33 1,920 

7 468 

... 2 133 



DiSTSICT, 


Sbips and 
Barks. 


Brigs. 


Schooners. 


Baltimore, 


12 


8 


43 


Oxford, . 






25 


Vienna, . 






33 


Snow HiU, 




. . 


7 


Annapolis, 


. 


.. 


2 



Total, . 12 8 110 3 133 19,918 



Maryland. 



29 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND, 

Erom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Tears 




EXPORTS. 




IMPORTS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


ENDING 














Sept, 














80. 
1821 


Domestic. 


FOKEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


American. 


Foreign. 


$2,714,850 


$1,185,544 


$3,850,394 


$4,070,842 


61,687 


4,677 


1822 


3,496,993 


1,039,803 


4,586,796 


4,792,486 


58,790 


9,469 


1823 


4,173,112 


1,857,116 


6,080,228 


4,946,179 


62,911 


7,615 


1824 


3,549,957 


1,813,276 


4,868,288 


4,551,642 


73,610 


6,017 


1825 


8,092,365 


1,408,939 


4,501,804 


4,751,815 


66,228 


8,845 


1826 


2,947,852 


1,068,396 


4,010,748 


4,928,569 


62,212 


2,981 


1827 


8,457,691 


1,058,715 


4,516,406 


4,405,708 


67,430 


4,191 


1828 


3,107,819 


1,226,603 


4,334,422 


5,629,694 


59,532 


6,681 


1829 


3,662,273 


1,142,192 


4,804,465 


4,804,135 


54,983 


6,890 


1830 
Total, 


3,075,985 


715,497 


3,791,482 


4,5-'8,866 


55,020 


3,836 


$33,278,397 


11,961,081 


45,239,478 


47,404,936 


622,403 


56,102 


1831 


8,730,506 


578,141 


4,808,647 


4,826,577 


65,370 


10,276 


1832 


3,015,873 


1,484,045 


4,499,918 


4,629,308 


49,330 


15,643 


1833 


3,301,014 


761,453 


4,062,467 


5,437,057 


47,181 


25,499 


1834 


3,012,708 


1,155,537 


4,168,24.5 


4,647,488 


41,702 


17,350 


1835 


3,176,866 


748,368 


8,925,234 


5,647,153 


45,298 


18,526 


1836 


3,028,916 


646,559 


8,675,475 


7,181,867 


39,416 


18,507 


1837 


8,365,173 


424,744 


8,789,917 


7,857,083 


39,195 


35,798 


1838 


4,165,168 


359,407 


4,524,575 


5,701,869 


54,421 


22,685 


1839 


4,318,189 


268,372 


4,576,561 


6,995,285 


49,293 


19,556 


1840 
Total, 


5,495,020 


273,748 


5,768,768 


4,910,746 


67,718 


25.546 


$36,604,433 


6,695,374 


48,299,807 


57,784,373 


498,979 


209,891 


1841 


4,789,160 


158,006 


4,947,166 


6,101,313 


63,656 


23,598 


1842 


4,685,507 


269,259 


4,904,766 


4,417,078 


61,447 


21,260 


1843* 


2,820,214 


195,342 


3,015,556 


2,479.132 


41,478 


15,431 


1844 


4,841,950 


291,216 


5,133,166 


8,917,750 


69,884 


21,205 


1845 


4,946,237 


275,740 


5,221,977 


3,741,304 


69,716 


22,342 


1846 


6,744,110 


124,945 


6,869,055 


4,042,915 


88,404 


80,887 


1847 


9,632,860 


129,884 


9,762,244 


4,432,814 


114,802 


55,228 


1848 


7,016,084 


113,748 


7,129,782 


5,348,648 


84,709 


36,221 


1849 


7,786,695 


213,965 


8,000,660 


4,976,781 


118,276 


31,652 


1850 
Total, 


6,589,481 


377,872 


6,967,353 


6,124,201 


89,296 


37,523 


$59,801,748 


2,149,977 


61,951,725 


45,576,881 


801,613 


295,347 


1851 


5,416,798 


218,988 


5,685,786 


6,650,645 


75,406 


30.383 


1852. 


6,514,641 


158,220 


6,667,861 


6,719,986 


83,606 


42,637 


1853 


7,768,224 


188,285 


7,906,459 


6,830,078 


87,218 


56,873 


1854 


11,655,250 


127,382 


11,782,682 


6,787,552 


136,524 


54,750 


1855 


9,882,218 


513,766 


10,395,984 


7,788,949 


111,096 


47,494 


1856 


10,856,637 


264,761 


11,121,398 


9,119,907 


118,872 


40,439 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Baltimore, a city in the State of Maryland, U. S., situated on the north side of 
the Patapsco river, about 14 miles above its entrance into the Chesapeake bay, in 
lat. 39° Vl' K, long. 76° 36' W. The harbor is spacious and convenient, and the 
water deep. The tonnage of Baltimore is considerable ; in 1856, it amounted to 
183,344 tons. Baltimore is celebrated for building fast-saihng schooners called clip- 
pers, and for the great durability of the vessels. In the last fiscal year there were 
built at this port, 12 ships, 8 barks, 43 schooners, 3 sloops, with an aggregate ton- 
nage of 15,393 tons. 

Annapolis, city, port of entry, and capital of Maryland, on the Chesapeake bay, at 
the entrance of Severn river. The State House is remarkable as the building in which 
the American Congress, during the Revolutionary war, held some of its sessions. The 
Senate Chamber, which witnessed the last scene of the great drama of the Revolution, 
"Washington's resignation of his commission to the Congress, has been preserved 
unaltered. The United States Naval Academy, at Fort Severn, has seven professors, 
and seventy midsliipmen as students. Tonnage of the port in 1856, was 1,332 tons. 



30 Commercial Policy of the United States. 

COMMERCIAL POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The United States lias, since the very commencement of its existence 
as an independent government, ever been willing and ready to recipro- 
cate, to the fullest extent, and in the most liberal spirit, all privileges and 
favors, whether of navigation or commerce, extended to its flag by 
foreign nations. To this end, and in order to anticipate the usually 
dilatory process of treaty negotiations, the President of the United States 
is vested, by act of Congress, with authority to issue his proclamation, 
granting to the vessels of foreign nations equal and similar privileges 
and favors to those extended to the vessels of the United States in the 
ports of such foreign nations, on receiving official notice thereof from 
the accredited agents of such governments. The following is the law 
referred to : Act of May 24, 1824 — J^e it enacted hy the Senate and 
House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress 
assembled^ That upon satisfactory evidence being given to the President 
of the United States, by the government of any foreign nation, that no 
discriminating duties of tonnage or impost are imposed or levied in the 
ports of the said nation, upon vessels wholly belonging to the citizens of 
the United States, or upon the produce, manufactures, or merchandise, 
imported in the same from the United States, or from any foreign coun- 
try, the President is hereby authorized to issue his proclamation, declar- 
ing that the foreign discriminating duties of tonnage and impost, within 
the United States, are, and shall be, suspended and discontinued, so far 
as respects the vessels of the said foreign nation, and the produce, man- 
ufactures, or merchandise imported into the United States in the same, 
from the said foreign nation, or from any other foreign country : the 
said suspension to take effect from the time of such notification being 
given to the President of the United States, and to continue so long as 
the reciprocal exemption of vessels, belonging to citizens of the United 
States, and their cargoes, as aforesaid, shall be continued, and no longer. 

Vessels belonging to the following nations are admitted, under the 
provisions of law, treaties of commerce and navigation, or conventions, into 
the ports of the United States, on the same terms as American vessels, 
with the produce or manufactures of their own or any other country : 

Argentine Confederation, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Denmark,* 
Ecuador, Great Britain, Greece, New Granada, Guatemala, Hanover, 
Hanse-Towns (Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubec), Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
Netherlands, Oldenburg, Peru, Prussia, Russia, San Salvador, Sardinia, 
Sweden, and Norway, Tuscany, Two Sicilies, Venezuela. 

Vessels belonging to the following nations, with which the United 
States have reciprocal treaties, on the footing of the " most favored na- 
tions," or with whom reciprocity exists by virtue of the act of Congress 
given above, are admitted into the ports of the United States on the 
same terms as respects tonnage or navigation duties, as vessels of the 
United States, with the produce or manufactures of their own or any 
other country : Bolivia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Muscat, Ottoman Empire, 
Portugal, and Uruguay. 

* The treaty between the United States and Denmark expired on the 14th day 
of April, 1856. 



District of Columbia. 



81 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. Including Alexandria 
TO June 30, 1846. 



Ybaes 




EXPORTS. 




IMPORTS. 


TONNAGE CUD. 


ENDING 














Sept. 














80. 


DOMBSTIO. 


TOEEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Ameeioan. 


FOEEION. 


1821 


$848,609 


$49,843 


$898,452 


$398,984 


15,035 




1822 


1,031,475 


11,955 


1,043,430 


470,613 


15,025 


'173 


1823 


779,502 


21,793 


801,295 


275,083 


12,586 


128 


1824 


696,853 


25,552 


722,405 


379,958 


12,167 


221 


1825 


749,159 


9,208 


758,367 


277,297 


12,342 




1826 


620,391 


8,840 


624,231 


269,630 


11,664 


"59 


1827 


1,182,142 


.... 


1,182,142 


327,623 


17,349 


485 


1828 


705,581 


1,862 


707,443 


181,665 


13,269 


990 


1829 


914,285 


13,812 


928,097 


205,921 


13,466 


261 


1830 
Total, 


746,591 


7,382 


753,973 


168,550 


13,803 




$8,274,588 


145,247 


8,419,835 


2,955,324 


136,706 


2,317 


1S31 


1,207,517 


13,458 


1,220,975 


193,555 


19,862 


878 


1832 


1,146,066 


8,408 


1,154,474 


188,047 


14,748 


8,089 


1833 


. 981,366 


21,450 


1,002,816 


150,046 


12,962 


2,140 


1834 


806,902 


13,492 


820,394 


196,254 


10,792 


2,269 


1835 


514,571 


3,068 


517,639 


111,195 


9,296 


1,133 


1836 


323,692 


8,182 


326,874 


111,419 


4,650 


512 


1837 


467,766 


1,443 


469,209 


102,225 


3,894 


8,600 


1838 


866,760 


6,353 


373,113 


122,748 


4,464 


1,063 


1889 


497,965 


5,752 


503,717 


132,511 


6,698 


1,547 


1840 
Total, 


751,429 


2,494 


753,923 


119,852 


12,815 


2,689 


$7,064,034 


79,100 


7,143,134 


1,427,852 


99,681 


18,920 


1841 


764,835 


4,496 


769,331 


77,263 


11,472 


8,361 


1842 


498,820 


2,855 


501,675 


29,056 


7,055 


4,197 


1843* 


284,763 


185 


284,948 


95,442 


5,242 


8,001 


1844 


550,298 


9,254 


559,552 


65,628 


9,301 


8,983 


1845 


509,429 


735 


510,164 


70,529 


10,772 


2,529 


1846 


913,701 


1,213 


914,914 


79,770 


15,390 


8,502 


1847 


124,269 




124,269 


25,049 


2,123 


298 


1848 


83,666 




83,666 


25,938 


1,552 




1849 


111,607 




111,607 


35,663 


2,820 




1850 
Total 


80,388 


'266 


80,588 


59,819 


1,520 


"266 


8,921,776 


18,938 


3,940,714 


564,162 


66,747 


21,071 


1851 


72,560 




72,560 


80,813 


1,859 


1 


1852 


79,005 




79,005 


54,142 


2,014 




1853 


75,456 


.... 


75,456 


71,494 


1,681 





1854 


37,992 




87,992 


48,108 


841 


.... 


1855 


36,143 




36,143 


24,699 


912 




1856 


20,001 




20,001 


55,017 


840 


.... 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 

PRINCIPAL POET. 

Georgetown, District of Columbia, is a port of entry at the head of the Potomac 
navigation, 180 miles from the sea, and is divided from Washington by Rock Creek. 
It is bnUt on a range of hills, and commands a magnificent landscape. The city is 
one of the handsomest in the country, and the seat of several well-known educational 
establishments, and is the residence of many persons of distinction. Its manufactures 
are increasing, and perhaps no other place is so celebrated for its fisheries of shad 
and herring, thousands of barrels of which are packed in the fishing season. The 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal here crosses the Potomac on a magnificent aqueduct, 
1,446 feet long, and 36 feet above the ordinary tide. The tonnage of Georgetown 
in 1856, was 20,966 tons. 

Alexandria, formerly District of Columbia, is situated 6 miles below "Washington, 
It has a good harbor, and considerable trade in flour and coaL Since 1850 the com- 
merce has nearly doubled. The tonnage in 1856 was 7,221 tons. 



32 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

VIRGINIA. 

Virginia, one of the United States of America, lies between 36° 33' 
and 110° 43' N. latitude, and between 75° 25' and 83° 40' W. longi- 
tude. It is 370 miles long, and 200 broad at its greatest breadth, con- 
taining 61,352 square miles. 

JEarly History. — The coast of the country which we now name Vir- 
ginia is said to have been known to the old Northmen. One of them, 
Gudleif Gudlaugsen, is said to have sailed in the year 1028 so far to the 
south. He is supposed to have called the country Huitramannaland, the 
Land of the Whitemen, which may be considered the oldest and first 
name under which these regions became ever known to the Europeans. 
The Spaniards, since 1520, included the land under the names of Terra 
de Ayllon and Florida, and the French, since 1563, under the name of 
Nouvelle France. The Enghsh invented the name Virginia at first (1583) 
for the country lying around Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds. They com- 
posed this name, it is said, for two reasons : first, because it was discov- 
ered in the reign of their Virgin Queen, Elizabeth ; and, secondly, " be- 
cause the country seemed still to retain the virgin purity and plenty of 
the first creation, and the people there the primitive innocence." 

They extended this name at once over a great part of the east coast, 
and particularly over the vicinity of Chesapeake bay, which was already 
discovered from the Roanoke settlements, and which we see included 
under the name of Virginia on the first map of Virginia, 1590. 

When, since 1606, the Chesapeake bay was better explored and set- 
tled, and when it became the principal center of the English settlements 
on the east coast, this region was par excellence called Virginia, sometimes 
New Virginia, while the former settlements and country round Albemarle 
Sound, then forsaken, were sometimes (for instance, on a map of Captain 
J. Smith) called Quid Virginia. This was, however, a more popular 
manner of denomination. The official or legal name of the country was, 
in the year 1606, by King James I. thus confined : He called Virginia, 
or the Virginian territory or coast, the whole east coast of North Amer- 
ica, from the thirty-fourth to the forty-fifth degree of northern latitude. 
This whole territory was divided by the royal patent into two parts, a 
northern and a southern. The southern commenced in the south at 34° 
north latitude and ended in the north at about the 48° north latitude. 
It was called the First Colony, or the Southern Settlements in Virginia, 
or Virginia proper. 

Rivers^ etc. — The Potomac river separates Virginia from Maryland. 
James river is the largest which belongs to this State. It is 500 miles 
in length, and flows from the mountains in the interior behind the Blue 
Ridge, through which it passes. It is navigable for sloops 120 miles, and 
for boats much further, and flows into Chesapeake bay. The Appomat- 
ox is 130 miles long, and enters James river 100 miles above Hampton 
roads, and is navigable 12 miles to Petersburg. The Rappahannock, 
130 miles long, and navigable 110 miles for sloops, rises in the Blue 
Ridge, and flows into the Chesapeake. York river enters the Chesapeake, 
30 miles below the Rappahannock, and is navigable 40 miles for ships. 
The Shenandoah enters the Potomac just before its passage through the 
Blue Ridge. 



Virginia. 



33 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF VIRGINIA, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Teabs 




EXPOltTS. 




IMPOETS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


ENDINO 

Sept. 
80. 














DOMESTIO, 


FOEBIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


American. 


Foreign. 


1821 


$3,026,1T0 


$53,040 


$3,079,210 


$1,078,490 


83,545 


6,483 


1822 


8.209,852 


7,537 


3,217,389 


864,162 


30,122 


7,413 


1823 


4,000,914 


5,874 


4,006,788 


681,810 


28,866 


9,320 


1824 


3,276,478 


1,086 


3,277,564 


639,787 


45,677 


8,070 


1825 


4,122,340 


7,180 


4,129,520 


553,562 


41,809 


7,610 


1S26 


4,596,077 


655 


4,596,732 


635,438 


50,734 


8,069 


1827 


4,646,737 


11,201 


4,657,938 


431,765 


53,235 


7,843 


1828 


3,324,616 


15,569 


3,840,185 


375,238 


42,958 


7,278 


1829 


3,7a3,493 


3,938 


3,787,431 


395,352 


40,620 


6,771 


1830 
Total, 


4,788,804 


2,480 


4,791,284 


405,789 


43,715 


4,305 


$38,775,481 


108,560 


38,834,041 


6,061,393 


410,781 


73,162 


1831 


4,149,986 


489 


4,150,475 


488,522 


48,719 


11,879 


1832 


4,493,916 


16,734 


4,510,650 


553,639 


56,783 


19,883 


1833 


4,459,534 


8,053 


• 4,467,587 


690,391 


46,527 


21,960 


1834 


5,469,240 


13,858 


5,483,098 


887,825 


49,868 


17,097 


1835 


6,054,445 


9,618 


6,064,063 


691,255 


48,692 


13,957 


1836 


6,044,028 


148,012 


6,192,040 


1,106,814 


42,612 ' 


16,719 


183T 


8,699,110 


3,604 


3,702,714 


813,862 


29,397 


16,562 


1838 


3,977,895 


8,333 


8,986,228 


577,142 


18,779 


9,711 


1839 


5,183,424 


3,772 


5,187,196 


913,462 


41,494 


7,895 


1840 
Total, 


4,769,937 


8,283 


4,778,220 


545,085 


48,460 


6,218 


$48,301,515 


220,756 


48,522,271 


7,217,497 


426,331 


141,881 


1841 


5,628,910 


1,376 


5,630,286 


377,237 


53,910 


9,833 


1842 


3,745,227 


5,159 


3,750,386 


816,705 


45,122 


10,518 


1843* 


1,954,510 


2,655 


1,957,165 


187,062 


84,943 


4,353 


1844 


2,923,238 


19,041 


2,942,279 


267,654 


44,100 


7,343 


1845 


2,101,045 


3,536 


2,104,581 


267,658 


36,180 


4,521 


1846 


8,528,963 


336 


3,529,299 


209,004 


48,571 


7,103 


1847 


5,645,668 


12,706 


5,658,374 


886,127 


63,116 


85,072 


1848 


8,679,858 


1,554 


8,681,412 


215,081 


48,420 


16,972 


1849 


3,369,422 


4,816 


8,373,738 


241,935 


58,989 


10,589 


1850 
Total, 


8,418,158 


2,488 


8,415,646 


426,599 


42,091 


23,867 


$35,989,999 


58,167 


36,043,166 


2,895,062 


475,442 


129,171 


1851 


8,087,444 


2,624 


3,090,068 


552,933 


84,161 


31,186 


1852 


2,721,707 


2,950 


2,724,657 


735,853 


37,384 


29,089 


1853 


3,302,561 


4,230 


3,306,791 


899,004 


35,901 


27,006 


1854 


4,752,218 


1,930 


4,754,143 


1,276,216 


52,663 


80,667 


1855 


4,346,329 


33,599 


4,379,928 


855,405 


48,790 


22,942 


1856 


5,489,622 


5,745 


5,495,367 


692,395 


43,679 


24,048 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Alexandria, city, seaport, in Virginia, 100 miles from the Chesapeake bay, lat. 
38° 48' N"., long. 0° 3' "W. from Washington. It is finely situated on the right bank 
of the Potomac, which has a depth of water here sufficient for a vessel of the largest 
class, being about 24 feet at the wharves, and 40 feet in the channel. The tonnage 
in 1856, was 7,221 tons. 

Norfolk, Virginia, situated on the Elizabeth river, eight miles from Hampton 
Roads, Chesapeake bay, in lat. 37° 12' N., and long. 76° 40' W. Its harbor is ca- 
pacious and deep, easy of access, and safe in aU weathers. The Roads are formed 
by an enlargement of James river, at its mouth, in Chesapeake bay, and they offer 
an anchorage unsurpassed in the world. On the opposite side of the river is Ports- 
mouth, in connection with which it is the chief naval station of the Union. In pop- 
ulation and importance it is the second city of the State, and has a very valuable 
commerce, and considerable manufactures. The tonnage of Norfolk, in 1856, was 
27,757 tons. 

Petersburg, Virginia, on the south bank of the Appomattas river. 



34 Commercial Statistics of the ITnited States. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

North Carolina lies between 33° 50' and 36° 30' N. lat., and be- 
tween 75° 45' and 84° W. long, from Greenwich, and between 6° 20' W. 
and 1° 33' E. long, from Washington. Area, 45,500 square miles. 

The country around Albemarle Sound, our present North Carolina, 
was called sometimes on the maps with the original Indian name 
Wigandacoa, or Weapemeoc, and sometimes Ould Virginia. To the 
south of Roanoke and Albemarle Sound, the English tried to establish a 
province or colony for the first time in the year 1629, when Sir Robert 
Heath, Attorney-general to Charles I., obtained from this king a grant 
of the whole unknown country between 38° N. latitude and the river St. 
Mateo, and when this country was called, in honor of Charles I., Carolana. 

Physical Features, etc. — Along the entire coast of this State there is 
a ridge of sand, separated from the main land in some places by narrow, 
and in other places by broad sounds and bays. The passages or inlets 
through it are shallow and dangerous, Ocracoke inlet being the only one 
through which vessels pass. Capes Hatteras and Lookout are projecting 
points in this belt, and off them, particularly the former, is the most dan- 
gerous navigation on the coast of the United States. Cape Fear is on an 
island off the month of Cape Fear river. For sixty or eighty miles from 
the shore the country is level, the streams sluggish, and there are many 
swamps and marshes. The soil is sandy and poor, excepting on the 
margins of the streams, where it is frequently very fertile. The natural 
growth of this region is mostly the pitch-pine. This tree affords tar, 
pitch, turpentine, and lumber, which constitute an important part of the 
exports of the State. In the swamps rice of a fine quality is raised. 
Back of the flat country, and extending to the lower falls of the rivers is 
a belt of land about forty miles wide, of a moderately uneven surface, a 
sandy soil, and of which the pitch-pine is the prevailing natural growth. 

Throughout the State Indian corn is raised, and in some parts consid- 
erable cotton. In the low country, grapes, plums, blackberries, and 
strawberries grow spontaneously, and on the intervals canes grow luxu- 
riantly, the leaves of which continuing green during winter furnish food 
for cattle. In the elevated country oak, walnut, lime, and cherry-trees, 
of a large grovrth, abound. Principal minerals, coal, iron, and gold. It 
is the only State in the Union where every article enumerated in the 
census is produced. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Chowan, 400 miles long, nav- 
igable for small vessels 30 miles; Roanoke; Pamlico, navigable for 30 
miles ; Tar, Neuse, Cape Fear, the largest rivers in the State, 280 miles 
long, with eleven feet of water to Wilmington ; the Yadkin, which forms 
a part of the Great Pedee, in South Carolina. 

The principal places in the State are Raleigh, the capital, Newbern, Wil- 
mington, Fayetteviile, Edenton, Elizabeth City, Beaufort, and Charlotte. 
On January 1st, 1856, there were three railroads, with 631 miles of track 
finished and in operation. Tonnage of the State, 1853, 56,375 tons. 

The first permanent settlement in this State was on the eastern bank 
of the Chowan river, about 1660, by emigrants, who, in consequence of 
religious persecution, fled from Nansemond, Virginia. The Constitution 
of the United States was adopted in Convention, November 27th, 1789. 



North Carolina. 



36 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


Sept. 








1 






80. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


American. 


FOSEION. 


1821 


$400,944 




$400,944 


$200,673 


87,843 


109 


1822 


585,951 




585,951 


268,761 


30,360 


1,2^8 


1823 


482,417 




482,417 


183,958 


24,716 


968 


1824 


588,733 


.... 


588,73:3 


465,836 


40,440 


4,447 


1825 


553,890 





553,390 


811,808 


41,139 


8,454 


1826 


581,740 


.... 


581,740 


867,545 


48,688 


8,568 


1827 


447,086 


2,151 


449.237 


276,791 


86,683 


8,164 


1828 


522,498 


1,249 


523,747 


268,615 


44,060 


1,852 


1829 


564,506 


.... 


564,506 


288,347 


51,942 


1,512 


1830 
Total, 


398,550 


783 


399,333 


221,992 


86,592 


1,772 


$5,125,815 


4,183 


5,129,998 


2,838,826 


891,963 


21,554 


1831 


840,973 


167 


841,140 


196,856 


80,450 


1,990 


1832 


838,246 


3,795 


842,041 


215,184 


26,272 


8,412 


1833 


432,986 


49 


433,035 


198,758 


87,604 


4,925 


1834 


471,406 


.... 


471,406 


222,472 


86,041 


4,488 


1835 


319,327 




319,327 


241,981 


82,542 


8,278 


1836 


428,415 


1,436 


429,851 


197,116 


81,864 


5,968 


183T 


548,876 


2,919 


551,795 


271,623 


38,585 


4,645 


1838 


544,952 


271 


545,'i23 


290,405 


20,544 


8,496 


1839 


426,934 


992 


427,926 


229,233 


4-3,545 


7,895 


1840 
Total, 


387,484 




387,484 


252,532 


88,180 


8,029 


$4,239,599 


9,629 


4,249,228 


2,315,660 


855,577 


43,126 


1841 


883,056 


.... 


883,056 


220,360 


89,828 


8,184 


1842 


844,650 




344,650 


187,404 


88,118 


2,598 


1843* 


171,099 


.... 


171,099 


110,976 


30,411 


1,292 


1844 


298,401 


.... 


298,401 


209,142 


35,476 


4,068 


1845 


879,960 




379,960 


230,470 


89,757 


5,170 


1846 


414,398 




414,898 


242,859 


88,471 


8,791 


1847 


284,919 




284,919 


142,384 


31,387 


2,449 


1848 


8i0,C28 




840,028 


195,814 


87,383 


4,322 


1849 


270,076 




270,076 


113,146 


26,030 


8,880 


1850 
Total 


416,501 




416,501 


823,692 


80,739 


11,493 


$3,303,088 




3,303,088 


1,976,247 


847,600 


42,247 


1851 


426,748 


4,347 


431,095 


206,931 


28,420 


13,968 


1852 


572,276 


4,123 


576.399 


800,488 


40,038 


13,061 


1853 


314,142 


.... 


814,142 


271,238 


29,292 


8,611 


1854 


891,897 




391,897 


812,633 


25,581 


5,251 


1855 


433,818 


.... 


433,818 


24:^,083 


80,729 


4,918 


185G 


876,174 


.. 


876,174 


274,960 


27,574 


4,237 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time hegins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Beaufort, North Carolina, at the mouth of Newport river, is famous as possess- 
ing the finest harbor on the southern Atlantic seaboard. It wiU be the eastern ter- 
minus of the Atlantic and North Carolina railroad, which, when built, will open to 
its commerce an immense interior region, hitherto isolated from the coast. The 
impediment in the growth of this place up to this time, has been in the want of in- 
ternal facilities for commerce. The tonnage of Beaufort, in 1856, was 1,991 tons. 

Wilmington, city, port of entry, North Carolina, situated on the left bank of Cape 
Fear river, just below the confluence of the N. E. and N. W. branches, about thirty- 
five miles from the sea. It is weU situated for trade, but the location is accounted 
unhealthy. The harbor admits vessels of 300 tons, but the entrance has a danger- 
ous shoal. Opposite the town are two islands, dividing the river into three channels. 
They afford the finest rice-fields in the State. In 1819, two himdred buildings were 
destroyed by fire, a loss of $1,000,000. The tonnage in 1856, was 21,420 tons. 



36 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

South Carolina, one of the southern United States, is situated be- 
tween 32° 2' and 35° 10' N. lat., and between 78° 24' and 83° 30' W. 
long. It is 200 miles long and 125 broad, containing 28,000 square miles. 

Early History. — When the Spaniards, under Vasquez Ay lion (1520 
and 1526), arrived on the coasts of what we now call Carolina, and more 
especially South Carolina, they heard here of a great Indian king and 
country, both called Chicora or Chicoria, and they applied that Indian 
name for some time to this country, without, however, giving to it very 
distinct hmits. 

The country was also sometimes called after its discoverer, Tierra del 
Licenciade Ayllon, or, shorter, Tierra de Ayllon, often also corrupted to 
Terra de Aullon. Under this name the Spaniards comprehended some- 
times a very great part of North America, sometimes not more than our 
province. 

French Claims. — It is curious enough that the French also, when 
[1568] they arrived at the locality of Ayllon's activity, heard again of an 
Indian king and country of that name. In their ears it sounded, how- 
ever, like Chicola or Chiouole. 

After the French navigations to these regions we hear the country 
sometimes designated by the French themselves with the name La Flo- 
ride Francoise^ and other nations also called it French Florida. The 
Spaniards, of course, always considered it as a part of their Spanish 
Florida. 

The French built on their Riviere May (St. Mateo or St. John's river) 
a fort which they called Fort Caroline or Carolina. Some map-makers 
and geographers applied this name, as an appellation of a country or 
territory, to the whole region. So we see, for instance, on a map of 
North America by Cornelius a Judseis [1593], the whole French Florida 
called Carolina^ in honor of Charles IX., King of France. It is curious 
that the same name was afterward given to the same locality in honor 
of an English king. 

English Settlements. — The English, since their settlements at Roan- 
oke, comprehended the whole territory of Carolina under their widely- 
extended name of Virginia, since 1583. 

In the year 1*729, the whole great province was divided into North 
and South Carolina, and, as the dividing point on the coast, was fixed a 
small inlet to the west of Cape Fear, called Little river inlet. 

In the year 1*783, the province of Georgia was detached as a separate 
government of the old territory of Carolina, and the southern boundaries 
of this latter were fixed at the mouth of the Savannah river, and within 
these boundaries the name of Carolina has been prescribed ever since. 

The Great Pedee river, 450 miles long, rises in North Carolina, and 
runs through the eastern part of the State. It is navigable for sloops 
130 miles. The Santee, formed by the junction of the Wateree and the 
Congaree, rises in North Carolina, and has a sloop navigation for about 
130 miles. The Saluda is a branch of the Congaree. The Edisto is 
navigable for large boats 100 miles. The Savannah washes the whole 
south-west border of the State, and is a noble stream. There are several 
smaller rivers, among which are Cooper, Ashley, and Combahee. 



South Carolina. 



8t 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 

Feom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPORTS. 


TMPOliTS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


FOKEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


American. 


Foreign. 


1821 


$6,867,515 


$332,996 


$7,200,511 


$3,007,113 


45,342 


19,525 


1822 


7,136,366 


123,954 


7,260,320 


2,283,586 


48,524 


P'^!I 


1823 


6,671,998 


226,816 


6,898,814 


2,419,101 


54,637 


24,069 


1824 


7,833,713 


200,369 


8,034,082 


2,166,185 


61,092 


18,878 


1 1825 


10,876,475 


180,267 


11,056,742 


1,892,297 


57,520 


17,081 


1826 


7,468,966 


85,070 


7,554,036 


1,534,483 


63,820 


18,848 


1827 


8,189,496 


133,065 


8,322,561 


1,434,106 


. 68,854 


24,601 


1S28 


6.508,570 


42,142 


6,550,712 


1,242,048 


47,555 


25,596 


1829 


8,134,676 


40,910 


8,175,586 


1,139,618 


66,837 


24,473 


1830 
Total, 


7,580,821 


46,210 


7,627,031 


1,054,619 


52,464 


20,405 


$77,268,596 


1,411,799 


78,680,395 


18,173,156 


566,145 


208,713 


1831 


6,528,605 


46,596 


6,575,201 


1,238,163 


48,426 


29,045 


1832 


7,685,833 


66,898 


7,752,731 


1,213,725 


47,893 


41,836 


1833 


8,337,512 


96,813 


8,434,325 


1,517,705 


49,099 


37,478 


1834 


11,119,565 


88,213 


11,207,778 


1,787,267 


60,347 


40,495 


1835 


11,224,298 


113,718 


11,338,016 


1,891,805 


48,703 


33,476 


1836 


13,482,757 


201,619 


13,684,376 


2,801,361 


61,552 


35,036 


1&37 


11,138,992 


81,169 


11,220,161 


2,510,800 


49,609 


39,256 


1838 


11,017,391 


24,679 


11,042,070 


2,318,791 


37,242 


27,356 


1839 


10,818,822 


66,604 


10,385,426 


3,086,077 


51,828 


30,627 


1840 
Total, 


9,981,016 


55,753 


10,036,769 


2,058,870 


82,090 


25,465 


$100,834,791 


842,062 


101,676,853 


20,424,624 


536,789 


340,070 


1841 


8,011,392 


31,892 


8,043,284 


1,557,431 


63,469 


28,716 


1842 


7,508,399 


17,324 


7,525,723 


1,359,465 


61,132 


84,048 


1843* 


7,754,152 


6,657 


7,760,809 


1,294,709 


71,400 


43,191 


1844 


7,429,535 


3,697 


7,483,282 


1,131,515 


49,801 


48,926 


1845 


8,884,770 


5,878 


8,890,648 


1,143,158 


86,768 


83,912 


1846 


6,829,535 


18,942 


6,848,477 


902,536 


50,514 


27,579 


1847 


10,428,146 


3,371 


10,431,517 


1,580,658 


55,429 


40,792 


1848 


8,081,917 




8,081,917 


1,485,299 


53,854 


42,552 


1849 


9,699,875 


l',36i 


9,701,176 


1,475,695 


88,788 


58,401 


1850 
Total, 


11,446,892 


908 


11,447,800 


1,933,785 


72,222 


52,830 


$86,074,663 


89,970 


86,164,633 


13,864,251 


653,327 


410,947 


1851 


15,316,578 




15,316,578 


2,081,312 


81,336 


59,172 


1852 


11,670,021 




11,670,021 


2,175,614 


89,027 


53,234 


1863 


15,400,408 


.... 


15,400,408 


1,808,517 


76,368 


56,260 


1854 


11,982,308 


12,708 


11,995,016 


1,711,385 


85,003 


39,623 


1855 


12,698,891 


1,359 


12,700,250 


1,588,542 


110,533 


84,414 


1856 


17,358,298 


2,251 


17,360,549 


1,905,234 


114,963 


49,255 



months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Charleston, South Carolina, United States, lat. 32° 47' N., long. 19° 48' W., 
situated on a point of land between the Ashley and Cooper rivers, and has a spa- 
cious harbor. At the entrance to the harbor there is a sand-bar, of about eight 
miles in length, having several channels. Three of the channels can only be used 
by ships of large tonnage ; one, the ships' channel, has a depth of water of twelve 
feet at ebb tide, and from seventeen to twenty at flood tide. Ships always take a 
pilot, on account of shifting sands ; and are moored alongside wharves in safety in- 
side the harbor. It is the chief commercial emporium of the State, and the largest 
shipping port on the Atlantic below Baltimore. The chief exports are cotton and 
rice. It is connected with the interior by the South Carohna and the North-eastern 
Raihoads. The tonnage of Charleston, in 1856, was 59,128 tons. 

Beaufort, South Carolina, on the west side of Port Royal river, an inlet of the 
Atlantic, and sixteen miles from the sea, has a good harbor, but on account of a bar 
at its mouth, only small vessels can enter it. It has little or no commerce. The 
tonnage, in 1856, was only 110 tons. 



38 Commercial Statistics of the United States, 

GEORGIA. 

Georgia lies between 30° 30' and 35° N. latitude, and between 
80° 50' and 86° 6' W. longitude from Greenwich, and between 3° 46' 
and 8° 39' W. longitude from Washington. It is 300 miles long from 
N. to S., and 240 broad, containing 58,000 square miles. 

JE'ar/y History. — Until the year 1*732, the territory of the State of 
Georgia was included in the names Carolana and Carolina. For the 
effecting and promoting of its settlement, the King, George II., separated 
from Carolina the territory between the rivers Savannah and Altamaha, 
and erected this territory, by a charter of the 9th of June, 1732, into an 
independent and separate government, which was called, in honor of that 
king, the province of " Georgia." It was probably from the beginning 
the intention that this colony should go as far down as the St. Mary's 
river, for the patent says " it should go so far south as the southernmost 
branch of the Altamaha river." And on the maps of that time, we see 
that it was then believed that Altamaha river had a southern branch 
which conducted into St. Mary's river, and the mouth of this river waa 
therefore considered also to be the mouth of the Altamaha. The bound- 
aries were, however, in later times actually conducted so far south. With 
this exception, the limits of the province of Georgia suffered no changes 
on the coast, though in the interior, the changes were great. These in- 
terior changes have, however, no relation with our hydrographical re- 
searches. 

From the ocean for a distance of seven miles, there is a chain of islands 
intersected by rivers, creeks, and inlets, communicating with each other, 
and forming an inland navigation for vessels of 100 tons burden, along 
the whole coast. These islands consist of salt marsh and land of a gray 
rich soil, which produces sea-island cotton of a superior quality. The 
coast on the main land for four or five miles, is a salt marsh. Back of 
this there is a narrow margin of land, nearly resembling that of the isl- 
ands ; these are partially or wholly overflowed at the return of the tide, 
and constitute the rice plantations. The part of the State above the 
falls of the rivers is called the upper country, and has generally a strong 
and fertile soil, often inclining to a red color, and further inland it is 
mixed with a deep black mold, producing cotton, tobacco, Indian corn, 
wheat, and other kinds of grain. 

The rivers are the Savannah, 600 miles long, bounding the State on 
the N.E., navigable for ships 17 miles to Savannah, and a part of the 
year for steamboats 250 miles to Augusta; the Altamaha, which is nav- 
igable for large vessels 12 miles to Darien, is formed by the junction of 
the Oconee and the Ocmulgee, and is navigable for sloops of 30 tons by 
the former to Dubhn 300 miles from the ocean ; the Ogeechee, 200 miles 
long, and navigable for sloops 40 miles. Flint river, which rises in the 
N.W. part of the State, and after a course of more than 200 miles, joins 
the Chattahoochee, forming the Apalachicola ; the Chattahoochee, on the 
west border of the State, which is navigable 300 miles, by steamboat, to 
Columbus ; the St. Mary's river is in the southwest part of the State. 

Georgia, in 1856, had 1,013 miles of railroad built, and about three 
hundred in construction, being in advance of all the southern States, ex- 
cept Virginia. 



Georgia. 



39 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 




EXPORTS. 




IMPORTS. 


TONNAGE CL^D. 


BNDING 














Sept. 














30. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


American. 


Foreign. 


1821 


$5,979,995 


$31,315 


$6,011,310 


$1,002,684 


41,468 


14,666 


1822 


6,483,219 


1,650 


5,484,869 


989,591 


33,860 


9,746 


1823 


4,279,885 


13,781 


4,293,666 


670,706 


36,434 


11,072 


1824 


4,619,753 


4,229 


4,623,982 


651,888 


86,797 


12,064 


1825 


4,220,939 


1,894 


4,222,833 


843,356 


23,328 


5,547 


1826 


4,366,630 


1,874 


4,368,604 


330,993 


87,905 


8,563 


1827 


4,260,864 


691 


4,261,655 


312,609 


41,519 


10,646 


1828 


3,104,425 




3,104,425 


808,669 


25,514 


9,582 


1829 


4,')80,642 


■734 


4,981,376 


380,293 


47,468 


9,794 


1830 
Total, 


5,336,626 


.... 


5,336,626 


282,436 


50,394 


9,486 


$46,632,978 


56,168 


46,689,146 


5,173,224 


374,687 


101,164 


1831 


8,957,245 


2,568 


3,959,813 


399,940 


48,426 


29,045 


1832 


6,514,681 


1,202 


5,515,883 


253,417 


42,780 


21,567 


1833 


6,270,040 




6,270,040 


318,990 


40,022 


23,232 


1834 


7,567,327 


.... 


7,567,327 


546,802 


40,916 


^M^^ 


1835 


8,890,674 


.... 


8,890,674 


393,049 


33,109 


25,276 


1836 


10,721,700 


500 


10,722,200 


573,222 


43,878 


24,629 


1837 


8,936,041 




8,935,041 


774,349 


41,025 


22,358 


1838 


8,803,839 


.... 


8,803,839 


776,068 


26,851 


20,755 


1839 


6,970,443 




5,970,443 


413,987 


31,564 


19,408 


1840 
Total, 


6,862,959 




6,862,959 


491,428 


44,076 


48,966 


$73,493,949 


4,270 


73,498,219 


4,941,252 


892,647 


256,985 


1S41 


8,696,017 


496 


8,696,513 


449,007 


20,196 


36,980 


1842 


4,299,151 


1,106 


4,300,257 


341,764 


81,450 


30.209 


1843* 


4,522,401 




4,522,401 


207,432 


43,055 


42,oa3 


1844 


4,283,805 


.... 


4,283,805 


305,634 


23,574 


88,901 


1845 


4,557,435 


.... 


4,557,435 


206,301 


40,410 


85,250 


1846 


2,708,003 


.... 


2,708,003 


205,495 


13,493 


44,748 


1847 


2,712,149 




2,712,149 


207,180 


18,157 


87,661 


1848 


3,670,415 




8,670,415 


217,114 


17,871 


81,321 


1849 


6,857,806 




6,857,806 


371,024 


31,150 


53,713 


1860 
Total, 


7,551,943 


.... 


7,551,943 


636,964 


21,039 


51,524 


$44,859,126 


1,602 


44,860,727 


3,147,915 


260,395 


402,340 


1851 


9,158,879 


1,119 


9,159,989 


721,547 


34,963 


34,748 


1852 


4,999,016 


75 


4,999,090 


474,925 


22,833 


40,042 


1853 


7,371,883 




7,371,883 


508,261 


88,084 


43,443 


1S54 


4,807,675 


'766 


4,808,375 


336,951 


25,326 


46,454 


1855 


7,543,519 




7,543,519 


273,716 


65,145 


89,223 


1856 


8,091,688 


.... 


8,091,688 


574,240 


63,421 


33,310 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRmCIPAL PORTS. 

Brunswick, Georgia, city and port of entry, lat. 31° 10' K, long. 81° 35' TV. It 
has a spacious and commodious harbor, having thu'teen feet of water on the bar at 
the lowest tides. It is situated on Turtle river, 14 miles above the bar. The com- 
merce of the port is small, in 1856 being only 754 tons. 

Savannah, Georgia, city and port of entry, situated on the right bank of the Sa- 
vannah river, 17 miles from its mouth, lat. 32° 4' 56" N., long. 81° 8' 18" W. The 
harbor is good. Vessels drawing 14 feet water come up to the city, and larger ves- 
sels anchor at Five Fathom Hole, four miles below the city. The commerce of the 
place ranks next to Mobile, and is the most important port, except Charleston, from 
Baltimore to Mobile. The greater part of the trade of Georgia centers at Savannah, 
the principal articles of which are cotton, rice, and lumber. The Savannah river af- 
fords great faciUties for internal commerce ; and this river is connected with the 
Ogeechee river by a canal 16 miles long, which terminates at Savannah. The ton- 
nage of the port, in 1856, was 31,586 tons. 



40 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

ALABAMA. 

Alabama, one of the southern United States, is bounded north by 
Tennessee, east by Georgia, south by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and 
west by Mississippi. It is between 30° 10' and 35° N. latitude, and 85° 
and 88° 30' W. longitude, and between 8° and 11° 30' W. longitude 
from Washington. It contains 50,722 square miles. 

Early History. — The history of this name can be traced as far back as 
the expedition of De Soto (1540). 

The Spanish author, Biedma, who wrote his report on that expedition 
in the year 1544, is probably the first man who introduced it into history 
and geography. He says that De Soto and his companions met, in the 
country north of the Mexican Gulf, when they returned fi'om the north- 
east toward Mobile, an Indian chief and tribe called " Alibamu." The 
other historians of the same expedition sometimes write the name a little 
differently. Thus, for instance, "the Portuguese gentleman of Elvas" 
calls that chief, " Alimamu." 

When the Spanish conqueror and general, De Luna (1560), entered 
these countries, he made many expeditions toward that country and river 
wLich we now call " Alabama." The historians of his expeditions gen- 
erally have for that country, river, and its Indian aborigines, the name 
" Co§a" (our Coosa). But they make their heroes also meet in those re- 
gions a tribe of Indians whom they call " los Indies de Olibahali" (the In- 
dians of Olibahali). It was perhaps the same word with De Soto's name, 
" Alibamu," which De Luna and his men understood and wrote differently. 
After De Luna, for more than one hundred years, nobody again entered 
those regions. And we find, therefore, on the maps of the sixteenth and 
seventeenth centuries, among the many names which cover the country to 
the north of the Gulf, sometimes the old names of " Alibamo," " Alimamu," 
" Olibahali," or something like this, often, however, in very different posi- 
tions. When the French (IVOI) settled at Mobile bay and made excur- 
sions to the north, they found again that same old name and tribe. They 
wrote it very much like the historians of De Soto, " Les Allibamous ;" 
and we see this name already on the map of the French geographer, De 
LTsle (1*719), as the name of a large river, "Riviere des Allibamous," 
which is the old " Coga" of De Luna, and our Alabama. Many French 
authors, however, wrote this name "Alibamons." So DAnville and 
Charlevoix. 

As the denomination of a large territory, the name Alabama, appeared 
for the first time in the year 1817, when the western portion of the until 
then so-called Mississippi Territory became a State, under the name of 
the State of Mississippi, and when the eastern portion of the same terri- 
tory was erected into a separate territory, under the name of " the Terri- 
tory of Alabama," which became soon after (in the year 1820) a State, 

Rivers^ etc. — Mobile, the principal river, is formed by the junction of 
the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers, and enters Mobile bay by two 
mouths. The Alabama is navigable for vessels requiring six feet of water 
60 miles above its junction, and has four or five feet of water 150 miles 
to the mouth of the Cahawba, and to the junction of the Coosa and Tal- 
lapoosa, of which it is formed ; it has in its shallowest places, three feet 
of water. 



Alabama, 



41 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Tears 




EXPOETS. 




IMPOETS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 














Domestic. 


rOREIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Ameeican. 


Foreign. 


1821 


$108,960 




$108,960 






.... 


1822 


209,748 




209,748 


$86,421 


2,090 


' 85 


1823 


202,387 




202,387 


125,770 


2,187 




1824 


457,725 


$3,062 


460,727 


91,604 


6,847 


1,449 


1825 


691,897 


738 


692,635 


113,411 


9,896 


834 


1826 


1,518,701 


8,411 


1,527,112 


179,554 


16,086 


1,807 


1827 


1,830,770 


45,594 


1,376,864 


201,909 


18,696 


8,073 


1828 


1,174,737 


7,822 


1,182,559 


171,909 


15,859 


4,765 


1829 


1,679,385 


14,573 


1,693,958 


283,720 


14,494 


4,953 


1830 
Total, 


8,291,825 


3,129 


2,294,954 


144,823 


22,277 


4,059 


$9,666,135 


88,269 


9,749,404 


1,299,121 


102,932 


20,975 


1831 


2,412,862 


1,032 


2,413,894 


224,435 


14,707 


10,953 


1832 


2,733.554 


2,833 


2,736,387 


306,845 


18,764 


12,384 


1833 


4,522,221 


5,740 


4,527,961 


265,918 


29,067 


9,286 


1834 ■ 


5,664,047 


6,750 


5,670,797 


895,361 


29,272 


10,614 


1835 


7,572,128 


2,564 


7,574,692 


525,955 


32,795 


12,665 


1836 


11,183,788 


878 


11,184,166 


651,618 


35,340 


17,867 


1837 


9,652,910 


5,898 


9,658,808. 


609,885 


53,822 


10,725 


1838 


9,688,049 


195 


9,688,244 


524,548 


27,191 


11,996 


1839 


10,338,159 




10,338,159 


895,201 


48,286 


17,006 


1840 
Total, 


12,854,694 




12,854,694 


574,651 


94,551 


23,552 


$76,622,412 


25,390 


76,647,802 


4,973,917 


383,795 


136,548 


1841 


10,969,826 


11,445 


10,981,271 


530,819 


47,481 


85,795 


1842 


9,965,675 




9,965,675 


868,871 


51,247 


38,095 


1843* 


11,157,460 




11,157,460 


860,655 


79,107 


55,900 


1844 


9,906,195 


l",459 


9,907,654 


442,818 


47,097 


58,938 


1845 


10,515,274 


22,954 


. 10,538,228 


473,491 


80,032 


62,491 


1846 


5,260,817 


.... 


5,260,817 


259,607 


46,044 


51,007 


1847 


9,054,580 




9,054,580 


890,161 


23,103 


43,135 


1848 


11,920,693 


7,056 


11,927,749 


419,396 


67,574 


49,859 


1849 


12,823,725 




12,823,725 


657,147 


76,623 


74,593 


1850 
Total, 


10,544,858 




10,544,858 


865,362 


82,268 


80,717 


$102,118,603 


42,914 


102,161,517 


4,763,327 


550,476 


545,030 


1851 


18,528,824 




18,528,824 


413,446 


68,747 


52,518 


1852 • 


17,883,581 


2,i23 


17,385,704 


588,382 


91,067 


72,068 


1853 


16,786,913 





16,786,913 


809,562 


79,563 


64,122 


1854 


13,911,612 




13,911,612 


725,610 


60,004 


58,494 


1855 


14,270,565 




14,270,565 


619,964 


100,750 


44,865 


1856 


23,720,215 


7,955 


23,734,170 


793,514 


122,409 


90,809 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
Mobile, Alabama, a city and port of entry, situated on the west side of the 
Mobile river, at its entrance into Mobile bay, lat. 30° 41' 26" N., long. 88° 1' 29" 
W. It is, next to New Orleans, the greatest cotton mart of the South, and is the 
principal port of entry for Alabama and Mississippi. The exports amount to from 
twelve to sixteen millions of dollars annually. Mobile bay sets up from the Gulf of 
Mexico, and is thirty miles long, and on an average, twelve wide. It communicates 
with the G-ulf by two straits — one on each side of Dauphin's Island. The strait on 
the west side has only five feet of water ; that on the east side, between the Island 
and MobUe Point, has twenty-two feet of water. There is a bar across the bay, 
near its upper end, which has only eleven feet of water. Vessels drawing from 
eight to ten feet of water, pass up Spanish river, and around a marshy island into 
MobUe river, and then drop down to the city. Near Dauphin's Island is the an- 
chorage for large vessels, where, at times, are anchored a fleet of sixty sail. The 
tonnage of the port, in 1856, was 38,443 tons. 



42 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

FLORIDA. 

FLORroA, one of the southernmost of the United States of America, 
lies between 24° 32' and 31° N. lat., and between 81° 30' and 87° 35' 
W. long. It is 385 miles long, and from 50 to 250 wide, containing 
59,268 square miles. 

Early History. — The name which the country to the north of Cuba 
had among the Indians of the Lucayan Islands was " Cautio,^^ the sig- 
nification of which is, as Herrera gives it, rather obscure. 

The Spaniards heard this country " Cautid'^ already spoken of before 
they saw it. They heard also of the famous and fabulous fountain of 
youth of which the Indians had a tradition, and which was called the 
Fountain of Bimini. From this fountain the country to the north itself 
was sometimes called " JBimini" On some of the first maps of the six- 
teenth century it is also called " Terra de Cuba^^ (the country of Cuba), 
as if there were, 1st, an island of Cuba, and, 2d, a continent of Cuba. 

When Ponce de Leon, in the spring of 1512, discovered this coast, he 
gave to it the name of " Florida^'' (the florid), from two reasons, as Her- 
rera says — at first because the country presented a very flourishing and 
pleasant aspect, and then because he saw the coast on that festival-day 
which the Spaniards call " Pascua Florida^^ which corresponds to our 
Palm Sunday. 

This name has since that time always remained to that large peninsula 
which we to this day call Florida, though the name was sometimes taken 
in difierent senses, and though sometimes there have been attempts made 
to do away with it. 

But soon after the cession of Louisiana to the United States, Florida 
was curtailed again. The United States claimed the western part of it 
as far east as Perdido river, received the possession of it in the year 
1811, and joined it to their " Territory of Mississippi^^^ and afterward of 
^'' Alabama^'' 

Since this time (1811) the dominion of the name of Florida has not 
changed, though the so-called country changed, till 1821, its masters, 
when Spain ceded it to the United States. It was then at first called 
''the Territory of Florida,'" and since 1845 ''the State of Florida:' 
But the limits remained (with some slight exceptions) unchanged — Per- 
dido river in the west, and St. Mary's river and the thirty-first degree of 
north latitude in the north. The division into East and West Florida 
disappeared under the American Government. 

Bivers, Bays, etc. — There are many bays on the western side of the 
peninsula, some of which form good harbors. They are Perdido, Pensa- 
cola, Choctawhatchee, St. Andrew, St. Joseph, Apalachicola, Appalachee, 
Tampa, Carlos, and Gallivain's. On the east coast of the peninsula the 
inlets afford harbors for coasting vessels. The St. John is the principal 
river on the eastern coast. It often spreads from three to five miles in 
width, and at other places it is not more than one fourth of a mile wide. 
It is exceedingly winding, and flows through a beautiful and healthy 
country. St. Mary river rises in Okefinoke swamp, Georgia, and enters 
the Atlantic between Cumberland and Amelia islands. Of the rivers 
which enter the Gulf of Mexico, the Apalachicola is the principal. 



Florida. 



43 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA, 
From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Ybaes 

ENDING 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


Sept. 














30. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total, 


American. 


FOEKIGN. 


1821 








$13,270 


190 




1822 


$l',777 




$1J77 


6,877 


933 


.... 


1823 


1,510 




1,510 


4,808 


563 


"52 


1824 


216 




216 


6,986 


177 


30 


1825 


2,865 


.... 


2,865 


3,218 


323 




1826 


209 




209 


16,590 


195 


.... 


1827 


24,115 


$33;37i 


57,486 


257,994 


11,010 


2,117 


1828 


60,321 





60,321 


168,292 


7,357 


1,248 


1829 


38,163 


17,923 


56,086 


153,642 


6,059 


7,043 


1830 
Total, 


7,570 




7,570 


32,689 


1,366 


205 


$136,746 


51,294 


188,040 


664,366 


28,173 


10,695 


1831 


28,493 


2,002 


30,495 


115,710 


5,163 


610 


1832 


62,636 


3,080 


65,716 


107,787 


6,344 


901 


1833 


64,613 


192 


64,805 


85,386 


8,915 


845 


1834 


190,185 


38,640 


228,825 


135,798 


7,983 


1,289 


1835 


49,009 


12,701 


61,710 


98,173 


10,225 


3,025 


1836 


62,076 


9,586 


71,662 


121,745 


9,289 


645 


1837 


74,373 


28,304 


102,677 


490,784 


8,096 


1,520 


1838 


71,9S3 


50,549 


122,532 


168,690 


6,525 


2,721 


1839 


291,094 


43,712 


334,806 


279,893 


12,422 


1,239 


1840 
Total, 


1,860,709 


8,141 


1,858,850 


190,728 


11,163 


1,345 


$2,745,171 


196,907 


2,942,078 


1,794,694 


81,125 


11,640 


1841 


83,828 


2,801 


36,629 


145,181 


8,829 


2,731 


1842 


3-2,606 


778 


33,384 


176,980 


6,255 


1,063 


1843* 


760,3:35 


353 


760,688 


158,632 


3,497 


2,509 


1844 


991,657 


19,759 


1,011,416 


155,695 


10,247 


6,099 


1845 


1,502,867 


11,878 


1,514,745 


107,868 


19,885 


6,722 


1846 


137,539 


38,909 


176,448 


140,584 


8,159 


1,413 


1847 


1,808,177 


2,361 


1,810,538 


143,298 


10,950 


9,594 


1848 


1,896,633 


.... 


1,896,683 


fr4,267 


18,206 


7,548 


1849 


2,518,027 




2,518,027 


63,211 


20,507 


10,922 


1850 
Total. 


2,607,968 


15,658 


2,623,624 


95,709 


10,022 


12,134 


$12,289,687 


92,495 


12,382,182 


1,251,425 


116,557 


60,735 


ia5i 


8,939,910 


262 


3,940,172 


94,997 


20,254 


9,049 


1852 


2,511,976 




2,511,976 


30,713 


24,170 


11,508 


1853 


1,698,206 




1,698,206 


65,434 


15,347 


10,311 


1854 


3,964,697 




3,964,697 


28,969 


12,895 


9,488 


1855 


1,403,594 




1,403,594 


45,998 


41,938 


7,385 


1856 


1,976,323 




1,976,323 


86,014 


55,204 


10,520 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Key "West, Florida, is built on an island of the same name, sixty miles south- 
west of Cape Sable, lat. 24° 32', and long. 81° 52' W. It is a port of entry, and one 
of the few populous towns of the State. Its position commands the Florida Pass, and 
hence it is important also as a naval station ; but the principal occupation of the 
people at the present time is " wrecking," and here is located a special court for the 
adjudication of salvages. From fifty to sixty vessels are wrecked in the vicinity 
every year, and upward of $250,000 are paid on salvages. Salt and sponges are the 
principal exports, but there is a large import trade for the supply of the military 
stationed here. Steamers plying between the Atlantic ports and Havana generally 
call here. The town contains about 4,000 inhabitants. The tonnage of the port in 
1856, was 3,668 tons. 

Pensacola, Florida, is a town and port on the west side of Pensacola bay, 10 
miles from the Gulf, and has a fine harbor. The United States government has here 
a first-rate naval station and a marine hospital. Its trade is principally in cotton. 
The tonnage of the port in 1856, was 1,960 tons. 



44 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

LOUISIANA. 

LoTJisiANA, one of the Southern United States, lies between 29'' and 
33° N. lat. It is 240 miles long from north to south, and 216 broad, 
containing 41,346 square miles. 

Early History. — Kobert de La Sale, when he reached the mouth of 
the Mississippi [1682], introduced the name Louisiane, in honor of the 
great king, as the name of the country along the great river, " from the 
Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico." — [Charlevoix, tom. i.] Many other 
points and locations were vowed round the same gulf to the same name, 
king, and his saint. La Sale [1685] vowed to the saint and to the king 
the Bay of St, Louis (Matagorda bay) discovered by him on the coast 
of Texas. 

"When Iberville, on the 12th of April, 1699, discovered that little bay 
opposite Cat island, on the coast of the continent, he introduced this 
name again into the Mississippi country by naming the harbor " La Baye 
de St. Louisy 

In the year 1*701 Mr. Bien\alle, when he evacuated Billoxi and re- 
moved the French head-quarters to Mobile bay, called his fort there 
" Fort de St, Louis^'' and this name, then designated for more than 
twenty years the central settlement or capital of the French Mississippi 
colony. It is curious that the name " Louisiane^'' seems not to have been 
much used before 1712. We do not find it, for instance, a single time 
mentioned in the Memoirs of M. de Sauvole, written in this colony in the 
beginning of the eighteenth century. 

In the year 1712 King Louis XIV. adopted officially the name Louisi- 
ane for that province, which seemed now promising and important 
enough for such a grace. He pronounces that the countries at the mouth 
of the Mississippi shall henceforward be called "Xa Province de la Lou- 
isianer He at the same time changes also the name of the Mississippi, 
and says that it shall at present be called " Riviere de St Louii'' (the St. 
Louis river). 

When the United States acquired the dominion of Louisiana [1802] 
this name was at first quite extinguished on the shores of the Gulf. The 
whole southern part of old Louisiana was called " The Territory of New 
Orleans^ 

The old name was, however, revived again in the year 1812, when a 
part of the old French colony was admitted into the Union under the 
name of the " State of Louisiana^ After the final settlement of the 
boundaries of this State, the name Louisiana comprised all the shores be- 
tween the mouth of Pearl river to the east, and that of Sabine river to 
the west, the whole Mississippi delta, and on both sides a little more. 

We may remark that the orthography of the name '^Louisiana, 
which we have adopted, is half Spanish, half French. Purely French, it 
ought to be " Louisiane," and purely Spanish, " Luisiana.''^ 

Rivers, etc. — The Mississippi river forms the boundary of the State for 
a considerable distance, and in its lower part runs wholly within the State, 
and enters the Gulf of Mexico by several channels. It is navigable for 
vessels of the largest size. 



JLouisania. 



45 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF LOUISIANA, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Teabs 

ENDING 

Skpt. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOKTS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


American. 


Foreign. 


1821 


$6,907,599 


$364,573 


$7,272,172 


$3,379,717 


53,312 


21,323 


1822 


7,303,461 


675,184 


7,978,645 


3,817,238 


37,888 


20,716 


1823 


6,769,410 


1,009,662 


7,779,072 


4,283,125 


58,258 


26,445 


1824 


6,442,946 


1,485,874 


7,928,820 


4,539,769 


54,189 


21,996 


1825 


10,965,234 


1,617,690 


12,582,924 


4,290,084 


51,002 


25,776 


1826 


9,048,506 


1,235,874 


10,284,380 


4,167,521 


68,144 


22,943 


1827 


10,602,832 


1,126,165 


11,728,997 


4,531,645 


89,793 


30,240 


1828 


10,163,342 


1,784,058 


11,947,400 


6,217,881 


85,841 


38,781 


1829 


10,898,183 


1,487,877 


12,886,060 


6,857,209 


87,657 


33,172 


1830 
Total, 


13,042,740 


2,445,952 


15,488,692 


7,599,083 


106,017 


86,317 


$92,144,253 


13,232,909 


105,377,162 


49,683,222 


692,151 


277,659 


1831 


12,835,531 


3,926,458 


16,761.989 


9,766,693 


96,753 


58,558 


1832 


14,105,118 


2,425,812 


16,530,930 


8,871,653 


88,286 


59,620 


1833 


16,133,457 


2,807,916 


18,941,373 


9,590,505 


86,021 


60,580 


1834 


23,759,607 


2,797,917 


26,557,524 


18,781,809 


112,380 


71,599 


1835 


31,265,015 


5,005,808 


36,270,823 


17,519,814 


187.891 


58,778 


1836 


32,226,565 


4,953,263 


87,179,828 


15,117,649 


147,838 


48,110 


1837 


31,546,275 


3,792,422 


85,338,697 


14,020,012 


175,563 


45,523 


1838 


80,077,534 


1,424,714 


81,502,248 


9,496,808 


189,722 


43,184 


1839 


80,995,936 


2,185,231 


83,181,167 


12,064,942 


177,257 


54,772 


1840 
Total, 


32,998,059 


1,238,877 


84,236,936 


10,678,196 


277,021 


78,350 


$255,943,097 


30,558,418 


286,501,515 


120,903,081 


1,488,132 


569,074 


1841 


82,865,618 


1,521,865 


34,387,483 


10,256,350 


244,988 


72,577 


1842 


27,427,422 


976,727 


28,404,149 


8,033,590 


244,110 


73,668 


1843* 


26,653,924 


736,500 


27,890,424 


8,170,015 


292,473 


80,697 


1844 


29,442,734 


1,055,573 


80,498,307 


7,826,789 


237,179 


101,056 


1845 


25,841,311 


1,316,154 


27,157,465 


7,354,397 


248,543 


129,561 


1846 


30,747,533 


523,171 


31,275,704 


7,223,090 


288,463 


110,023 


1847 


41,788,303 


263,330 


42,051,633 


9,222,969 


274,112 


166,768 


1848 


39,350,148 


1,621,213 


40,971,361 


9,380,439 


287,887 


148,612 


1849 


36,957,118 


654,549 


37,611,667 


10,050,697 


298,456 


194,234 


1850 
Total, 


37,698,277 


407,073 


88,105,350 


10,760,499 


211,800 


158,137 


$328,772,388 


9,081,155 


837,853,543 


88,278,835 


2,568,011 


1,235,383 


1851 


53,968,013 


445,950 


54,413,963 


12,528,460 


292,954 


128,612 


1852 


48,808,169 


250,716 


49,058,885 


12,057,724 


370,741 


178,741 


1853 


67,768,724 


523,934 


68.292,658 


13,630,686 


440,736 


190,084 


1854 


60,656,587 


275,265 


60,931,852 


14.422,154 


448,499 


155,256 


1855 


55,056,094 


311,868 


55,367,962 


12,900,821 


480,502 


123,900 


1856 


80,576,652 


288,428 


80,865,080 


16,682,392 


586,747 


186.415 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
New Orleans, Louisiana, is the principal port on the Mississippi, and the natural 
d6p6t for the commerce of the great central vaUey. It is situated on the left bank 
of the river, 100 mUes from the Gulf of Mexico, in lat. 29° 58', and long. 90° 7'. Its 
site is low and marshy, and in the summer and fall very sickly. Two railroads con- 
nect it with Lake Pontchartrain, and thence steamboats connect with Mobile, etc. 
It communicates northward by the New Orleans, Jackson, and Great Northern Rail- 
road, and westward by the New Orleans, Opelousas, and Great Western Railroad. 
Its commerce by river is carried on by steamboats in constant succession, and these 
traverse the great river and tributaries for thousands of miles. By these means it 
receives and distributes its merchandise. The average value of produce received 
from the interior, is about $120,000,000. Its foreign trade is co-extensive, and with 
regard to cotton and sugar it is the first port of the Union. The depth of water in 
the river, opposite New Orleans, is at a medium of 70 feet, and it maintains sound- 
ings of 30 feet until within a ifiile of its confluence with the sea. The river has four 
principal passes. The tonnage of the port in 1856, was 163,308 tons. 



46 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

MICHIGAN. 

Michigan, a north-western State of the republic, lies between latitude 
41° 43' and 48° N., and between 82° 25' and 90° 34' W. from Green- 
wich, or 5° 24' and 13° 33' W. from Washington. It consists of two 
peninsulas, and contains 56,243 square miles. 

Physical Features, etc. — The surface of the lower or southern penin- 
sula is generally level, having few elevations which may be denominated 
hills. The interior is gently undulating, rising gradually from the lakes 
to the center of the peninsula. This central region may be regarded as 
a table land, elevated about 300 feet above the level of the lakes, covered 
with fine forests of timber, oak plains and prairies. Along the eastern 
shore of Lake Michigan are sand hills thrown up by the winds into fan- 
tastic foi-ms generally quite bari'en and naked. 

In some of the rivers that flow into the lakes enormous quantities of 
pickerel are caught. Not less than 1,000 barrels are taken annually from 
Fox river, Wisconsin; from Saginaw river, Michigan, 1,500 barrels; St. 
Clair river, Michigan, 1,500 barrels; Maumee river, Ohio, 3,000 barrels, 
and an equal quantity of bass, mullet, etc., making a total of 10,000 
barrels which are sold for |8 50 per barrel, or $85,000 in the aggregate. 
The annual product of the lakes and tributary rivers is thus shown : 

Barrels. Value. 

The Lakes . . . 35,000 $385,000 

Detroit river . . . 7,000 77,000 

Other rivers . . . 10,000 85,000 



Total .... 52,000 $547,000 

Michigan is peculiarly favored for an inland State, in facilities for 
inland navigation ; being surrounded on three sides by water. 

The southern peninsula of Michigan is drained by several large rivers 
and numerous smaller streams, which, rising in the interior, pass off in 
easterly, westerly, and northerly directions into the lakes. Raisin and 
Huron rivers flow into Lake Erie, Rouge river into Detroit Strait, Clinton 
and Black rivers into the strait of St. Clair, Saginaw river formed by the 
junction of Titibawasse, Flint and Cass rivers, enters Saginaw bay. 
Thunder bay, Cheboigan river and some smaller streams fall into Lake 
Huron. St. Joseph, Grand, Kalamazoo and Maskegon rivers flow into 
Lake Michigan. Many small lakes of pure water, stocked with fish of 
fine quality, are found in the interior. This State borders on four of the 
great lakes, viz., Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior. The principal 
rivers of the upper peninsula are Ontonagon, Huron, Menomonee, Mont- 
real, St. Mary, Eagle, Cedar, White Fish, Black, Sturgeon, Rapid and 
Manistie. The principal islands are Drummond, Sugar, St. Joseph, Bois, 
Blanc, Mackinaw, Manitou and Beaver islands, in Lakes Huron and Mich- 
igan , Isle Royale and the Apostles, in Lake Superior. 

There were in January, 1856, 590 miles of railroad in operation. 

The principal places in the State are Detroit, the metropolis, Monroe, 
Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, Adrian, Jackson, Marshall, Kalamazoo, Lansing 
the capital, St. Josephs, Mackinac, Grand Haven, and Sault St. Marie. 
There were, in 1854, 6 banks, and 1 branch, with an ao^oTeffate capital 
of $1,084,718. =S ^ 1^ 



Michigan. 



41 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, 

Feom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 




EXPOETS. 




IMPORTS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. I 


ENDING 














Sept. 














80. 


Domestic, 


POEEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Amerk 


JAN. Foreign. 


1821 


$53,290 




$53,290 


$29,076 






1822 


694 




694 


18,377 




.... 


1823 


1,010 




1,010 


2,159 




.... 


1824 








1,886 






1825 




.... 




5,695 






1826 


l',326 


.... 


1,320 


3,774 






1827 






.... 


3,440 






1828 














1829 








2,957 






1830 
Total, 


1,588 




1,588 


21,315 


"'5( 




$57,902 





57,902 


88,679 


5( 




1831 


12,892 




12,392 


27,299 


4i 




1832 


9,234 


.... 


9,234 


22,643 






1833 


9,054 




9,054 


63,876 


'oh 


t "216 


1834 


86.021 




86,021 


106,202 


2,76' 


r 215 


1835 


63,480 


$l',350 


64,830 


130,629 


1,6S( 


) 629 


1836 


57,181 


4,050 


61,231 


502,287 


75( 


) 803 


1837 


69,790 




69,790 




1,87J 


) 8,258 


1838 


125,660 





125,660 


256.662 . 


1,48( 


) 1,543 


1839 


133,305 




133,305 


176,221 


3,70S 


i 1,936 


1&40 
Total, 


162,229 




162,229 


138,610 


4,78 


) 6,370 


$678,346 


5,400 


683,746 


1,424,434 


17,73' 


r 14,964 


1841 


88,529 




88,529 


137,800 


871 


) 4,734 


1842 


262,229 


.... 


262,229 


80,784 


1,71- 


t 4,640 


1843* 


262,994 




262,994 


76,370 


m 


) 1,507 


1844 


293,901 




293,901 


120,673 


If 


5 5,757 


1845 


251,220 




251,220 


41,953 


1,80- 


r 8,542 


1846 


251,890 




251,890 


154,928 


54( 


) 27,920 


1847 


93,795 




93,795 


37,603 


44( 


) 86,171 


1848 


111,194 


'441 


111,635 


115,760 


1S0,S0( 


) 87,614 


1849 


127,844 


5,007 


132,851 


93.141 


33,91J 


) 90,G05 


1850 
Total, 


132,045 


.... 


132,045 


144,102 


7,985 


} 46,719 


$1,875,641 


5,448 


1,881,089 


1,008,113 


228,53^ 


t 314,209 


1851 


183,443 


7,978 


191,426 


182,146 


7,25. 


) 45,102 


1852 


132,366 


12,786 


145,152 


196,240 


4,88 


i 65,097 


1853 


295,809 


57,876 


853,685 


211,230 


8,00. 


) 71,928 


1854 


405,181 


29,314 


434,495 


204,286 


9,40. 


) 22,790 


1856 


526,825 


41,266 


588,091 


281,379 


24,41c 


) 88,196 


1856 


895,624 


85,404 


981,028 


880,663 


22,075 


i 27,128 



months to Jane 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Detroit, Michigan, is a large and flourishing city on the Detroit river, opposite 
"Windsor, the terminus of the Great Western (Can.) Raih-oad, which here connects 
by ferry with the Michigan Central Raili'oad, together forming a convenient line be- 
tween Niagara and Chicago. It is also the south-western terminus of the Detroit 
and Milwaukee Railroad, and a line (the Detroit and Toledo Railroad) is now in 
progress to connect with the railroads centering at Toledo. It has one of the finest 
harbors in the United States, and is admirably adapted for commerce. It has also 
extensive manufactures, chiefly machinery, agricultural implements, etc., and a large 
trade in lumber. On the whole it is a most flourishing place, and ranks as the first 
city of the State. Pop. (1855) 50,448. Detroit was founded in 1760 by the Frencli, 
and was for many years the State capital. Twenty-five years ago it had only 2,000 
inhabitants. The tonnage of Detroit, in 1856, was 58,688 tons. 

Port Huron, Michigan, is a town at the mouth of Black river, on the St. Clair, 
and two miles south of Lake Huron. It has a large lumber business and fine gen- 
eral trade. 



48 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 

OHIO. 

Ohio, one of the United States, lies between latitude 38° 30' and 42° 
K, and between longitude 80° 35' and 84° 47' W. It is 210 miles long 
from north to south, and 200 miles broad. Area, 39,964 square miles. 

Rivers, etc. — Tlie Oliio river, which gives name to the State, washes 
its entire southern border. This river is 1,004 miles long from Pittsburg 
to its mouth, by its various windings, though it is only 614 in a direct 
line. Its current is gentle, with no falls, except at Louisville, Kentucky, 
where there is a descent of 22i feet in two miles, which is obviated by 
a canal. For about half the year it is navigable for steamboats of a large 
class through its whole course. The Muskingum, the largest river which 
flows entirely in this State, is formed by the junction of the Tuscarawas 
and Walhonding rivers, and enters the Ohio at Marietta. It is navigable 
for boats 100 miles. The Scioto, the second river in magnitude, flowing 
entirely within the State, is about two hundred miles long, and enters the 
Ohio at Portsmouth. Its largest branch is the Whetstone, or Olentangy, 
which joins it immediately above Columbus. It is navigable for boats 
130 miles. The Great Miami, a rapid river in the western part of the 
State, is 100 miles long, and enters the Ohio in the S.W. corner of the 
State. The Little Miami has a course of 70 miles, and enters the Ohio 
seven miles above Cincinnati. The Maumee, 100 miles long, rises in 
Indiana, runs through the north-west part of the State, and enters Lake 
Erie at Maumee bay. It is navigable for steamboats to Perrysburg, 18 
miles from the Lake, and above the rapids is beatable for a considerable 
distance. The Sandusky rises in the northern part of the State, and after 
a course of about 80 miles, enters Sandusky bay, and thence into Lake 
Erie. The Cuyahoga rises in the north part of the State, and after a 
curved course of 60 miles, enters Lake Erie at Cleveland. It has a num- 
ber of falls, which furnish valuable mill seats. Beside these there are 
Huron, Vermilion, Black, and Ashtabula rivers, which enter Lake EHe. 

Lake Erie, which is situated 565 feet above the sea, and 333 feet above 
the level of Lake Ontario, is about 265 miles in length, from 30 to 60 
miles in breadth, and between 600 and 700 miles in circumference. Its 
mean depth is 120 feet, being the shallowest of all the great lakes, and 
most easily frozen. Its waters are also, on account of its shallowness, 
more readily agitated by storms, causing its navigation to be therefore 
more dangerous during stormy weather. Disasters, involving large loss 
of life and property, are not of unfrequent occurrence on this lake, 
toward the close of navigation, before the rigors of winter have put a 
final stop to all active lake traffic. 

Among the harbors of Lake Erie may be mentioned Port Colborne, 
situated at the entrance to the Welland canal, at the foot of Lake Erie, and 
a little above the commencement of the Niagara river. A little further 
up is the harbor of Port Maitland, at the mouth of the Grand river. 

The principal places are Cincinnati, the metropolis ; Columbus, the 
capital ; Cleveland, Sandusky, Dayton, Springfield, Zanesville, Marietta, 
and Portsmouth. There were in February, 1854, 68 banks, with a paid 
capital of |8,718,366 ; in January, 1856, 46 railroads, of which 2,725 
miles of track were finished and in operation, and 1,578 in course of con- 
struction. 



Ohio, 



49 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF OHIO, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. | 


ENDINf} 

Sept, 
30. 










Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


American. 


Foreign. 


1821 








$12 






1822 


$105 




$105 


190 


.... 




1 


1823 








161 


31 


... 




1824 


.... 




.... 











1825 




.... 














1826 


1J810 




1,810 




369 


... 




1827 


.... 








.... 






1828 




.... 




.... 








1829 


2,664 


.... 


2,664 


293 








1830 
Total, 








162 


"56 


'"49 


$3,919 




3,919 


818 


456 


49 


1831 


14,723 




14,728 


617 


91 


138 


1832 


58,394 




58,394 


12,392 


269 


^'?ti 


1833 


225,544 




225,544 


8,353 


2,041 


4,125 


1834 


241,451 




241,451 


19,767 


2,999 


3,756 


1835 


97,061 


"ilh 


97,201 


9,808 


2,166 


4,871 


1836 


3,718 




3,718 


10,960 


105 


2,943 


1837 


132,844 




132,844 


17,747 


4,249 


4,558 


1838 


139,827 


.... 


139.827 


12,895 


1,141 


2,433 


1839 


95,854 




95,854 


19,280 


4,716 


1,987 


1840 
Total, 


991,954 




991,954 


4,915 


8,708 


3,265 


$2,001,375 


140 


2,001,515 


116,734 


26,485 


28,922 


1841 


798,114 


.... 


793,114 


11,318 


9,600 


2,624 


■ 1842 


899,786 




899,786 


13,051 


14,890 


8,596 


1843* 


120,108 




120,108 


10,774 


1,245 


5,170 


1844 


543,856 




543,856 


36,015 


2,653 


14,162 


1845 


321,114 




321,114 


78,196 


6,324 


1,201 


1846 


352,630 


.... 


352,630 


102,714 


6,222 


4,831 


1847 


778,944 




778,944 


90,681 


7,144 


10,223 


1848 


147,599 




147,599 


186,726 


7,065 


5,853 


1849 


149,724 





149,724 


149,839 


6,957 


9,821 


1850 
Total, 


217,532 


100 


217,632 


582,594 


15,485 


18,822 


$4,324,407 


100 


4,324,507 


1,261,908 


77,585 


80,803 


1851 


395,125 




395,125 


686,331 


18,720 


11,866 


1852 


353,514 


.... 


353,514 


932,216 


14,844 


11,222 


1853 


158,418 




158,418 


847,760 


22,630 


9,939 


1854 


743,004 


1,580 


744,584 


790,082 


87,0.54 


18,234 


1855 


847,143 


.... 


847,143 


600,656 


26,399 


18,890 


1856 


1,045,052 




1,045,052 


463,473 


28,252 


42,676 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PEINCIPAL POET. 
Cincinnati, the metropolis of Ohio, capital of Hamilton countj, and cr^ of the> 
leading commercial places west of the Alleghany Mountains. It is situated on the- 
right bank of the Ohio river, 455 miles below Pittsburgh, 1,548 miles^above New 
Orleans, and 502 miles from Washington. It is the largest city of the Mississippi 
Valley, north of New Orleans, and the fifth in population in the- United States. 
Population in 1800, 750 ; in 1810, 2,540 ; in 1830, 24,831 ; in 1840, 46,338 ; in,. 
1845, 65,000 ; in 1850, 115,438 ; in 1853, 160,141. The Ohio riyer at Cincinnati is. 
1,800 feet, or about one third of a mile wide, and its mean annuaJ range from low tOi 
high water, is about fifty feet ; the extreme range may be oboKii ten feet more. De-- 
pressions are generally in August, September, and October,, and the greatest rise in 
December, March, May, and June. The upward navigation is in winter very rarely 
suspended by floating ice, and in some winters not at alk Its current at its mean 
height is about three miles an hour ; when higher, or ri^g, it is more ; and when, 
very low, it does not exceed two miles. 



50 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 



ILLINOIS. 

Chicago, city, and capital of Cook county, and the most commercial 
place in Illinois, 204 miles north north-east from Springfield, and 7l7 
from Washington. The city was laid out in 1830, and lots first sold in 
1831. Population in 1840, 4,470 ; in 1850, 29,964 ; in 1852, 38,734 ; 
in 1854, 55,000 ; and in 1857, 100,000. 

Chicago has grown more rapidly in commerce and population than 
any city in the world. In 1823, Major Long, in his account of Chicago, 
writes as follows : " The village presents no cheering prospect, as, not- 
withstanding its antiquity, it consists of but few huts, inhabited by a 
miserable race of men, scarcely equal to the Indians from whom they 
are descended. Chicago is, perhaps, one of the oldest settlements in the 
Indian country ; its name, derived from the Potawatomi language, signi- 
fies either a skunk or a wild onion ; and either of these significations has 
occasionally been given for it. Mention is made of the place as having 
been visited in 1671 by Perot, who found ' Chicagou' to be the residence 
of a powerful chief of the Miamis." 

The lumber trade of Chicago is immense. Dunng the year 1855 over 
three hundred millions of feet were received here. The following table 
will show the receipts for the past six years : 

Years. Feet received. 

1850, 100,346,779 

1851, 125,056,437 

1852, 147,816,232 

1853, . 202,101,098 

1854, 228,282,000 

1855, ........ 308,277,055 



FLOUR AND GRAIN RECEIVED AT CHICAGO FOR THE YEARS 1854r-55. 

Articles. 1854. 1855. 

Flour, reduced to bushels of wheat, . 795,520 1,210,000 

Wheat, bushels, 3,070,880 7,660,326 

Corn, bushels, 7,478,443 8,489,036 

Oats, bushels, 4,194,188 2,890,922 

Eye, bushels, 85,600 68,520 

Barley, bushels, .... 200,000 150,000 

Total, .... 15,824,611 20,458,784 

1854, 15,824,611 

Increase m 1855, . . , . . 4,634 173 

The total value of articles of commerce received at Chicago in 1855, 
was nearly two hundred millions of dollars, viz. : 

Imports. Exports. 

By lake, . . . $95,724,797 43 $34,783,726 32 

By canal, . . . 7,417,769 80 80,913,167 07 

By railroads, . . 88,381,597 90 98,421,324 86 



Total value, . $191,524,165 13 $214,118,218 26 



Missouri, Mississippi, KentitcJcy, Tennessee, Illinoie. 61 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI, 





From October 1, 1832, to 


July 1, 1856 










EXPORTS. 


IMPOPwTS. 


TONNAGE CL'D. | 


YEAEa 


























Domestic. 


FOEEIGK, 


Total. 


Total. 


Amer. 


Foe. 










$82,593 1 














1,024,417b 










.... 


.... 


2,398,180= 






1856 















MISSISSIPPI. 


18261 








10,628 






1836 








6,650 




in 1881 


1S87 


$304,a31 





$304,881 


.... 






1841 




:::: 




4l338e 
6,721f 






1856 




.... • 




1 










KENTUCKl 


r. 








8,723s 




8,723? 


89,435? 
390,885'^ 
574,493> 




.... 


1856 










.... 







TENNESSEE. 




.... 




.... 


106,828j 

77,919 c 

578,1131 




.... 


1856 




.... 









.... 


ILLINOIS. 


1847m 


52,100 




52,100 


266 


1,202 


850 


1848 


41,835 




41,885 


4,365 


807 




1849 


88,412 


$5 


88,417 


9,766 


914 


2,796 


1850 


17,669 




17,669 


15,705 







1851 


114,336 




114,386 


4,657 


2,093 


215 


1852 


51,325 


.... 


51,325 


4,832 


8,403 


213 


1853 


79,139 




79,189 


7,559 


2,288 




1854 


296,046 




297,046 


79,844 


8,014 


703 


1855 


547,053 


.... 


547,058 


54,509 


81,464 


2,916 


1856 


1,345,223 




1,845,223 


277,404 


76,930 


19,511 



a From October 1, 1832, to October 1, 1&40. 
c From July 1, 1850, to July 1, 1855. 
e From June 80, 1844, to June 30, 1850. 
e From Sept 30, 1835, to Sept. 80, 1840. 
i From July 1, 1850, to July 1, 1853. 
k From Sept. 30, 1840, to July 1, 1850. 
m Years ending June 80. 



b From October 1, 1840, to July 1, 1850. 
d Years ending September 30. 
f From June 80, 1850, to Juno 80, 1852. 
h From Sept 80, 1840, to July 1, 1850. 
j From Sept 30, 1834, to Sept. 30, 1840. 
1 From July 1, 1850, to July 1, 1858. 



52 Commercial Statistics of the United States. 



TEXAS. 

The regions which we now comprise under the name of Texas, to the 
north-west of the Gulf of Mexico, were called by the Spanish Grovemor 
of Jamaica, Garay, when his Captain Pineda (1519) had sailed along 
them, Provincia de Amichel. It is a name the origin of which we are 
quite in the dark. Perhaps, also, the whole northern shore of the Gulf 
was comprised under it. 

This expression, Provincia de Amichel, was pointed out as the original 
Indian name of the land. Because it was discovered by the exertions 
of Garay, the Spanish geographers, therefore gave to it also the Spanish 
name, Tierra de Garay (Garay's country), which name we see makes a 
great figure on many old maps around the whole northern shore of the 
Gulf, including Texas. 

When (about 1521) the King of Spain divided the discoveries and 
governments of Cortes and Garay, and put the Eio de las Palmas as the 
northerly boundary of the government of Mexico, the countries to the 
north were very often called El GoUerno del Mio de las Palmas (the 
government of the Palm river), and this also included a great part of 
the countries to the north. 

It is supposed that, with this establishment of Texas as a new and 
separate government for itself (in 1727), was also connected an introduc- 
tion of a new name — the name of Las Nuevas Filippinas (the new 
Philippinas) given to this government in honor to King Philip V. At 
least neither Barcia nor any other author uses this name before this 
time, while we afterward find it repeatedly in official papers and docu- 
ments. The old and popular name of Los Texas was, however, used 
besides it. We see both names still on maps of a very late date ; as, for 
instance, on a Mexican map of the year 1813, Provincia de Texas o 
Nuevas Filippinas (the province of Texas or the new Phihppines). 

Until 1824 the dominion of this name did, however, southward, not 
reach the Rio Bravo. The province of Coahuila and of Nuevo Sant 
Ander took away the whole south-western quarter of Texas, as far east 
and north as the Rio Medina, and the sources of the Colorado and 
Brazos. Eastward, toward Louisiana, the province of Texas and New 
Philippines extended to the neighborhood of the Red river, and on the 
shores of the Mexican Gulf to the Rio Calcasiu, and sometimes as far as 
the Merrmentau. 

In the year 1824, under the dominion of the Mexican Republic, the 
old connected provinces of Coahuila and Texas were again melted to- 
gether into one State, under the name of ElEstado de Texas y Coahuila. 
The southern part of our Texas, about the lower Rio Bravo, as far north- 
east as the Medina river, was not yet included in this name. It became 
a part of the new created Estado de Tamaulipas. Sometimes, and on 
some maps, it was tried at this period to apply to the whole of Texas the 
name of Eredonia, which was the particular name of Austin's colony. 

In the year 1836, Coahuila and Texas were divided again, and Texas 
became a separate and independent State, which was (1845) annexed to 
the United States, and received then, after the war of 1846, its present 
boundaries. 



Texas, Indiana, California, Oregon, Wisconsin, etc. 53 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS, 

From July 1, 1845, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeaes 

ENDING 

June 30. 



1&46 
1847 
1848 
1849 
1850 

Total, 

1851 
1852 
1853 
1854 
1855 
1856 

Total, 



EXPOETS. 



Domestic. 



$12,089 
82,791 



$94,880 

75,442 
229,334 
509,918 
762,448 
694,057 
1,252,925 



$3,524,126 



Foreign. 



$131,521 

24^958 

156,479 



483,741 
459,763 
552,001 
222,904 
689,664 



Total. 



143,610 

82,791 
24,958 



251,359 

75,442 

713,075 

1,029,681 

1,314.449 

916,961 

1,940,589 



2,406,073 



6,990,177 



IMPORTS. 



Total. 



$17,266 
29,826 
94,024 
16,649 
25,650 



183,415 

94,715 
77,892 
281,459 
231,423 
262,568 
821,834 



1,269,891 



TONNAGE OL'D. 



AilEB. 



Foe. 



695 2,500 

117 5,587 

730 2,057 

1,035 1,631 



2,577 

858 
2,269 
2,751 
4,875 
4,924 
7,504 



23,381 



11,775 

1,479 
5,199 
5,226 
4,833 
6.040 
3,965 



5,662 



INDIANA. 



1852 



258,253 





CALIFORNIA {Returns imper 


feet prior to 


1854). 




1850 








94,715 


50,066 


75,862 


1851 


.... 







6,468,587 


293,4;35 


136,735 


1852 




.... 




101,312 


233,810 


127,062 


1853 


555,453 




555,453 


8,407,701 


297,110 


149,391 


1854 


2,183,976 


1,239,419 


3,423,395 


5,951,379 


328,511 


104.335 


1856 


7,189,415 


1,084,651 


8,224,066 




266,703 


61.414 


1866 


10,002,562 


715,512 


10,718,074 


7,298,839 


259,042 


49,216 



OREGON. 



1864 
1865 
1856 



42,707 

123,612 

6,234 



120 



42,827 

123,612 

6,234 



48,932 
9,666 
2,724 



772 
1,668 



231 



WISCONSIN. 



1864 
1856 
1856 



80,464 
174,057 
846,493 



80,464 
174,057 
846,493 



49,174 
48,150 
27,694 



no returns. 

8,149 I 400 

82,912 2,710 



MINNESOTA. 



1854 
1855 
1856 



844 
405 



no returns. 



64 Progress of American Commerce. 785 



PROGKESS OF AMERICAN COMMERCE. 

The sixteenth century introduced the leading European powers to a 
minute acquaintance with the continent of America. Adventurous navi- 
gation had rescued a world from savage dominion, and there were adven- 
turous spirits enough to people that world, and identify thenceforward 
their destinies with it. A hundred years after, and civilization planted 
her abodes through all this waste. Peculiar, indeed, is the feeling with 
which those infant days of our country are regarded, so like an illusion 
does it seem — so like a dream of glowing imagery. We look back as to 
a classic era, and the romance of Pocahontas, and of Raleigh, of Fer- 
nando de Soto, and Juan Ponce de Leon, do they thrill us less than the 
beatific visions of the Greek, recurring to ages long ago, when Uion re- 
sisted the shock of Agamemnon's heroes, and the Argo sailed away to 
distant Colchis ? The dim antiquity seems gathered around both of them 
alike. But let it pass, all — the romance of our history. They imagined 
not, the men of that day imagined not the stupendous results which have 
occurred so soon. They saw not the benign and regenerating influences 
of a virgin land, preserved for countless ages uncorrupted by tyranny, 
and ignorant of oppression. Could such a soil have nurtured else than 
freemen ? They saw it not, and do we — even we — see other than darkly; 
yet the great consummation, the mighty destinies of the regions which 
three centuries ago, were proclaimed from the mast-head of a crazy ocean 
bark, a speck upon the distant heaven ? 

The development of American character is replete with instruction, and 
solves one of the most remarkable problems in the history of mankind. 
The untried scenes of a new world, cut off" by trackless oceans from contact 
and communion with the civilization of unnumbered generations, were 
suflScient to introduce, what might have been predicted of them, results 
new, striking, and without a precedent. The indomitable will, the stern 
endurance, the inflexible and hardy spirit of independence, the high dar- 
ing, the lofty patriotism, the adventurous, unlimited enterprise, the genius 
resolute, active, intrepid ; inexhaustible in resources, elastic in vigor and 
in freshness, buoyant ever and hoping on, and executing amid every 
trying scene, every danger, and difficulty, and disaster — triumphing every- 
where and in all things. Philosophy could have argued this character 
for the men whose fathers braved so much beyond the ocean, and would 
philosophy have won less than the fame of prophecy by her judgment ? 

But we pause not here to lament the causes which have counteracted 
these genial influences, and left whole regions of America stagnated, as 
it were, in the very elements of vitality and yet living hopelessly on. 
Should we refer to Mexico and the South American States ? What is 
there here of progress to chronicle, and how much of humiliation ? Re- 
gions blessed by Heaven in every thing but in men. Changing ever 
their dynasties and their despots in revolution and in blood. In motion 
always, without progress. In arms, without valor. Loving change rather 
than hating oppressors. Proclaiming civilization and annihilating its 
advances. The bitterness of Voltaire's sneer has no cruelty or injustice 
in its application to many of them, " Un pansant les chevaux de leurs 



786 Progress of American Commerce. 55 

maitres Us se donnent le titre d^electeurs des rois et de destructeurs 
des tyrans /" Under heaven, as it was the destiny of the savage abo- 
riginal, incapable of civilization, and with no law of progress ingrafted 
upon his nature, to fade away before the steady advances of European 
arms and policy, so the Anglo-Saxon element of America, by its flexi- 
bility and its power, by the new elements which it has taken to itself in 
the trying, yet triumphant scenes through which it has passed, will and 
must, in the inevitable course of events, preside over the destinies of the 
continent of America, aiding and directing them, adding life and vitality, 
rousing dormant and sleeping energies, and developing upon the theater 
of the world, movements in comparison with which all that history can 
furnish before the deluge, before the era of Christ, and since, shall dwindle 
into insignificance ! It needs no ardent temperament to draw a stronger 
picture. 

American Commerce in the Seventeenth Century. — The early colonists 
were exposed for a fearful probation to the most extraordinary vicissitudes 
and necessities. With the axe in one hand they reduced the sturdy for- 
ests into the farm-yard, and with the knife in the other they resisted the 
approaches of the stealthy and sanguinary savage. A meager subsist- 
ence rewarded the toils that knew no I'est, and the charities of the mother 
country were invoked for men whose determined wills grew stronger as 
they suffered. This period had its diflferent limits. Fifteen years after 
the landing of William Sale, we find the proprietary government in En- 
gland complaining to the Carolinas, " we must be silly indeed to main- 
tain idle men." Thirty-three years after the landing of Bienville, in 
Louisiana, the Western Company threw up their charter in utter hope- 
lessness and despair. New England's rugged soil yielded a too reluctant 
tribute to the industry of her sons. They went out early upon the ocean 
by which they were girt in search of bread that the plow yielded not. 
To this hardy and daring people the boons of Nature were to be found in 
her apparent denial of them all. The seventeenth century affords us, 
however, but a few particulars of the trade which had been started in the 
colonies. That it was limited can be readily imagined ; that it should 
be worthy of any regard at all, is the only source of surprise. The ma- 
terials of this portion of our history are meager. It is sufficient that, in 
1647, a trade had been opened from the northern ports to Barbadoes, 
and others of the West Indies ; that a collector of the customs was ap- 
pointed at Charleston, in 1685, and that the hardy enterprises of the 
Nantucket whalemen received their fii'st impulse in 1690. 

American Commerce from ]700 to the Revolution. — In the year 1731 
we find a petition read in Parliament from the American colonies that 
the African trade be thenceforward laid open to them. In the same Par- 
liament it was conceded that the whole gain of the mother country from 
the trade of Virginia and Maryland alone amounted annually to £180,000. 
The Pennsylvanians were exporting corn to Spain and to Portugal, and 
with the proceeds of their ships and cargoes selecting out merchandise in 
the English markets. To the Dutch alone they sold 5,000 pistoles an- 
nually in liquor and provisions. They had their invoices to Surinam, 
and Hispaniola, the West Indies, Canaries, Newfoundland, and the other 
colonies, and £150,000 from the proceeds to traffic in Britain. "New 
York," says a chronicle of this epoch, " sends fewer ships to England 



66 Progress of American Commerce. V87 

than some other colonies do, but those they do send are richer, as deal- 
ing more in furs and skins with the Indians, and they are at least of 
equal advantage to England with those of Pennsylvania. The soil of 
New England is not unlike that of Britain. It employs about 40,000 
tons of shipping, and about 600 sail of ships, sloops, etc., about half 
which shipping sails to Europe." Now began the parent's jealousy of 
her offspring. Nothing, it was said in Parliament, nothing is more pre- 
judicial, and in prospect more dangerous to any mother kingdom than 
the increase of shipping in her colonies. The only use of colonies, added 
Lord Sheffield, is the monopoly of their consumption and the carriage of 
their produce. In 1780 the Commons of England struck an ineffectual 
blow at the American trade with the French and Dutch colonies, it hav- 
ing been represented to them as greatly detrimental to England and her 
colonies. 

In 1782 a writer gravely announced that the convenience of the Amer- 
icans from the plenty of beavers, hare, coney wool, and many other furs, 
gave them such advantages that, unless restrained, they would soon sup- 
ply all the world with hats. The Board of Trade of the same year report 
that there are more trades carried on and manufactures set up in the 
provinces on the continent of America, northward of Virginia, prejudicial 
to the trade and manufactures of Great Britain than in any other of the 
British colonies. In 1750 the Americans were forbidden to work in 
iron, and Lord Chatham declared not long after, in Parliament, that the 
colonies of North America had not even the right of manufacturing a 
nail. So stringent had become the protective policy. 

In 1764 was imposed an onerous burden upon American commerce by 
the mother country, grown jealous of its too great extension. This com- 
merce had greatly enriched the home as well as the colonial government, 
but the former was too much blinded by erroneous policy to perceive it. 
She heeded not the annual purchases made in her markets with the 
avails of lumber, beef, fish, pork, butter, horses, poultry, live stock, to- 
bacco, corn, flour, bread, cider, apples, cabbages, onions, etc., disposed 
of by our traders to the eager West India planters ; and Lord Sheffield, 
in his observations on the commerce of the American States, tells us 
that at this time the CaroHnians, of their exports to Kingston, Jamaica, 
took back one half in the produce of that country, the middle provinces 
one fourth, New England one tenth, and the balance in specie dollars. 
The trade of Britain with the American colonies employed in 1769, 
1,078 ships, and 28,910 seamen. The value of her imports from them 
for that year amounted to £3,370,000, and of their imports from her to 
£3,724,606, showing a large difference in favor of the parent country. 

In 1770 the imports of Carolina were £535,714, those of New En- 
gland £564,034, of Maryland and Virginia £851,140, the exports of Vir- 
ginia at the same time being double the value of those of either of the 
others named. Mr. Burke triumphantly announced in the House of 
Commons, " Our trade with America is scarcely less than that we car- 
ried on at the beginning of the century with the whole world ! In the 
six years ending with 1774 there was an average import from the col- 
onies into England of £1,752,142, and an average export to them in turn 
of £2,732,036. Crippled as our energies were, they could not be re- 
pressed. It was a vain effort to confine the enterprise of a people whose 



*78S Progress of American Commerce, 57 

views embraced the world itself, into the narrow compass afforded by 
English ports, and by portions of Europe southward of Cape Finisterre. 
When the day of reckoning came, as it did at last, for these reckless 
abuses of power, and they were proclaimed in the bill of rights, not the 
least of the usurpations for which retribution was demanded is to be 
found in the clause : ' She has cut off our trade with all parts of the 
world.' " 

Commerce of the United States under the Articles of Federation. — 
During the Revolution all foreign enterprise was of necessity suspended, 
and in struggling for liberty, men taught themselves to forget and de- 
spise every mere physical want. Leagued together for common defense, 
the States were able to resist every device of power, and sustain a long 
and bloody contest. But when that contest was ended, and liberty won, 
the confederation exhibited at once its nervelessness for peace, and for 
the arts, and policy, and duties of peace. The fabric which could resist 
the storm crumbled away when the sunshine succeeded. So true is it, 
that the necessities of men are the only durable bond of their union, and 
that without this union there is no strength. 

From the close of the war until the adoption of the Constitution, 
there may be considered to have been no great regulating head in 
America. No uniformity or system prevailed among the States, and 
their commerce was consequently exposed to the utmost uncertainty, 
fluctuation, and loss. Tonnage duties were levied in different ports, as 
it suited the caprices of the several governments, and as they were more 
or less desirous of encouraging particular branches of navigation and 
trade at the expense of others. By a policy more astute than that of 
her neighbors. New York managed in this way soon to increase largely 
her foreign trade, and laid the foundation of the empire she now main- 
tains. From 1'784 to 1*790 our commerce exhibited the most remark- 
able results. For seven years consecutively, the imports into American 
cities from Britain were never otherwise than twice the amount of the 
exports to her, and for several years were three, and even five times 
their value. A drain of specie is said to have been the consequence, a 
very natural, though not necessary one, and great commercial embar- 
rassment and distress. 

The following table, made up from records of the English custom- 
house, will be found of interest : 

Years. 
1'784, . 
1*785, . 
118Q, . 

1187, . 

1788, . 

1789, . 

1790, . 

Commerce of the United States under the Constitution, and until 
1812. — In this crisis the attention of thinking men and patriots in all 
parts of the nation was aroused, and there was perhaps nothing which 
contributed so much in urging the States into a general convention, and 
into the adoption of a constitutional government and union, calculated 



cports, America 


Imports, America 


to Britain. 


from Britain.'. 


£749,345 


£3,679,467 


893,594 


2,308,023 


443,119 


1,603,465 


893,637 


2,009,111 


1,023,784 


1,886,142 


1,050,198 


2,525,298 


1,191,071 


3,431,778 



68 Progress of American Commerce. 789 

to preserve their liberties, their fortunes, and their glory in all the future. 
One of the first grants of power conceded to Congress under this Con- 
stitution was that of " regulating commerce with foreign nations, among 
the several States, and with the Indians." Referring to the state of 
things which existed under the articles of federation, an able writer 
observes, " Interfering regulations of trade and interfering claims of ter- 
ritory were dissolving the attachments and the sense of the common 
interest which had cemented and sustiined the Union during the arduous 
struggles of the Revolution. Symptoms of distress and marks of humilia- 
tion were rapidly accumulating. The finances of the nation were an- 
nihilated. In short, to use the language of the authors of the Federalist, 
each State, yielding to the voice of immediate interest or convenience, 
successively withdrew its support from the confederation, till the frail 
and tottering edifice was ready to fall upon our heads, and to crush us 
beneath its ruins. Most of the federal constitutions of the world have 
degenerated in the same way, and by the same means." — Kent, vol. i., 
p. 217. 

No roore, said a memorial from Charleston, on the adoption of this 
constitution — no more shall we lament our trade, almost wholly in the 
possession of foreigners, our vessels excluded from the ports of some 
nations, and fettered with restrictions in others ; our materials, the pro- 
duce of our own country, which should be retained for our own use, 
exported and increasing the maritime consequence of other powers. 
With this memorial before them, and others of a similar character. Con- 
gress, at its first session, appointed a committee to report upon " the ex- 
pediency of increasing the duty upon foreign tonnage carrying American 
produce to places in America not admitting American vessels ; and to 
frame a bill placing the same restraints upon the commerce of foreign 
American States that they place upon us." 

By the report of Alexander Hamilton in 1790, it appears that the 
total tonnage of the United States at that time was as follows : 



American vessels in foreign trade, 363,093 tons. 

Coasters above twenty tons, . . 103,181 " 

In the fisheries, 

Total foreign tonnage, . 

United States and British, . 

United States and other foreign. 



26,252 " —502,526 tons. 
262,913 " 
312 " 
338 " 



Total, 166,089 tons. 

The tariff of 1789 was specific and ad valorem^ and discriminated 10 
per cent, in favor of the trade conducted by our own shipping. In this 
we but imitated the navigation acts of European States, by means of 
which it has been supposed the enormous maritime consequence of some 
of them was principally secured. We shall not pause to argue a point 
in political economy so long mooted among writers of the greatest 
ability. The jealousies of nations have gone, and still go, very far. 
Even the philosophical Voltaire thought that their gain could not other- 
wise accrue than with each other's loss. England long imposed the 
most onerous restrictions upon all other commerce than her own, and 
her advances in consequence, or notwithstanding, have been unpre- 



790 Progress of American Commerce. 59 

cedented. Her tonnage, when slie commenced tliis system, was less 
than that of the United States at the adoption of the Constitution. 

There was one department of our maritime industry which de- 
manded the earliest attention of government, and we think its general 
interest will be sufficient apology for any space we may allot to its con- 
sideration — THE FISHERIES. Mr. Jcffcrsou, in 1*791, then Secretary of 
State, furnished an admirable report upon the subject, which we proceed 
to analyze. As early as 1520 there were fifty ships upon the New- 
foundland coasts at a time for cod. In 1577 the French had 150 vessels 
there, the Spaniards 100, Portuguese 50, the Enghsh 15. The French 
fisheries began early to decline. In 1768 the Americans took but little 
less than the English, and the French took least of all. In 1798 England 
obtained double the quantity of America and France together. During 
the Revolution the American fisheries were almost entirely abandoned, 
and Mr. Jeff'erson left it to the wisdom of Congress to decide whether 
they should not be restored, by opposing prohibitions to prohibitions 
and high duties to high duties, on the fish of other natiijlis. 

The whale fisheries were prosecuted by the Biscayans as early as the 
fifteenth century. The British began its encouragement in 1672 by 
bounties. The Americans opened their enterprises in 1715. They suc- 
ceeded early in the discovery in the Southern seas of the spermaceti 
whale, which they attacked instead of the Greenland, hitherto known 
to navigators. In 1771 we had 204 whalers. During the war England 
held out the largest bounties to the trade, and so irresistible were these 
in the depressed condition of our fishermen, that it is said many of them 
were on the eve of removing to Halifax, to prosecute the business there, 
and were only deterred by a letter from Lafayette, declaring that France 
would abate her duties upon oil. The little island of Nantucket is the 
great heart of these fisheries. A sandbar, said Mr. Jefferson, fifteen miles 
long and three broad, capable by its agriculture of maintaining twenty 
families, employed in these fisheries, before the Revolution, between five 
and six thousand men and boys, and contained in its only harbor, one 
hundred and forty vessels. In agriculture, then, they have no resource, 
and if that of their fisheries can not be pursued from their own habita- 
tions, it is natural they should seek others from which it can be followed, 
and principally those where they will find a sameness of language, re- 
ligion, laws, habits, and kindred. 

In 1803, Mr. Huger stated to Congress in his report, that it would 
seem the cod fisheries had gained ground since the Revolution, but that 
the whale fisheries, on the contrary, had been for some time past on the 
decline. The war of 1812 was most disastrous to the fishermen, but they 
soon afterward recovered their prosperity, and on the 1st of January, 
1844, we had 644 vessels engaged at sea, of the value, including catch- 
ings, of 127,784,000. On the 1st of January, 1846, there were 680 
ships, 34 brigs, 21 schooners, and 1 sloop; tonnage 233,149 ; manned 
by about 20,000 seamen and officers, consuming over three million dol- 
lars annually of American' produce. Proceeds of whale fisheries 
$9,000,000 per annum, of which only $2,000,000 are re-exported. 

In 1844, Mr. Grinnell stated in Congress: 

"This fleet of whaling ships is larger than ever pursued the business before. 
Commercial liistory famishes no account of any parallel. The voyages of those en- 



60 Progress of American Commerce. V91 

gaged in the sperm fishery average three and a half years ; they search every sea^ 
and often cruise three or four months with a man at each mast-head on the look-out, 
without the cheering sight of a whale. They are hardy, honest, and patriotic, and 
will, as tliey did m the last war, stand by their country when in danger ; they will 
man our sliips, and fight our battles on the ocean." 

Mr. Clayton remarked in February, 1846 : 

" We have at this time a commerce of 2,41'7,000 tons of shipping. England has 
2,420,000 tons; so that we are nearly, nay, it is my opinion, we are completely on 
a par with her. I doubt, sir, whether England has a greater commercial marine or 
greater interests to protect. We have more than 700 whale ships in the Pacific, an 
extensive Indian commerce, and a great and daily growing commerce with China." 
— Broavne's Whaling Cruise and History of the Whale Fishery^ 1846, p. 539. 

At the close of tlie last century there were many causes which tended 
to add a vast importance to the commerce of the United States. For 
several yearxS this commerce enjoyed unparalleled and almost unmeasured 
prosperity. Scffcely admitted into the family of nations, we found the 
whole civilized world engaged in the jSercest and most sanguinary con- 
flict. A wise and indeed " masterly" neutrality was of course the true 
poHcy of the nation. The carrying trade of the world fell at once into 
our hands. We supplied the mother countries with the products of 
their own colonies. The East and West Indies alike were opened to our 
shipping. Their rich products filled our warehouses, supplying consump- 
tion and re-export. Prosperity such as this, however, was fated to be 
brief. The. conflicting powers sacrificed every thing to their mutual 
hatred, and minded little the rights of a nation they had not even learned 
to respect. Protestation ended in war, and the rights of our sailors 
were established on every sea. With the return of peace in Europe, the 
carrying trade departed rapidly from us. 

In 1791 the king and council of England admitted American unmanu- 
factured goods, except fish, oil, blubber, whale fins, certain naval stores, 
etc., into Britain at the same duties as British American produce. The 
treaty of commerce of 1794 between the two governments was a reci- 
procity one, both parties binding themselves to impose no greater restric- 
tions upon each other than they imposed upon others. This treaty 
regulated our East India commerce, then newly opened and promising 
a great extension. 

From 1790 until 1797 Pennsylvania continued largely the greatest 
exporter in the Union. In 1791 South Carolina occupied the third 
rank. In 1797, New York for the first time took a leading position, 
which she has ever since maintained. The first exports of Tennessee 
and Mississippi date fi'om 1801 ; those of Kentucky and Indiana fi'om 
1802 ; of Michigan, 1803 ; Orleans Terrritory, 1804 ; and Ohio, 1806. This 
we shall see more particularly hereafter. It is sufiScient now to indulge 
the reflections which the facts before us so naturally awaken. Mysterious 
have been the changes. Old age and premature decay have fallen upon 
cities once famous for their trade ; and the quays, where the flags of 
all nations floated, have come at last to be comparatively deserted. 
We look around, and there have started up others like mature creations, 
full of vigor and stalwart even in their infancy. How hardly can rea- 
son realize that these wondrous changes are not all the pictures of a 



792 Progress of American Commerce, 61 

fertile imagination ? Wliere is placed Virginia now, that mother of 
States, who in 1769 exported to foreign lands fom* times as much as 
New York? and where is Carolina, whose exports at the same time 
doubled those of New York and Pennsylvania together, and were equal 
to five times those of all New England ? If trade grows to colossal 
stature, its proud empire hastens also to swift decay. 

The difficulties which bese-t our commerce in the early part of the pres- 
ent century, when the rival hostile powers of Europe, jealous of our 
prosperous neutrality, strained every nerve to involve us in their disputes, 
will be called to mind by every one familiar with history. We were 
made the victims of the policy and arts of these nations, and even as 
early as 1793, their depredations upon our commerce were considerable. 
In five months alone of that year it was stated in the House of Peers, 
that six hundred American vessels were seized or detained in British 
ports for alleged violations of orders and decrees, claimed as principles 
under the law of nations. These aggressions upon ounjfchts were long 
and extensively practiced, as the following table will exTOit : 

SEIZURE OF AMERICAN VESSELS FKOM 1803 TO 1812, 

By the British, 917 

By the French, ...*.. 558 

By the Neapohtans, 47 

By the Danish tribunals, •' . . . 70 

Total vessels, ^ . . . 1,592 

And this at a time when we were at peace with all the nations on 
earth ! Indemnity for these spoliations has been the subject of numerous 
treaties; among others, that of England, in 1794, France, 1803, and 
Spain, in the Florida treaty, of 1819. But this whole period, so inter- 
esting in our annals, deserves a minute survey. 

On the conquest of Prussia, in 1806, Bonaparte conceived the idea of 
crushing the maritime power of Britain, by prohibiting all the world, in 
his famous Berlin Decree, from conducting any trade with her or her 
numerous dependencies. The retaliatory British Orders in Council fol- 
lowed at once, and all countries in the world connected in any way with 
France, or opposed to England, were declared to be under precisely the 
same restraints as if actually invested in strict blockade by British forces. 
Incensed by so unexpected and ruinous a measure. Napoleon issued the 
memorable Milan Decree, making lawful prize of all vessels submitting 
at any time or in any way to British search or taxation. It was natural 
that these illegal and unauthorized proceedings should excite the utmost 
interest and concern of the United States so materially and even vitally 
affected by them. We protested in vain. The administration recom- 
mended as the sole remaining alternative of peace an embargo, which 
Congress adopted in 1807. This measure the commercial interests 
■warmly opposed as ruinous to them, and memorials were forwarded from 
many quarters praying for its repeal. To these it was replied by govern- 
ment, " The embargo, by teaching foreign nations the value of American 
commerce and productions, will inspire them with a disposition to prac- 
tice justice. They depend upon this country for articles of first necessity, 
and for raw materials to supply their manufactures." Such a view of 



62 Progress of American Commerce. V93 

the matter, however, did not occur to the mind of Napoleon, who re- 
garded the embargo as greatly favorable to France, and aiding him in 
his warfare against English commerce. " To submit," said he to Mr. 
Livingston, " to pay England the tribute she demands, would be for 
America to aid her against him, and a just ground of war." 

In 1809, a non-intercourse with Britain and France was substituted 
for the embargo, which the latter power regarded as such an evidence of 
hostility as to justify her in proceeding at once to condemn millions of 
American property as lawful prize. 

The Congress of 1810 determined upon the admission of the commer- 
cial vessels of the powers above-named, if the act were preceded by a 
revocation of their hostile and arrogant decrees. The French govern- 
ment pretended to close in at once with the proposal, but it was nearly 
one year later before her repealing ordinance was officially promulgated, 
evidencing a disposition on the part of Napoleon to play with us in bad 
faith, and to tJ^ the game at any time to his advantage — so humiliating 
to our pride aiWhe events of this entire era. With England it was long 
doubtful what relationship we might expect to sustain. Hostile and 
peaceable alternately, according to her caprices or her interests, she had 
provoked in American minds a resentment too deep to be subdued, and 
forbearance longer was regarded a crime. The Orders of Council 
remaining in force, and^he aggressions increasing daily, a non-intercourse 
act of sixty days was resorted to, the prelude only to a solemn declara- 
tion of war. Then was tjjjie hour of severe retribution, and then was the 
national honor and dignity of America triumphantly vindicated ! 

Commerce of the United States since 1812. — This has been an era of 
prosperity and rapid advance, and the great powers of the civilized 
world seem to have reahzed for once the rich benefits of a prolonged 
armistice, or, if another expression be preferred, a protracted, and we 
hope permanent peace. In commercial rank, the United States of Amer- 
ica, subordinate to Britain only, and having outstripped all the world 
else, is prepared to share a divided scepter, until that scepter can be 
wielded alone by her hand, and the empire of the seas be transferred to 
her keeping. 

The history of our trade for the last forty years has material enough 
for many more pages than we can allot to it, even with the greatest con- 
densation. The period has been celebrated by an approach to a more 
liberal internationality, and a reciprocity something else than in name. 
The progress in the last ten years has been most strongly marked 
toward that ultimatum, in the minds of every lover of truth and human 
advancement, perceived first by Lord Bacon, and ably, though imper- 
fectly, presented by his followers: commerce unfettered as the winds 
that waft it ; free religion, free government, free press, free traffic — free- 
dom everywhere, and in every righteous thing throughout all the world ! 
When shall nations sacrifice their foohsh jealousies, and meet each other 
on this high, broad, and Christian ground ? We are no partisan here, 
but a cosmopolite. We advocate a policy as wide as the earth, and as 
generous. No single nation can afford to act alone ; the movement, if 
made at all, must be universal. 

The condition of Europe now, however, argues little for the early tri- 
umph of those principles to which we have been referring. The latest 



*IM Progress of Americati Commerce. 63 

British, French, and Austrian tariffs have been less restrictive, and in 
the case of the first-named nation her policy would appear about to be 
radically changed. The German States maintain the exclusive policy, as 
do also the Spaniards and Portuguese. Russia was the latest in adopt- 
ing the restrictive system, but we see by her last tariff some evidences of 
improvement, which neither Sweden nor Denmark furnishes. The duties 
of the Italian States have been generally moderate, except for Rome and 
Naples, and we recognize a great improvement in these in the tariff of 
his Holiness the Pope. The commercial system of Holland is the most 
liberal in all Europe, but the South American States appear to be gov- 
erned by the same spirit as that which dictated the policy of Spain. 

In 1824, Great Britain seemed desirous of removing in some degree 
her restrictions upon the navigation of other powers. She entered into 
reciprocity treaties with many of them, and in this was soon after imi- 
tated by the United States, in the treaties of 1825-6-8-9 with Central 
America, Denmark, Sweden, Hanse Towns, Prussia, Brazil, Austria, Hun- 
gary and Bohemia, Mexico, Russia, Venezuela, Greece, Sardinia, Nether- 
lands, Hanover, and Portugal. We also entered into similai' but limited 
reciprocity treaties with France in 1822, continued afterward, and with 
England in 1821, 1825, and 1833, and a full reciprocity treaty with 
Canada in 1854. These treaties were arranged by Mr. Kennedy, chair- 
man of the Committee of Commerce, into three classes. 

1. Those securing mutual privileges of export and import of produce, 
the growth, produce, or manufacture of the stipulating, powers, trans- 
ported in their own vessels, without discrimination on tonnage. 

2. Those providing for a levy of duties not less favorable upon the 
tonnage of either than are levied upon the tonnage of other powers. 

3. Those requiring equality of port charges. 

The progress in the commerce of the United States since 1820 is fully 
illustrated in the following Tables: and there is jast ground for a belief 
that this increase is still going on, and that the next ten or twenty years 
will develop even more rapid strides in the foreign and domestic com- 
merce of the Union. The Custom-House duties have increased from 
813,004,000 in 1821 to $64,022,000 in 1856, and the aggregate imports 
and exports during the same period from $125,000,000 to $640,000,000 
in value; and the tonnage from 1,298,000 to 4,871,000 tons. The 
general tariff of 1824 worked well for the country, but was largely 
modified in May, 1828. The compromise tariff of 1833 induced excess- 
ive importations (from 101,000,000 in 1832 to 189,000,000 in 1836), 
which contributed to the financial distress of the years 1837-8. The 
too frequent changes of the tariff between 1832 and 1848 caused heavy 
losses in the manufacture of woolen goods, iron, and other articles. 
These changes occurred in September, 1841, August, 1842, July, 1846 
March, 1848, and January, 1849. But the rapid development of the 
manufacturing industry of the country is an evidence that these interests 
will prosper in the face of adverse and fickle legislation. The produc- 
tion of gold in California to the extent of nearly four hundred millions 
within the past nine years has created a vast revolution in commerce and 
in manufactures, not only in the United States, but in Europe ; and will 
no doubt accomplish equally grand results in the next few years. 



64 



Foreign Commerce of the United States. 



1%t 



GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE ANNUAL FOREIGN COMMERCE 

AND NAVIGATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



EXPOETS. 



18211 
1822 
1823 
1824 

1825 
1S2G 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 

Tot. 

1831 
1832 
1833 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 
1839 
1840 

Tot. 

1841 

1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 
1849 
1850 



Domestic. Foreign. Total, 



Tot, 

1851 
1852 
1853 
1854 
1855 
1856 



$43,671,894 
49,874,079 
47,155,408 
50,649,500 
66,944,745 
53,055,710 
58,921,691 
50,669,669 
55,700,193 
59,462,029 



$536,104,918 

61,277,057 
63,137,470 
70,317,698 
81,024,162 

101,189,082 

106,916,680 
95,564,414 
96,033,821 

103,533,891 

113,895, 



$892,889,909 

106,382,722 

92,969,996 

77,793,783 

99,715.179 

99,299,776 

102,141,893 

150,637,464 

132.904,121 

132,666,955 

136,946,912 



$1,131,458,801 

196,689,718 
192,368,984 
213,417,697 
253.300,870 
246,708.553 
310,586,330 



•121,302,488 
22,286,202 
27,543,622 
25,337,157 
32,590,643 
24,539,612 
23,403,136 
21,595,017 
16,658,478 
14,387,479 



229,643,834 

20,033,526 
24,039,473 
19,822,735 
23,312,811 
20,504,495 
21,746 360 
21,854,962 
12,452,795 
17,494,525 
18,190,312 



199,451,994 

15,469,081 
11,721,538 

6,552,697 
11,484,867 
15,346,830 
11,346,623 

8,011,158 
21,132,315 
13,088,865 
14,951,808 



129,105,782 

21,698,293 
17,289,382 
17,558,460 
24,850,194 
28,448,293 
16,378,578 



$64,974,882 
72,160,281 
74,699,030 
75,986,657 
99,535,388 
77,595,322 
82,324,827 
72,264,686 
72,358,671 
73,849,608 



765,748,752 

81,310,583 
87,176,943 
90,140,433 
104,336,973 
121,693,577 
128,663,040 
117,419,376 
108,486,616 
121,028,416 
132,085,946 



IMPORTS. 



Total. 



$62,585,724 
83,241,541 
77,579,267 
80,549,007 
96,340,075 
84,974,477 
79,484,068 
88,509,824 
74,492,524 
70,876,920 



1,092,341,903 

121,851,803 
104,691,534 
84,346,480 
111,200,046 
114,646,606 
113,488,516 
158,648,622 
154,036,436 
145,755,820 
151,898,720 



1,260,564,583 

218,888,011 
209,658,366 
230,976,157 
278,241,064 
275,156,846 
826,964,908 



798,633,427 

103,191,124 
101,029,266 
108,118,311 
126,521,832 
149,895,742 
189,980,035 
140,989,217 
113,717,406 
162,092,132 
107,141,519 



1,302,676,084 

127,946,177 
100,162,087 
64,753,799 
108,435,035 
117,254,564 
121,691,797 
146,545,638 
154,998,928 
147,857,439 
178,138,318 



1,267,783,782 

216,224,932 
212,945,442 
267,978,6471 
304,562,381 
261,468,520: 
314,639,942! 



"Whereof there was 
in Bullion and Specie. 



Export, 



$10,478,059 
10,810,180 
6,372,987 
7,014,552 
8,932,034 
4,704,533 
8,014,880 
8,243,476 
4,924,020 
2,178,778 



71,673,494 

9,014,931 

5,656,340 

2,611,701 

2,076,758 

6,477,775 

4,324,; 

5,976,249 

3,508,046 

8.776,743 

8,417,014 



Import. 



$8. 



,890 
,846 
5,097,896 
8,379,835 
6,150,765 
6,880,966 
8,151,130 
7,489,741 
7,408,612 
8,155,964 



56,889,: 

10,034,332 
4,813,539 
1,520,791 
5,454,214 
8,606,495 
8,905,268 
1,907,024 

15,841,616 
5,404,648 
7,522,994 



65,010,921 

29,472,752 
42,674,135 
27,486,875 
41,281,504 
56,247,843 
45,746,485 



69,144,645 

7,305,945 

5,907,504 

7,070,368 

17.911, 

13,181,447 

13,400,881 

10,516,414 

17,747,116 

5,595,176 

8,882,813 



107v 



',296 



4,988,633 
4,087,016 

22,390,559 
5,830,429 
4,070,242 
3,777,732 

24,121,289 
6,360,224 
6,651,240 
4,628,792 



86,906,156 

5,453,592 
5,605,044 
4,201,382 
6,758,587 
3,659,812 
4,207,632 



TONNAGE CL'D. 



Amer. 



804,947 

818,748 

810,761 

919,278 

960,366 

953,012 

980,542 

897,404 

944, 

971,760 



9,056,617 

972,504 
974.865 
l,142;i60 
1,134,020 
1,400,517 
1,815,523 
1,266,622 
1,408,761 
1,477,928 
1,647,009 



12,789,909 

1,634,156 
1,536,451 
1,268,083 
2,010,924 
2,053,977 
2,221,028 
2,202,393 
2,461,280 
2,763,724 
2,682,788 



20,774,804 

3,200,519 
3,280,590 
8,766,789 
3,911,392 
4,068,979 
4,538,864 



For. 



83,073 

97,490 

119,740 

102,552 

95,080 

99,417 

131,250 

151,080 

138,006 

133,436 



1,146,074 

271,994 
887,505 
497,039 
577,700 
630,824 
674,721 
756,202 
604,166 
611,839 



5,718,476 

736,849 

740,497 

523.949 

906;814 

930,275 

968,178 

1,176,605 

1,404,159 

1,675,709 

1,728,214 



10,791,249 

1,929,535 

2,047,575 
2,298,790 
2,107,802 
2,110,822 
2,462,109 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 

STEAM TONNAGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 
"The use of steam tonnage in the commerce between the United States and other 
American nations, and Great Britain, France, and other commercial nations, may, and 
it is thought by some will, considerably reduce the sail tonnage used in commerce, and 
that cheaper capital in Great Britain will give to that nation an advantage over the United 
States in steam tonnage, and the carrying trade of our own and other countries, and they 
attribute the reduction of our tonnage to that cause. This may be so, to some extent, but 
no continued reduction of our commercial tonnage is apprehended ; nor is it apprehended 
there is any just reason to suppose our entei-prising ship-builders and merchants will- 
surrender the navigation of the seas to Great Britain, and place that nation in posses- 
sion of the carrying business of the worid ; yet the subject is one of interest, and calls 
for a careful examination of our tonnage laws, and the removal of all impediments to an 
ei^ual and fair competition for our foreign trade and the trade of other nations." — United 
States Treasury Report, December, 1856. 



American and Foreign Tonnage. 



65 



COMPARATIVE EMPLOYMENT OF AMERICAN AND FOREIGN 

TONNAGE, AS SHOWN IN THE IMPORTS OF THE 

UNITED STATES, IN 1831, 1841, AND 1851. 



1 

STATES, ETC. 


1831. 


1841 




1851. 


In 

American 
vessels. 


In 

Foreign 

vessels. 


In 

American 

vessels. 


In 

Foreign 
vessefs. 


In 

American 

vessels. 


In 

Foreign 

vessels. 




143,320 

1S0,.573 
405,066 
21,656 
110,196 
236,298 

5,969,622 

882,303 

4,518,897 

18,982,768 

27^99 

146,265 

53,617,6-33 

186,802 

153 

11,62.3,584 
562,161 
853,171 

166,266 

383,797 


81,115 
12,982 

5,514 
163,642 

3,797,67i 
109,104 
812,680 
286,238 

8,460,.384 

9,554 

464 

500,499 

834,992 
104,725 


410,858 

53,863 

293,221 

1,188 

116,712 

299,977 

8,14l",683 
574,664 

5,348,866 

18,835,492 

137,608 

83,875 

61,585 

1,919 

66,688,750 

214,731 

9,563 

9,840,.354 

838,929 

1,217,955 

7,523 

246,739 
851,917 


120,461 

23.466 
2,768 
2,088 

28.469 
149,030 

2,115,262 
126,297 
752,447 

1,482,511 
192 

12,116 

896 

9,024,676 

5,629 

1,755 

506,344 

5,668 

389,476 

25,320 


43,736 

4,462,700 

80,527 

320,858 

88',875 

404,477 

.3,609 

1,754 

21.3,576 

1 10,134,465 

968,061 

5,662,066 

2.3,117,884 

182,146 

845 

622,039 

44,682 

106,568,635 

125,978 

586,460 

11,541,212 

295,209 

1,646,915 

64,761 

62,745 

691,268 

227,-339 

103,500 


369,710 

'286 
22,136 

56,i22 

817,070 

1,048 

2,393,995 
208,529 
988,579 

9,597,493 

13,346 

1,111 

•34,977,908 

80,9.58 

99,871 

2,627,549 

15,421 

434,897 

3l',976 

825,594 




Colambia, District of. 




Florida 


Illinois 


Indiana 


Kentucky 


Louisiana 

Maine 


Maryland . .... 


Massachusetts 

Michio'an 


Alississippi 


Missouri 


New Hampshire 

New Jersey 


New York 


North Carolina 

Ohio 


Pennsylvania 

Khode Island 

South Carolina 




Vermont 




Oregon Territory .... 
Total 


98,962,110 


9,229,014 


113,221,877 


14,724,300 


168,216,272 


52,563,083 





TOXNAGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

""When our navigation laws were first enacted in 1*789, the registered tonnage of 
the United States was secured against the protecting navigation laws of other na- 
tions, by countervailing or protecting provisions. Such provisions were, from time 
to time, extended, so as to countervail the prohibitory enactments of the commercial 
nations with which we had intercourse. These commercial restrictions have gradu- 
ally yielded to the more liberal principles of free trade in the transportation of freight 
and passengers, until in that business we have free trade with almost all the nations 
of the earth, only marred by the charge of light money to our vessels, where we 
charge none. The removal of restrictions, in onr commercial intercom-se with other 
nations, in the carrying business, has not been prejudicial to our foreign commercial 
marine. The burden of hght money, to which our tonnage, in the ports of Great 
Britain and other commercial nations, is subject, should be removed by mutual 
agreement, or countervailing legislation on our part, and the tonnage duty now 
charged on our vessels, in the ports of France and some other countries, and on 
their vessels in our ports, should, by like mutual agreement, be taken off, and port 
charges equalized. The coasting trade of the United States has, from the begin- 
ning, been strictly reserved for vessels built within the United States, and owned 
by citizens of the U. S., to the exclusion of foreign-built and foreign-owned vessels. 
The American tonnage engaged in foreign trade, and in the coasting trade, has 
been American-built, and has had the absolute protection of our laws, and the 
licensed tonnage absolute protection, in the carrying trade on our coast and in our 
waters." — Treasury Report^ December, 1856. 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 



797 



BELGIUM. 

IMPORTATIONS AND EXPORTATIONS OF THE 



Country. 

Russia, . 

Sweden and Norway, 

Denmark, 

German Confederation, 

Mecklenburg'-Schwerin, 

Hanse Towns, 

Hanover and Oldenburg. 

Netherlands, . 

Great Britain, . 

France, . 

Portugal, 

Spain, . 

Sardinia and Piedmont, 

Switzerland, . 

Austria, . 

Parma, Modena, etc., 

Two Sicilies, . 

Greece, . 

Turkey, . 

Egypt and other parts of Africa, 

East Indies, Singapore, China, 
Java, Sumatra, Philippines, 
Oeeanica, and Australia, 

United States, 

Mexico and Guatemala, . 

Cuba and Porto Rico, 

British Colonies, 

Hayti and Venezuela, . 

Brazil and Colombia, 

Rio de la Plata, 

Chili and Peru, 



Imports. Francs. 

13,053,000 

1,863,000 

1,905,000 

31,544,000 

18,000 

1,345,000 

241,000 

56,494,000 

55,515,000 

50,068,000 

2,124,000 

3,320,000 

441,000 

1,267,000 

843,000 

453,000 

1,685,000 

168,000 

1,967,000 

1,342,000 



16,945,000 

35,981,000 

37,000 

13,965,000 

4,031,000 

8,031,000 

7,447,000 

10,952,000 



YEAE 1854. 

Exports. Francs. 

1,375.000 

1,436,000 

1,438,000 

38,320,000 

968,000 

11,072,000 

157,000 

60,890,000 

109,386,000 

113,801,000 

5,000 

1,523,000 

7,136,000 

635,000 

3,923,000 

1,508,000 

1,618,000 

29,000 

9,222,000 

358,000 



1,716,000 
28,820,000 
1,417,000 
3,506,000 
3,202,000 
125,000 
4,547,000 
3,431,000 
4,909,000 



Total (permanent value), 323,045,000 



416,473,000 



ARRIVALS AND CLEARANCES OF THE YEAR 1854. 



Country. 
Russia, 

Sweden and Norway, 
Denmark, . 
Prussia, 

Mecklenburg, . 
Hanseatic Towns, 
Hanover and Oldenbg. 
The Netherlands, 
Great Britain, . 
France, 
Portugal, . 
Spain, 
Sardinia, . 
Austria, 
Tuscany, . 
Sicily, 
Greece, 
Turkey, . 
America (U. States), 
Brazil, 

Buenos Ayres, . 
Belgium, . 
Total,. 



Vessels. 

8 

145 

135 

40 

57 

86 

134 

156 

844 

129 

2 

45 

9 

24 

2 

19 

2 

1 

80 

1 

2 

472 



Tonnage. 

1,415 

24,262 

14,518 

8,622 

12,415 

22,315 

13,191 

22,512 

137,991 

10,915 

351 

8,736 

1,594 

8,158 

439 

3,013 

512 

92 

56,566 

178 

384 

87,236 



Cargo. 

1,415 

24,262 

14,468 

8,538 

12,384 

22,175 

13,134 

22,435 

87,103 

9,808 

297 

8,309 

1,577 

7,478 

439 

3,013 

512 

92 

50,873 

178 

384 

72,896 



Vessels. 

7 
155 
146 

43 

69 

92 
156 
166 
842 
136 
2 

45 

13 

24 

17 
1 

73 
1 
1 

457 



Tonnage. 

1,207 

27,057 

14,546 

9,082 

15,130 

23,446 

16,036 

19,756 

137,127 

11,735 

351 

8,278 

2,641 

8,450 

2,661 
238 

49,846 
178 
208 

84,398 



Cargo. 

159 

5,749 

7,327 

3,313 

5,790 

8,836 

7,562 

10,550 

69,533 

7,995 

297 

3,307 

1,914 

6,126 

2,456 
103 

19,658 



43,064 



2,393 435,415 361,770 2,446 432,371 203,739 



796 



Belgium. 



67 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH BELGIUM, 

Erom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeaes 

ENDING 


EXPOETS. 


llMPOETS 

1 


.Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Sept. 
30. 












Domestic. | Foeeign. 


Total. 


{ Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amek. 


Foe. 


1821 

1822 


















1823 








:■;: 








.... 


1824 



















1825 








1 .■.:: 











1826 


.... 





.... 


1 
•• 





.... 




.... 


1827 







.... 


1 












1828 


















1829 



















1830 
Total, 




.... 






.... 




.... 


.... 


.... 
















1831 














.... 




ia32 



















1833 


















1834 


$585,342 


$873,-300 


$1,458,642 


$185",679 




$12,647 


ll',32i 


4,716 


18^35 


603,680 


144,542 


748,222 


341,967 




200 


5,015 


4,937 


1836 


1,586,925 


697,135 


2,284,060 


48(t,009 




1,219 


10,471 


13,295 


1837 


716,618 


393,969 


1,110,587 


549,009 




25,000 


4,995 


8,211 


1838 


1,340,900 


274,051 


1,614,951 


239,928 




9,700 


13,544 


6,044 


1839 


541,641 


66,269 


607,910 


465,701 






2,211 


3,782 


1840 
Total, 


1,834,229 


486,426 


2,320,655 


274,867 




5,417 


19,507 


7,667 


$7,209,335 


2,935,692 


10,145,027 


2,537,160 




53,583 


67,064 


48,652 


1841 


1,673,726 


150,156 


1,823,882 


374,838 




2,044 


14,627 


8,856 


1842 


1,434,038 


176,646 


1,610,684 


619,588 




19,008 


12,949 


12,875 


1843* 


1,674,224 


296,485 


1,970,709 


iri,695 




12,751 


20,708 


8,529 


1844 


1,852,571 


151,230 


2,003,801 


634,777 




16,059 


8,148 


18,339 


1845 


1,495,754 


355,319 


1,851,073 


709,562 




7,508 


20,289 


4,542 


1846 


1,632,607 


749,207 


2,381,814 


836,372 






23,375 


6,527 


1847 


2,874,367 


343,190 


3,222,557 


948,325 




33" in 


26,617 


18,752 


1848 


1,989,764 


200,171 


2,189,935 


1,325,061 


$23',876 


7,515 


19,870 


6,267 


1849 


2,443,064 


288,243 


2,731,307 


1,844,293 


500 


1,840 


27,862 


6,196 


1850 
Total, 


2,168,357 


375,403 


2,543,760 


2,404,954 




2,500 


21,423 


4,068 


$19,238,472 


3,091.050 


22,329,522 


9,869,465 


24,370 


102,397 


195,873 


89,951 


1851 


2,709,893 


142,619 


2,852,012 


2,377,630 


5,600 




17,654 


8,819 


1852 


3,202,767 


1,001,003 


4,203,770 


2,054,043 




7,998 


34,705 


5,910 


1853 


2,301,033 


907,495 


3,203,533 


2,732,168 






25,124 


4,192 


1S54 


3,848,890 


1,158,004 


5,006,894 ! 


3,462.241 




2,866 


42,532 


11,171 


1855 


2,376,354 


1,550,886 


3,927,240 


3,398,690 




37,790 


4,963 


1856 


5,345,386 


1,155,237 


6,500,623 


3,106,511 




57,114 


8,710 



* 9 mouths to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
Antwerp (Flem. Antwerpen ; Fr. Anvers), a famous fortified city of Belgium, and 
the center of its foreign trade (capital and province of tlie same name), on the 
Scheldt, 60 miles from the sea, and distant by railroad 27^ miles from Brussels, 32 
from Ghent, 150^ from Cologne, 25 8 J from Paris, and 74 from Ostend, Lat. of Ca- 
thedral, 51° 13' 2" N. ; long. 4° 24' 2" E. Population, 90,000. Its port was 
greatly improved by Napoleon, who erected two large basins ; and ships anchor in 
the river opposite the city in from 32 to 40 feet water at ebb tide. In 1803, the im- 
provement in the harbor was begun, and extensive new docks and warehouses have 
since been constructed. Ships of the largest burden come up to the town, and goods 
destined for the interior are forwarded with the greatest facility by means of canals 
and railways. Almost aU the foreign trade of Belgium is at present centered in Ant- 
werp, which has agam become a place of much commercial importance. There is a 
regular steam communication between Antwerp and London, and Hull and Rotter- 
dam. 



68 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 



V99 



GREAT BRITAIN. 

Foreign Trade — Progress and Direction. — For 1855, the returns of 
British exports to different countries are not yet before us ; but as this 
was a year of war, and exceptionable, the general view will probably be 
more correct from excluding it. Its effects, too, which, in giving a dif- 
ferent direction to trade, have been conspicuous, will be better appre- 
ciated hereafter, when one or two years of continued peace have demon- 
strated what are permanent and what temporary of these effects, and 
have carried trade into the channels in which it is destined to flow. 
The average declared value of exports in three years, 1840-42, and in 
the three years, 1852-54 (except for Russia, of which we have taken 
the exports for 1851-3), were as follows : 



DECLARED VALUE OP EXPORTS. — AVERAGE. 





1840-42. 


1852-54. 


Increase Decrease 
per cent, per cent. 


Russia, .... 


. £1,698,623 


£1,209,011 


29 


Sweden and Norway, 


282,406 


577,333 


105 


Denmark, 


les.UQ 


533,962 


204 


Prussia, .... 


319,939 


653,302 


105 


Hanover, .... 


95,731 


358,842 


275 


Hanse Towns, . 


5,611,460 


7,126,924 


27 


Holland, .... 


3,533,416 


4,378,655 


24 


Java and Sumatra, . 


313,722 


604,747 


93 


Belgium, .... 


. 1,015,272 


1,205,082 


26 


France, .... 


2,824,696 


2,847,635 


1 


Portugal, .... 


1,031,437 


1,228,409 


19 


Azores and Madeira, 


68,565 


116,263 


70 


Spain and the Balearic Islands, 


380,238 


1,628,380 


328 


Canary Islands, 


50,054 


76,464 


59 


Cuba, .... 


491,193 


1,065,473 


117 


Philippine Islands, . 


152,300 


284,033 


87 


Sardinia, .... 


528,189 


1,030,395 


95 


Austria, .... 


445,529 


649,235 


46 


Tuscany, .... 


656,258 


643,131 


7 


Papal States, . 


200,287 


181,862 


9 


Two Sicilies, 


714,126 


638,078 


10 


G-reece, Turkey, WaUachia, and 








Moldavia, 


1,303,052 


2,567,080 


97 


Syria and Palestine, . 


341,891 


394,889 


15 


Egypt, 


179,517 


998,715 


456 


Morocco, .... 


11,558 


86,819 


651 


United States and California, . 


5,303,489 


20,545,511 


287 


Mexico, 


429,573 


529,632 


23 


Hayti, ... 


187,672 


126,755 


33 


New Granada, Yenezuela, and 








Ecuador, 


250,142 


697,794 


175 


Brazil, 


2,313,071 


3,180,883 


42 


Uruguay, Monte Yideo, and 








Buenos Ayres, 


857,733 


1,421,073 


76 


Chili, 


907,809 


1,284,763 


42 


Peru, .... 


673,450 


1,073,342 


59 


China and Hong Kong, . 


785,383 


1,418,304 


83 


"Western Africa, 


229,893 


526,123 


130 


Other countries, 


397,469 


793,434 


100 


Total foreign countries, 


34,854,449 


62,562,476 


79 TT 



798 



England. 



69 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH ENGLAND, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept, 
30. 


EXPOKTS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. j 

1 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$16,339,109 


$2,125,594 


$18,464,703 


$23,180,862 


$1,933,665 


$645,529 


128,729 


19,546 


1822 


21,072,395 


1,029,224 


22,101,619 


32,108,947 


796,218 


99,920 


161,030 


30,288 


1823 


18,968,185 


978,474 


19,946,659 


26,301,270 


365,632 


282,822 


132,042 


50,784 


1824 


18,218,841 


1,268,282 


19,487,123 


26,647,922 


312,112 


149,164 


140,126 


42,810 


1825 


82,096,390 


2,031,186 


84,127,576 


84,271,510 


303,266 


82,888 


172,409 


39,242 


1826 


19,065,185 


1,569,023 


20,634.208 


24,362,203 


698,077 


122,216 


147,455 


41,801 


1827 


23,514,421 


904,596 


24,419,017 


28,653,883 


200,101 


34,111 


202,976 


63,706 


1828 


18,737,661 


2,960,261 


21,697,922 


30,476,139 


2,862,209 


20,972 


133,868 


76,583 


1829 


21,281,334 


1,767,457 


28,048,791 


23,892,763 


673,833 


89,826 


179,843 


60,722 


1880 
Total, 


23,773,020 


826,946 


24,599,966 


22,755,040 


112,229 


144,281 


192,714 


68,589 


$213,066,541 


15,461,043 


228,527,584 


272,650,539 


8,247,342 


1,621,679 


1,580,676 


482,621 


1831 


28,841,430 


2,367,439 


31,208,869 


41,854,323 


1,615,643 


130,830 


236,845 


83,461 


1832 


26,635,768 


2,875,137 


29,510,905 


34,849,096 


1,112,293 


83,639 


189,579 


96,615 


1833 


29,582,673 


1,452,768 


31,035,441 


36,668,815 


244 


81,908 


183,928 


87,602 


1834 


38,673,694 


2,974,726 


41,648,420 


45,566,065 


270 


5,805,613 


216,256 


89,836 


1835 


47,990,532 


945,809 


48,936,841 


59,066,989 


39,037 


1,303,438 


216,810 


69,682 


1836 


53,802,483 


1,874,737 


55,177,220 


75,761,713 


2,609 


2,322,920 


233,817 


78,450 


1837 


46,235,102 


4,884,763 


51,119,870 


43,546,757 


1,833,070 


116,299 


268,068 


67,125 


1838 


48,899,888 


1,545,188 


50,445,076 


44,191,861 


10,186 


9,009,346 


844,616 


76,668 


1839 


54,615,327 


8,953,108 


58,568,435 


64,863,716 


3.163,490 


1,420,092 


269,466 


92,686 


1840 
Total, 


61,951,778 


5,096,882 


57,048,660 


33,114,133 


4,383,786 


803,306 


388,612 


129,213 


$426,728,675 


27,970,562 


454,699,237 


479,482,958 


12,160,527 


21,027,886 


2,543,397 


871,237 


1841 


44,184,857 


3,371,220 


47,555,577 


45,730,007 


8,018,137 


580,530 


272,631 


130,768 


1842 


36,681,808 


2,932,140 


89,618,948 


33,446,499 


1,702,748 


205,919 


285,479 


139,054 


1843* 


37,149,095 


1,106,064 


38,255,159 


26,141,118 


400 


14,305,714 


329,935 


163,174 


1844 


45,814,942 


1,125,214 


46,940,156 


41,476,081 


85,706 


1,131,959 


311,741 


192,683 


1845 


41,518,934 


4,767,244 


46,286,178 


44,687,859 


3,673,137 


180,828 


374,846 


198,921 


1846 


42,781,619 


1,758,489 


44,540,108 


48,844,160 


973,110 


482,711 


364,149 


183,942 


1847 


70,223,777 


834,921 


71,058,698 


66,170,874 


8,055 


19,312,930 


457,598 


800,555 


1848 


62,928,024 


8,924,291 


71,852,315 


59,763,502 


9,318,633 


1,916,952 


476,548 


268,210 


1849 


69,161,992 


1,880,878 


71,042,870 


58,818,425 


764,097 


2,671,792 


676,018 


849,900 


1850 
Total, 


64,686,959 


4,210,271 


68,897,280 


72,118,971 


2,634,185 


527,266 


440,582 


269,078 


$515,131,507 


30,910,732 


546,042,239 


491,196,996 


22,078,208 


41,316,601 


3,889,527 


2,186,185 


1851 


105,121,921 


8,151,266 


113,273,187 


90,612,238 


17,099,081 


1,098,667 


621,566 


274,383 


1852 


107,788,657 


4„536,1S5 


112,324,842 


88,119,859 


84,302,284 


1,487,484 


672,488 


806,017 


1853 


112,778,359 


8,209,264 


115,987,623 


125,774,232 


18,631,900 


284,799 


664,892 


429,174 


1854 


135,111,708 


5,563,631 


140,675,339 


140,388,733 


27,926,263 


86,156 


868,970 


438,246 


1855 


129,475,967 


6,158,178 


135,629,145 


102,436,293 
118,045,544 


47,868,015 


107,464 


831,464 


263,945 


1856 


152,561,975 


1,517,560 


154,079,535 


34,161,062 


421,971 


923,617 


889,108 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Liverpool, the principal seaport of England, lat. 53° 25' N, long. 2° 59' "W. It 
is situated on the eastern bank of the Mersey river, while on the west side are the 
docks, warehouses, and other commercial buildings. The area of the wet docks is 
about 185 acres, and of the dry docks 20 acres. The entrance of the Mersey is im- 
peded by shoals, but at high water may be entered by the largest ships. The docks 
are the finest in the world, and in connection with its situation and inland commu- 
nication, give it the position it holds, of the first port in England, and having, next 
to New York, the largest commercial marine. 

London, the most important city in the world, on the Thames, about 40 miles 
fi-om its mouth, lat. (St. Paul's Cathedral) 51° 30' 48" N., long. 0° 5' 38" W. 

Commerce, etc. — The port of London extends from London bridge to a Uttle below 
BlackwaU, and is divided into the Pool, Limehouse Reach, Greenwich Reaoh^ 
Blackwall Reach, and Bugsby's Reach. The coasting trade of London is greater 
than that of any port in the world, and gives it superiority over Liverpool 



70 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 801 

IRELAND, 

One of the largest of the European islands, is situated to the west of 
Great Britain, from which it is separated by a narrow channel called the 
Irish sea, and St. George's Channel on the east, and is bounded on its 
other sides by the Atlantic Ocean, through which it can maintain a di- 
rect communication with the continents of Europe, Africa, and America. 
The advantageous position, the fertility of the soil, and the salubrity of 
the climate, have conferred upon Ireland commercial facihties which are 
capable of being greatly increased. 

The Irish nation is undoubtedly of Celtic origin. This much is stamped 
in indelible characters in the names of the rivers, towns, mountains, and 
other objects of historical notoriety throughout the island ; it is pro- 
claimed by marks equally indelible in the relics of antiquity, the tumuli, 
the cairns, the cromleach, and the druidical circles, the remains of which, 
after having triumphed over the ravages of time and repeated revolutions, 
are now perpetuated in the pages of the antiquary's researches. The 
name of ihQ island itself confirms the assertion. Eri or Erin, its most 
ancient appellation, and that to which the natives still cling with the at- 
tachment of veneration, is derived from the Celtic lar or Eir, which sig- 
nifies western. Most of its more modern names may be easily traced to 
this soutco. 

The island of Ireland is of a rhomboidal shape, having its longer sides 
nearly in the direction of the meridian, and its shorter from south-west 
to north-east. It is between the latitudes of 51° 26' and 55° 20' north, 
and the longitude of 15° 28' and 10° 28' west. In the direction of its 
greater diagonal from Browhead in the south, to Fairhead in the north- 
east, it measures 306 miles. Its extreme length, from its most southern 
point, already named, to Walinhead, its more northern extremity, is 290 
miles ; its greatest length on a meridian, 235 miles. Its breadth, where 
greatest, measures from Eulagh-rash, in the peninsula of the Mullet to 
Killard point, at the entrance of Strangford Lough, is 182 miles ; but its 
least breadth, from the eastern side of Galway bay near Oranmore, to 
Ringsend near Dublin, is not more than 110 miles. The whole com- 
prises an area of 20,499,550 acres, or 320,312 statute miles. Sepa- 
rated from the adjacent island of Great Britain by an arm of the sea not 
more than forty-nine miles across at its southern extremity, and narrow- 
ing to twelve miles at the north, but expanding in its intermediate space 
into the Irish sea, it is washed on its three other sides by the Atlantic 
Ocean, whose waves have indented its western and southern shores with 
many large bays and inlets, stretching far into the country, so that the 
whole outline of the coast, including that of the estuaries of the rivers, 
to the boundaries of the tide, is estimated to measure upward of 2,200 
miles. 

Irish Coast. — This extended line contains a great number of fine har- 
bors and roadsteads. The eastern coast has but one ; that of Strangford 
or Lough Cone, which forms a very deep bay, with sufficient depth of 
water for every kind of ships. The bays of Carrickfergus, Dundalk, and 
Carhngford, are adapted only for vessels of lesser draught. Dublin is so 
defective as to require the construction of two safety harbors ; one to the 
north at Howth, and the other to the south at Kingstown. 



800 



Ireland, 



11 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH 'IRELAND, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOSTS 


"Whereof there was 
ill Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. Impokt, 




Amer. 


Foe 


1821 


$889,577 


$4,069 


$893,646 


$686,154 


$193 $2,683 


12,812 


2,201 


1822 


770,176 




770,176 


806,024 




5,978 


13,158 


2,04T 


1823 


714,037 


37,644 


751,681 


547,788 


4,425 




12,932 


2,479 


1824 


913,532 


8,673 


922,205 


431,875 




'238 


20,541 


1,761 


1825 


1,247,550 


20,669 


1,268,219 


612,272 


.... 




19,483 


1,321 


1826 


775,137 


6,684 


781,821 


672,994 


.... 




14,436 


1,359 


1827 


637,120 




637,120 


550,129 







8,247 


1,889 


1828 


394,450 


'sio 


395,260 


711,041 






6,626 


3,730 


1829 


327,728 


366 


828,094 


862,511 






4,833 


2,502 


1830 
Total, 


261,687 




261,687 


881,333 
5,762,071 


.... 


.... 


4,594 


2,570 


$6,930 994 


78,915 


7,009,909 


4,618 


8,899 


117,657 


21,868 


1S31 


589,941 


.... 


589,941 


261,564 






7,838 


2,806 


1832 


152,913 


4,115 


157,028 


491,891 






1,791 




1833 


120,482 




120,482 


152,280 






1,406 


1,343 


1834 


189,914 


"189 


190,103 


274712 






2,620 


245 


1835 


403,604 




403,604 


542,890 






4,272 


760 


1836 


343,845 


3,854 


347,699 


508,356 






2,885 


240 


1837 


9,893 




9,893 


131,776 






551 


184 


1838 


88,535 




38,535 


75,162 


.... 




472 


166 


1839 


330,719 




a30,719 


150,689 


.... 




1,862 


832 


1840 
Total, 


217,762 




217,762 


98,349 




.... 


2,732 


851 


$2,897,608 


8,158 


2,405,766 


2,687,669 


.... 




25,929 


5,927 


1841 


60,872 




60,872 


81,921 


.... 




1,891 


880 


1842 


49,968 




49,968 


102,700 






631 




1843* 


208,502 


I'iso 


209,682 


43,535 




.... 


982 


2'i97 


1844 


42,591 





42,591 


88,084 







191 


786 


1845 


103,471 




103,471 


104857 






1,412 


987 


1S46 


1,077,008 


5,463 


1,082,471 


85,774 






14,748 


6,804 


1847 


12,397,698 


31,488 


12,429,186 


590,240 




$S2',i7i 


124,600 


101,067 


1848 


2,379,291 


1,303 


2.380,594 


415,923 





116,945 


17,410 


34,779 


1849 


3,916,342 


22,526 


3,938,868 


376,793 






53,901 


46,165 


1850 
Total. 


1,025,031 


42,693 


1,067,724 


298,783 






10,014 


22,972 


21,260,774 


104,653 


21,365,427 


2,183,610 




199,116 


225,280 


216,687 


1851 


598,688 


1,200 


599,888 


235,988 




.... 


3,142 


12,618 


1852 


573,250 


100 


573,350 


152,533 






4,116 


9,460 


1853 


618,812 


59,272 


673,084 


153,118 






3,482 


14,955 


1854 


1,006,017 


86,485 


1,092,502 


229,335 






9,120 


14,432 


1855 


1,209,633 


382,851 


1,542,484 


152,293 





12,927 


25,562 


1856 


4,300,021 


74,709 


4,374,730 


89,032 




35,735 


19,089 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time hegins July 1. 



PEINCJPAL POETS. 

Gal WAY, the county to%vn, formerly designated the "Liberties of Galway," and a 
county in itself, having an exclusive local jurisdiction, extending two miles on every 
side except the south. It stands on the northern shore of the Bay of Galway, Ire- 
land, on the eastern bank of the river of the same name. It is supposed by some to 
be the Nagnata of Ptolemy. It certainly was considered a position of much import- 
ance from the earliest period, as in the divisions of the island into north and south^ 
at first made by the descendants of Hereman, and afterward repeated by Conn and 
Eogan, it was fixed upon as the eastern extremity of the line of demarcation, which 
proceeded eastward to Dublin. Galway is hkely to become a place of some note, 
being the proposed eastern terminus of the Submarine Telegraph communication 
between Europe and the United States. 

Belfast, a seaport in Ireland, at the entrance of the river Logan into Carrickfer- 
gus bay, lat. 54° 35' N., long. 5° 46' W. It has a commodious harbor, and the baj 
is a spacious estuary, affording safe anchorage. 



72 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 803 

SCOTLAND, 

The northern portion of Great Britain, extends in its mainland from lat- 
itude 54° 38' to 58° 41' N., and longitude 1° 45' to 6° 14' W., and, in- 
cluding its islands, to latitude 60° 50' N., and longitude 8° 35' W. 

Scotland is separated from England by a waving line of the Cheviot 
hills in the center, by the Tweed, which enters the sea at Berwick, on the 
east, and by the Solvvay Firth on the west. Its eastern shores are washed 
by the North sea, and its western by the Atlantic. It is of an oblong, 
irregular form, extending longitudinally due N. and S. 280 miles, and 
varjnng in breadth from 175 to 100, 50, and 30 miles. Area, 31,324 
square'miles, or 20,047,462 acres, 6-9 acre to a person, 92 persons to a 
square mile. Population, 1801, 1,599,068; 1841, 2,620,184; 1851, 
2,888,742. 

Glasgow. — Of all the branches of industry, belonging to Glasgow and 
its harbor, there is assuredly none of modern date which has made such 
rapid progress as that of steamboat building, and marine engine making. 
From the first start of the little " Comet" in 1812 till 1820, there were at 
the most only one or two river steamers launched yearly, and of a ton- 
nage so small as to be scarcely worth notice. About that period this manu- 
facture received a new impulse, and began at once fairly to develop itself. 

From 1821 to 1830, there were 38 steamers built, with a tonnage of 
4,200; from 1831 to 1840, there were 94 steamers, with a tonnage of 
17,623; from 1841 to 1850, there were 167 steamers, with a tonnage 
of 81,447, while during the three years from 1851 to 1853, there were 
206 steamers, with a tonnage of 141,713. The present magnitude of this 
industry may, however, be best appreciated from the fact, that during 
the years 1853 and 1854, the then 32 shipbuilders on the Clyde, had 
constructed or contracted for no fewer than 266 vessels, including both 
steam and sailing, having an aggregate tonnage of 168,000, for which 
also marine engines were made, or in progress, of 29,000 horse-power ; 
the average of these vessels being 630 tons, and involving the enormous 
cost of nearly five millions sterling. 

The Clyde. — To the progressive rise and present position of the river 
Clyde and its harbor, may be justly attributed the importance and pros- 
perity of Glasgow. The fact is, this city now possesses an inland navi- 
gation, and a stream harbor unequaled perhaps in Europe, and which has 
been accomplished first by the intelligence of the corporation, and in 
later years by a trust formed partly of the corporation and partly from 
other bodies of the citizens. About the beginning of the present century 
the depth of the Clyde, at Glasgow, was scarcely 5 feet, and there were 
few or no vessels at its port, and these consisted of craft drawing merely 
a few feet of water, none certainly exceeding 30 or 40 tons burden. In 
1820, the average available depth of the Clyde at high water during neap 
tides was 9 feet, which admitted vessels drawing 8i feet. In 1840, the 
depth was increased to 14 feet, whereas, in 1855, the average depth at 
high water during neap tides, is 19 feet. To show the greatness of the 
improvements that have been made, it may be mentioned that while 
only one vessel arrived at the harbor of Glasgow in 1835, of 300 to 350 
tons burden, there arrived during 1854, 19 vessels of 1000 tons and 
upward. 



802 



Scotland. 



73 



FOREIGN COMIMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH SCOTLAND, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Ybars 

ENDING 

Sept. 

3a. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total, 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$1,405,448 


$13,683 


$1,419,131 


$1,220,092 




.... 


4,015 


6,220 


1822 


l,615,oG5 


10,987 


1,626,552 


1,891,316 




2,i6o 


7,207 


5,079 


1823 


1,158,495 


10,104 


1,168,599 


1.086,133 




3,000 


4,517 


8,220 


1824 


1,196,219 


14,632 


1,210,851 


1,008,520 







3,175 


5,a36 


1825 


1,699,526 


7,657 


1,707,183 


1,829,464 





1,700 


7,253 


2,932 


1826 


572,894 


2,952 


575,846 


1,096,772 







2,850 


2,792 


1827 


1,336,169 




1,336,169 


1,083,101 




'506 


7,296 


7,521 


1828 


959,560 


7,927 


967,487 


1,183,081 




.... 


2,429 


8,002 


1829 


895,315 


19,493 


914,808 


1,024,215 





.... 


2,609 


7,699 


1830 
Total, 


1,465,211 


3,488 


1,468,699 


1,382,841 






6,913 


7,707 


$12,304,402 


90,923 


12,395,325 


12,805,535 


.... 


7,300 


48,264 


62,008 


1831 


1,185,142 


5,567 


1,190,709 


1,977,830 






6,312 


9,102 


1832 


1,125,898 


20,864 


1,146,762 


1,580,812 


.... 


.... 


8,932 


9,410 


1833 


1,186,469 


21,058 


1,207,527 


1,025,229 


.... 


500 


2,523 


9,860 


ia34 


2,344,785 


28,789 


2,373,574 


1,402,030 




3,900 


6,655 


13,484 


1835 


2,830,079 


10,850 


2,840,929 


1,639,648 




16,800 


6,890 


9,386 


1836 


2,349,550 


744 


2,350,294 


2,375,899 




3,360 


4,530 


10,593 


1837 


3,441,211 


12,596 


3,453,807 


1,188,410 




4,000 


12,641 


7,924 


1838 


1,685,203 


10,776 


1,695,979 


594,665 


.... 


.... 


9,457 


6,387 


1839 


1,025,832 


1,256 


1,027,088 


950,183 






2,321 


5,403 


1840 
Total, 


2,022,636 


28,304 


2,050,940 


525,217 




3,666 


10,799 


10,433 


$19,196,805 


140,804 


19,337,609 


13,259,923 


.... 


81,560 


66,060 


91,982 


1841 


1,920,506 


15,318 


1,935,824 


850,887 


.... 


1,312 


7,414 


8,717 


1842 


1,522,735 


80,279 


1,603,014 


655,050 







6,390 


10,046 


1843* 


2,363,354 


14,657 


2,378,011 


128,846 






12,764 


18,848 


1844 


1,936,591 


16,882 


1,953,473 


527,239 


.... 


7*260 


7,849 


13,418 


1845 


2,611,874 


54,936 


2,666,810 


708,187 





.... 


14,732 


20,810 


1846 


1,642,330 


45,416 


1,687,746 


1,230,086 






9,547 


13,783 


1847 


3,645,460 


162,013 


3.807,473 


1,837,014 




69,565 


25,315 


15,630 


1848 


2,455,426 


38,418 


2,493,84^ 


1,666,694 




7,210 


14,195 


17,096 


1849 


3,549,960 


58,472 


3,608,432 


1,959,320 






21,032 


24,940 


1850 
Total, 


3,021,740 


183,679 


3,205,419 


2,746,670 






15,759 


17,276 


$24,669,976 


670,070 


25,340,046 


12,309,993 


.... 


85,347 


134,997 


160,568 


1851 


3,811,003 


261,937 


4,072,940 


2.999,710 


.... 


.... 


18,508 


22,987 


1852 


2,441,148 


230.635 


2,671,783 


2,355,947 






19,856 


22,288 


1853 


4.486,825 


154739 


4,641,564 


4,337,990 






27,734 


32,612 


1854 


3,097,662 


190,336 


3,287,998 


5,820,469 


...'. 





22,018 


23,003 


1855 


2,306,751 


114,489 


2,421,240 


3.954,594 





.... 


18,674 


13,103 


1856 


8,880,376 


26,166 


3,906,542 


4,131,506 


.... 




20,235 


24,975 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
Glasgow, The whole number and tonnage arriving at the harbor of Glasgow 
during the years 1828-1854, were as follows : 



Sailing Vessels. 



Steam Vessels. 



Years, 
1828 
1840 
1850 
1854 



No. 
4,405 
5,337 
5,857 
6,322 



Tonnage. 
214,315 
271,942 
391,033 
504,008 



No, 
7,100 

11,149 
9,195 

11,880 



Tonnage. 

481,946 

894,387 

873,159 

1,090,804 



The progress and present condition of the river and harbor, however, are probably 
best exhibited by the following abstract of the revenue of the trust at six different 
periods ; 



In 1800, it was 
" 1820, " 
" 1830, " 



£3,319 16 1 

6,328 18 10 

20,296 18 6 



In 1840, it was 

" 1850, " 

" 1854, " 



£46,481 1 9 
64,243 14 11 
86,580 5 11 



^4 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 805 

GIBRALTAR, 

A Biitish town and fortress in Andalusia, tlie most southerly province 
of Spain. It stands on the extremity of a small peninsula, washed on the 
east side by the Mediterranean, and on the west by the Bay of Gibraltar. 
This peninsula is connected with the mainland by a low, sandy isthmus, 
called the " Neutral Ground," which reaches from the rock of Gibraltar 
northward to the ancient Spanish lines, a distance of a mile and a half; 
its breadth is about three fourths of a mile. 

Gibraltar is a free port ; and though its trade and commerce have of 
late years declined considerably, they are still extensive and important. 
It is the great resort of the contrabandistas or smugglers, who purchase 
nearly all the goods that find their way into the south of Spain. The 
smuggling of tobacco, which is manufactured in large quantities at Gib- 
raltar, is a source of constant fretting and ill-will between the govern- 
ments of Spain and Great Britain. The quantity of this commodity that 
finds its way into Spain without paying duty, is between six and eight 
millions of pounds annually, employing in its manufacture about 2,000 
hands. The loss and aff'ront endured by the Spanish crown, through the 
continuance of this trade, are all the more keenly felt, as tobacco is a 
monopoly of the government, and a considerable source of its income. 
Inquiry, however, has shown that the success of the smugglers is chiefly 
due to the incapacity or dishonesty of the Spanish officials, whose duty 
it is to put an end to their trade. The only chance that these person- 
ages have of making fortunes, is to accept the presents which procure 
their connivance. In 1852, the declared value of British and Irish pro- 
duce and manufactures exported from the United Kingdom to Gibraltar, 
was £510,889. 

Gibraltar was long an ill-managed and most expensive colony. It has 
now been thoroughly reformed, and not only defrays its own expenses, 
but even pays over a small surplusage to the home government. The 
total amount of the revenue is a little above £30,000 ; the expenditure 
is rather under that sum. The sources of income are the customs, port, 
and quarantine dues, land revenue, rents, auction dues, stamps, and 
licenses, etc. The outlay is caused l3y the salaries in the civil, judicial, 
ecclesiastical, and municipal services, by allowances to some of these de- 
partments, and by office contingencies. 

Gibraltar contains a motley population of from 15,000 to 20,000 (ex- 
clusive of the troops in garrison), chiefly English, Jews, Spaniards, and 
Moors. Stringent measures are adopted by government, to prevent any 
increase in the number of permanent residents. No person is allowed to 
remain on the rock who can not find some one to stand security for his 
good behavior. Permis de sejour are issued by the police magistrate for 
ten, fifteen, or twenty days, at the end of which period, they are required 
to be renewed. The officers of the garrison have the privilege of intro- 
ducing a stranger for a month. 

The climate of Gibraltar is temperate, and, on the whole, healthful, 
the only exception being in the case of children cutting their first teeth. 
To them it seems to be peculiarly fatal. In summer, the African heat is 
tempered by a refreshing sea-breeze, which blows from 10 a.m., and 
ceases before sunset. 



804 



Gibraltar. 



15 



FOREIGN COMJyiERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH GIBRALTAR, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENT)ING 

Sbpt, 
30. 


i EXPOKTS 

i 




IMPOKTS 


1 Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


DOJTESTIC. 


'Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


1 Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$956,111 


I $513,635 


$1,469,746 


$1,234,26:3 


$32,190 


$603,360 


20.954 




1822 


525.708 


625;074 


1,150,782 


490,373 


5,000 


53,661 


15,347 




1823 


875,604 


1,028.272 


1,903,376 


477,769 


3,804 


131,695 


22,985 




1824 


934,402 


934,445 


1,363,847 


693,^44 


2.110 


311,371 


27,285 


i',io2 


1825 


861.733 


941,931 


1,303,714 


7-43,546 


146,287 


101,704 


20,363 


584 


1826 


692.396 


1.055,525 


1,747,921 


677,806 


10,500 


94,688 


24,148 


921 


1827 


1,040,999 


864,337 


1,905.386 


828,953 


3,000 


89,278 


26,790 


68 


1828 


890,411 


506,719 


1,406,130 


666,578 


36,000 


37,391 


26,446 


91 


1829 


801,132 


160.130 


461,262 


247,471 


10.572 


58,798 


8,701 




1830 
Total, 


513,243 


870,150 


883,393 


90,028 


59,880 


7,860 


13,450 


...." 


$7,600,744 


7,000,318 


14,601,062 


6,155,636 


309,343 


1,539,806 


206,469 


2,766 


1831 


429,087 


165,786 


594,373 


150,511 


20,000 


8,500 


11,703 




1832 


423,833 


135,074 


613,907 


279,858 


33,516 


8,320 


14,989 


'iH 


1833 


673,076 


164,570 


737,646 


182,508 


300 


2,300 


18,311 


1,370 


1834 


506,703 


233,785 


790,438 


200,691 




24,947 


12,993 


590 


1835 


553,582 


265,000 


818.532 


160,200 


74,933 


4,460 


15,194 


400 


1836 


635,198 


225,177 


860,375 


245,978 


6,597 




14,522 


1,120 


ia37 


861,031 


203,870 


564.901 


207,173 


17,034 


"sss 


10,387 


1,873 


1838 


609,318 


152,371 


762,189 


25,624 


9,693 


.... 


11,496 


1,911 


1839 


902,247 


148,387 


1,050,634 


99,178 


9,356 




13,364 


2,164 


1840 
Total, 


643,344 


257,110 


900,454 


32,567 


.... 


'460 


11,312 


877 


$5,642,919 


2,051,130 


7,694,049 


1,584,294 


171,434 


49,875 


134,771 


10,736 


1841 


1,020,931 


93,939 


1,119,920 


21,079 






17,868 


794 


1842 


466,937 


115,961 


532,898 


12,268 


15,2i3 




12,115 


1,758 


1S43* 


213,251 


38,197 


256,448 


23.915 




20,878 


6,941 


1,568 


1844 


502,462 


77,421 


579,383 


44,274 


8,460 


13,471 


13,873 


2,413 


1S45 


426,107 


163,564 


589,671 


92,118 


47,390 


12,222 


11,691 


1,097 


1846 


463,241 


129,651 


592,392 


27,806 


44,643 









1847 


865,360 


55,026 


420,386 


26,969 


2,790 




8.219 


l*,7i3 


1848 


810,400 


61.545 


871,945 


4,445 


16,920 




9,526 


772 


1849 


723,319 


73,467 


802,286 


1,193 


13,035 




13,139 


1,540 


1850 
Total, 


136,307 


60,432 


246,739 


44,269 


42,035 




7,650 


806 


$4,683,815 


879,303 


5,563,118 


298,336 


196,036 


46,571 


101,022 


12,461 


1851 


177,904 


52,529 


230,433 


73,604 


5,530 


.... 


3,900 


1,962 


1S52 


229.302 


49,157 


278,459 


105,853 


16,000 




7,578 


1,802 


1S,>3 


169.444 ! 


66,570 


236,014 


61,784 


44,500 




5,242 


1,:330 


1854 


446,445 i 


81,327 


527,772 


59,673 


12,741 




12,189 


624 


1855 


225.365 1 


123,379 


348,744 


66,541 






8,063 


1,&02 


1856 


372,523 


56.493 


429,016 


38,126 


26,400 


1,376 


10,640 


118 



months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 

PRINCIPxVL POET. 
Gibraltar, a British town and fortress in Andalusia, the most southerly province 
of Spain. It stands on the extremitj of a small peninsula, washed on the east side 
by the Mediterranean, and on the west by the Bay of Gibraltar. This peninsula ia 
connected with the mainland by a low, sandy isthmus called the "Neutral G-round," 
which reaches from the rock of Gibraltar northward to the ancient Spanish lines, a 
distance of a mile and a half; its breadth is aboutthree fourths of a mile. Gibraltar 
is a free port ; and though its trade and commerce have of late years declined con- 
siderably, they are still extensive and important. It is the great resort of the con- 
irahandistas or smugglers, who purchase nearly all the goods that find their way into 
the south of Spain. The smuggling of tobacco, which is manufactured in large 
quantities at Gibraltar, is a source of constant fretting and ni-wiU between the gov- 
ernments of Spain and England. The quantity of this commodity that finds its way 
into Spaui, without paying duty, is between six and eight millions of pounds annu- 
ally, employmg in its manufacture about 2,000 hands. 



76 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 807 



MALTA. 

Malta, an island in the Mediterranean, belonging to the British, nearly 
opposite to the southern extremity of Sicily, from which it is about 54 
miles distant. 

Valetta, the capital, is situated on the north coast of the island, the 
lighthouse in the castle of St. Elmo being in latitude 35° 54' 6" N., 
longitude 14° 21' 1" E. Malta is about 20 miles long, and 10 or 12 
broad. The island of Goza, about a fourth part of the size of Malta, lies 
to the north-west of the latter, at about 4 miles' distance ; and in the 
strait between them is the small island of Cumino. In 184Y, the pop- 
ulation of Malta amounted, excluding the garrison (except the Maltese 
regiment), to 108,140. The population of Goza, at the same period, was 
15,130. The total population of both islands making 123,270. The 
entire revenue collected in Malta usually amounts to about £100,000 a 
year, of which about £23,000 is derived from the rent of lands. 

Valetta, the capital of the island, is defended by almost impregnable 
fortifications. " These," says Mr. Brydone, " are indeed, most stupendous 
works. All the boasted catacombs of Rome and Naples are a trifle to 
the immense excavations that have been made in this httle island. The 
ditches, of a vast size, are all cut out of the solid rock ; these extend for 
a great many miles ; and raise our astonishment to think that so small 
a State has ever been able to make them." — [Tour through Sicily and 
Malta^ Letter 15.) "Since the island came into our possession, the forti- 
fications have been considerably improved ; so that at present it is a 
place of very great strength." 

After the capture of Rhodes by the Turks, the emperor Charles V. 
made a present of Malta to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, in 
whose possession it remained till 1798, when it was taken by the French. 
It was taken from the latter by the English in 1800, and was definitely 
ceded to them in 1814. 

The island consists mostly of a rock, very thinly covered with soil, a 
good deal of which has been brought, at an immense expense, from 
Sicily ; but, being cultivated with the utmost care, it produces excellent 
fruits, particularly the celebrated Maltese oranges, corn, cotton, with 
small quantities of indigo, saflTron, and sugar. The principal dependence 
of the inhabitants is on their cotton ; the crop of which, amounting to 
about 4,000,000 lbs. a year, is partly exported raw, and partly man- 
ufactured to the value of from £80,000 to £100,000. The corn raised 
in the island is not suflacient to feed the inhabitants for more than five 
or six months, and at an average about 100,000 quarters of foreign 
wheat are required for their use. In addition to corn, cattle, provisions 
of all sorts, including dried fish, fruits, Spanish peas, etc., are largely 
imported. The other leading articles of import comprise cottons, and 
most sorts of manufactured goods ; sugar, coffee, and other colonial pro- 
ducts ; tobacco, oil, wines, timber, etc. The trade in corn used to be 
monopohzed by government ; and, after the monopoly was abandoned, 
duties on importation, varying, Hke those in this country, with the price, 
were imposed. But, in 1835, these duties were abolished ; and the 
fixed duties on corn entered for consumption, specified in the taiiff, were 
substituted in their stead. 



806 



Malta. 



77 



FOEEIGN COIVIMERCE OF THE UNITED 
WITH MALTA, 

From October 1, 1832, to July 1, 1856. 



STATES 



Yeaks 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOKTS. 


IMPOETS 


"Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


1 Export. 


Import, 


Amer. 


For. 


1833 


$50,828 




$50,828 


$31,073 


1 








1834 


37.426 





37,426 


49,523 






1,091 


.... 


1835 


109,655 


$121,243 


230,898 


31,867 


$381 


$1,482 


2,126 




1836 


38,817 


139,892 


178,709 


34,390 






781 


761 


183T 


100,805 


173,366 


274,171 


^35,961 


.... 




1,993 


710 


1838 


81,955 


4,078 


86,033 


16,866 




2,470 


857 




1839 


65,870 


34,126 


99,996 


24,943 


1 




1,869 





1840 
Total, 


14.610 


45,386 


59,996 


28,471 


1 .... 




448 




$499,966 


518,091 


1,018,057 


253,094 


381 


3,952 


9,165 


1,471 


1841 


27,869 


21,070 


48,939 


1,461 






360 


274 


1842 


11,644 


8,261 


19,905 


7,300 






756 




1843* 


6,436 


11,471 


17,907 


27 






214 


.... 


1844 


9,752 


7,246 


16,998 


15 






611 





1845 


12,909 




12,909 


22,311 






954 




1846 


23,754 


10,927 


34,681 


21,589 




.... 


882 


.... 


1847 


25,096 


22,541 


47,637 








843 


223 


1848 


33,128 


15,955 


49,083 


384 1 






1,812 


, 


1849 


51,233 


62,734 


113,967 


8,405 i 




.... 


3,063 


720 


1850 
Total, 


75,329 


39,051 


114,380 


11,354 






2,665 


456 


$277,150 


199,256 


476,406 


72,846 


.... 


.... 


12,165 


1,673 


1851 


64,061 


12,238 


76,299 


26,167 






1,097 


746 


1852 


96.347 


16,975 


113,322 


114,364 




.... 1 


2,442 


453 


1853 


165,319 


22,537 


187,556 


80.053 


2,000 


.... 1 


2,721 


741 


1854 


148,528 


21,245 


169.773 


83,095 




1 


3,197 


302 


1855 


212,397 


72,452 


284,849 


62,616 






4,088 


629 


1856 


281,045 


33,541 


314,586 


44,224 




.... 1 


2,993 


400 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
The central position, excellent port, and great streng-th of Malta, make it an 
admirable naval station for the repair and accommodation of the men-of-war and 
merchant-ships frequenting the Mediterranean, and render its possession of material 
importance to the British empu-e. Since Malta-built vessels were admitted into the 
ports of the United Kingdom on the same terms as those of British-built, the trade 
of ship-building has materially increased on the island. The Maltese shipwrights are 
diligent, expert workmen ; and, their wages being moderate, it is a favorable place 
for careening. Owing to the want of a dry-dock, all ships above the size of a sloop- 
of-war that require to have their bottoms examined, have to go to England for that 
purpose. This, surely, should be obviated. Quarantine is strictly enforced at 
Malta ; but there is every facility for its performance, and the charges are less than 
at any other port in the Mediterranean. Malta is now the center of a very exten- 
sive steam-packet system ; the steamers from England for the Ionian Islands, Con- 
stantinople, Alexandria, and other parts of the Levant, touch here. The French 
steamers from these ports usually perform quarantine at Malta. In 1825, British 
silver money was introduced into Malta ; the Spanish dollar being made legal tender 
at the rate of 4s. 4d., the Sicilian doUar at 4s. 2d., and the scudo of Malta at Is. 8d. 
The pound or rottolo, commercial weight = 30 oncie := 12-216 English grains. 
Hence 100 rottoh (the cantaro) = 1'74-|- lbs. avoirdupois, or T9-14 kilog. Merchants 
usually reckon the cantaro at 175 lbs. The salma of corn, stricken measure = 8.221 
"Winchester bushels; heaped measure is reckoned 16 per cent. more. The cafifiso, or 
measure for oil, contains 5^ English gallons = 20*818 litres. The barrel is double 
the cafBso. The Maltese" foot = 11 l-6th Enghsh inches =-2836 meters. The 
canna = 8 palmi =81-9 English inches = 2-079 meters. Merchants usually con- 
vert Malta measure into English in the proportion of 3^ palmi to a yard, or 2 2-1th 
yards to 1 canna. 



•78 Foreign Commercidl Statistics. 809 



BRITISH INDIA. 

Calcutta, the principal city of the province of Bengal, the capital of 
the British dominions in India, and, with the exception, perhaps, of Can- 
ton, the greatest emporium to the eastward of the Cape of Good Hope. 
Its citadel is in latitude 22° 34' 49" N., longitude 88° 2l' 16" E. It is 
about 100 miles from the sea, being situated on the eastern bank of the 
western branch of the Ganges, denominated by Europeans the Hooghly 
river, which is the only arm of the Ganges navigable to any considera- 
ble distance by large ships. At high water the river opposite to tlie 
town is about a mile in breadth ; but during the ebb the side opposite to 
Calcutta, exposes a long range of dry sand-banks. Owing to the length 
and intricacy of the navigation from the sea, it can not be undertaken 
without a pilot ; so that, even if it did not exceed our hmits, it would be 
useless to attempt any description of it in this place. 

The principal merchants and traders consist of British and other Euro- 
peans, Portuguese, born in India, Armenians, Jews, Persians, from the 
coast of the Persian Gulf, commonly called Parsees, Moguls, Mohammed- 
ans of Hindostan, and Hindoos ; the latter usually either of the Brah- 
minical or mercantile castes, and natives of Bengal. The native Portu- 
guese and Armenian merchants have of late greatly declined in wealth 
and importance. On the other hand, the Persian merchants have in- 
creased in numbers and wealth, several of them being worth £250,000 
sterling. The large fortunes of the Hindoo merchants have been much 
broken down of late years by litigation in the courts, and naturally 
through the law of equal coparcenary among brothers. To counterbal- 
ance this, there has been, since the opening of the free trade in 1814, 
a vast augmentation of the number of inferior merchants, worth from 
£20,000 to £50,000 sterling. There are but few Hindoo merchants at 
present whose wealth exceeds £200,000 sterling. 

AESTEACT VIEW OF THE EXTERNAL COMMERCE OF BENGAL. 

IMPOETS, 1851-1852. EXPOETS, 1851-1853. 









S / 










Merchandise. 


Treasure 


Total. 


Merchandise. 


Treasure. 


Total. 


Great Britain, . 


5,59,79,282 


91,74,544 


6,51,53,826 


4,78,20,145 


78,063 


4,78,98,188 


France, . 


9,.38,031 


4,25,850 


13,63,881 


48,07,431 




48,07,431 


North America, 


9,99,C53 


2,22,090 


12,21 ,743 


76,84,224 




76,84,224 


Madras Coast, . 


9,24,338 


18,08,553 


27,32,891 


12,52,690 


1,47",924 


14,00,614 


Ceylon, . , 


30,681 


1,30,225 


1,60,906 


1,50,240 


57,100 


2,07,340 


Maldives and Lac- 1 
cadives, | 


1,36,292 




1,36,292 


60,632 




60,032 


Malabar Coast, 


17,75,800 


3,47,380 


21,23,180 


29,71,501 





29,71,501 


Arabian and Persian I 
Gulfs, \ 


7,29,205 


1,80,722 


9,09,927 


12,51,597 


.... 


12,51,59T 


Singapore, 


14,69,431 


16,25,031 


30,94,462 


44,04,137 


540 


44,04,677 


Penang and Malacca, 


6,12,629 


1,34,631 


7,47,260 


5,44,759 


7,148 


5,51,907 


China, 


16,00,846 


89,12,308 


1,05,13,244 


3,22,17,277 




8,22,17,277 


New Holland, . 


12,63,255 


16,452 


12,82,707 


3,16,544 




3,16,544 


Java and Sumatra . 


37,152 


2,497 


39,649 


68,971 




68,971 


Pegu, . . . 


5,34,963 


3,51,063 


8,86,026 


14,43,883 


15,96', 174 


30,40,057 


Mauritius. 


22,323 


8,61,993 


8,84,316 


15,95,297 


56,370 


16,51,667 


Bourbon, . 


20,053 


7,33,905 


7,53,963 


6,06,865 




6,06,865 


Cape and St. Helena, 


35,675 


35,850 


71,525 


2,66,585 


2*566 


2,71,086 


Hamburg, 


1,49,014 




1,49,014 


2,27,950 




2,27,950 


Cadiz, . 


1,18,096 


..... 


1,18,996 








Amsterdam, . 


1,568 




1,568 








Trieste, . 








83^063 




83*063 


Genoa, . 


35^956 




35,956 


4,21,838 




4,21,838 


Other places, . 
Total, Company's 
rupees. 


f) 6,602 




96,602 


2,66,278 


.... 


2,66,278 


6,75,14,750 ! 


.',49,03,184 


9,24,77,934 


10,84,63 897 


19,45,809 


11,04,09,706 



808 



British Mast Indies. 



79 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE 

BRITISH EAST INDIES, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDINd 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


1 Whereof there was 
1.1 Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Sept. 
30. 








i 








Domestic. 


I'ORBIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$32,089 


$1 934,190 


$1,966,279 


$1,530,799 


$1,884,949 


.... 


3,027 




1822 


67,979 


1,'968.365 


2,036,844 


3,272.217 


1,980,376 






8,347 




1823 


10,642 


307,738 


318,380 


3,265;961 


283,052 






895 


...\ 


1824 


84,354 


927,716 


962,070 


441,867 


782,386 






2,920 




1825 


206,450 


784,629 


991,079 


1 1,756,484 


665,523 






4,124 




1826 


24,226 


418,042 


442,268 


1 2,510.606 


854,557 






2,030 




1827 


32,717 


1,018,738 


1,051,450 


1 569;056 


872,188 






2,430 




1828 


54,199 


795,682 


849,881 


1,542,786 


650,080 






8,441 




1829 


69,070 


477,629 


546,699 


1,229,569 


297,801 






3,050 




1830 
Total, 


93,731 


558,126 


646,857 


i 1,873,297 


160,641 

7,881,043 


$500 
500 


4,029 




$625,457 


9,185,850 


9,811,307 


17,492,592 


29,293 




1831 


132,442 


675,890 


807,832 


1,544,273 


486,027 


82 


6,481 




1832 


189,218 


839,235 


528,453 


2,538,938 


212,886 


11,000 


5,916 




1833 


136,156 


188,843 


824,999 


1,832,059 


80,910 


2,700 


6,735 




1834 


199,602 


206,941 


406,.543 


2,293,012 


147,825 


872 


5,655 




1835 


364,417 


389,641 


754,058 


1.697,893 


529,123 




10,889 




1836 


289,315 


435,461 


724,776 


2,954,476 


851,925 





10.520 




1837 


120.591 


82,967 


203,558 


0,041,842 


18,850 


1,290 


3,487 




1S38 


320;505 


258,402 


578.907 


675,531 


279,921 




8,334 




1839 


246,845 


837,597 


584,442 


2,135,152 


391,725 


.... 


10,557 




1840 
Total, 


280,404 


351,791 


682,195 


1,952,461 


315,007 


1,597 


5,742 




$2,279,495 


3,266,268 


5,545,763 


20,665,037 


2,758,699 


17,541 


73,816 


.... 


1841 


582,334 


430,867 


963.201 


1.236,641 


378,650 


40 


12.647 




1842 


399,979 


283,825 


683,804 


1,530,364 


202.560 


2,951 


9,079 


l',i29 


1843* 


237,576 


140,136 


377,712 


689,777 


87,839 


.... 


5,415 




1844 


338,413 


337,553 


675,966 


882,792 


274,107 


50 


10,479 




1845 


297,331 


134.067 


431,398 


1,276,584 


76,168 




10,814 




1846 


270,600 


99,772 


370,372 


1,861,345 


73,920 


i4T9 


10,979 


'706 


1847 


237,783 


135,454 


373,237 


1,646,457 


100,182 


2,300 


12,294 




1848 


510,284 


156,715 


666,999 


2.069,632 


56,298 




15,854 


"642 


1849 


332.962 


76,562 


409,524 


2,086.254 


249 




21,020 


327 


1850 
Total, 


502,613 


156,846 


659,459 


2,685,016 


35,400 




29,389 


2,138 


$3,659,875 


1,951,797 


5,611,672 


15,414,812 


1,235,323 


6,820 


136,970 


4,942 


1851 


512,906 


175,484 


688,390 


8,336,885 


80,571 





49,216 


2,964 


1852 


565,138 


39,360 


604,498 


4,225,041 


5.50 




... 


52,768 


7,730 


1853 


■ 503.856 


63,542 


567,398 


! 3,581,726 


45.727 




... 


50,461 


6,809 


1854 


567,193 


69,219 


636,412 


5.378,321 


29,721 




... 


45,812 


5S5 


1855 


714,119 


198,144 


912,263 


5,457,378 


65.424 






80,729 


4,742 


1856 


691,998 


75,631 


767,629 


7,005,911 


30,700 


.... 


68,255 


9,482 



months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Bombay, a seaport on the western coast of British India, lat. 18° 56' N., and long. 
72° 5Y' E. It is situated at the south-easterlj extremity of a small island, of same 
name, separated from the main land by an arm of the sea, forming, with the contig- 
uous islands of Colabah, Salsette, Butchers', and Curaigah, one of the best harbors 
in India. The entrance is nearly three miles wide, and has a depth of from 35 to 
40 feet. 

Madras, the second British India presidency, and principal port on the western 
coast of the bay of Bengal. It is without port or harbor, lying close to an open 
roadstead, and the shore having a constant surf A rapid current runs along the 
coast, and typhoons are common. Large ships anchor about two miles from shore, 
in the roads, in from 40 to 60 feet of water, and lighters are used to load and unload 
freight, 

Singapore, a British settlement, on an island of same name, at the eastern ex- 
tremity of Malacca, lat. 1° 17' 22" K, long. 103° 51' 45" E. 



80 Foreign Commercial Statistics, 811 



CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, 

An important colony of Great Britain, occupying the south part of the 
peninsula of Africa, between latitude 29° 41' and 34° 51' S., and longi- 
tude 17° 10' and 27° 32' E. ; bounded on the south and east by the In- 
dian Ocean, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the north by the 
countries of the Namaquas, Griquas, and other Hottentot tribes, and on 
the north-east by British Kafraria. Length, west to east (Cape peninsula 
to Keiskamma river), 550 miles; average breadth, 250 miles. Area, es- 
timated at 110,000 square miles. Population in 1850, 261,436, mostly 
Africans, Dutch, negroes, and a small number of Hottentots. The coun- 
try is formed of a series of territories rising in successive stages from south 
to north. Bays, Helena, Table, False (the west part of which forms 
Simon's bay), St. Sebastian, Mossel, Plettenberg, and Algoa. Streams 
are numerous, but rapid, mostly dry in summer, and unfit for navigation ; 
the chief are, on the east and south coast, Keiskamma, Great Fish, Bush- 
man, Sunday, Camtoos, and Breede ; on the west, Berg and Elephant, or 
Oliphant ; and on the north, several small streams tributary to the Orange. 
The climate is mild and healthy, but very dry ; rains irregular, often fall- 
ing in torrents on the coast, but rare in the plains of the interior. 

The commerce of the colony is extensive ; the ports are Cape Town 
and Simon's Town, in the west, and fort Elizabeth in the east. Total 
value of exports in 1844, £350,735, of which £246,217 were to the 
United Kingdom. Imports same year, £1,123,061. In 1845, 35 ships 
(3,713 tons) and 307 men belonged to the colony; and in 1847, 791 
ships (209,426 tons) entered, and 782 ships (205,618 tons) cleared from 
its ports. The colony consists of an east and a west province, and these 
are divided into 14 districts; viz.. Cape Division and Stellenbosch, in the 
south-west ; Zwellendam, George, Uitenhage, and Albany, on the south 
coast; Clanwilliam on the north-west; Worcester and Beaufort, Graaf 
Reynet, and Somerset, in the interior ; Colesberg, on the north-east ; 
Cradock and Victoria, on the east. The capitals have the same names 
as the districts, except Graham's Town, which is the capital of Albany, 
and Fredericsburg, of Victoria district. Stellenbosch is the chief wine, 
and Zwellendam, the principal corn-growing district; the others are 
mostly appropriated to grazing. Government is administered by a Par- 
liament, composed of the governor, legislative council, of 16 members, 
and a House of Assembly of 46 members, elected for a term of five years. 
(Salary of governor and commander-in-chief, £5,000.) The Dutch 
founded a colony at the Cape, in 1648, which was taken by the British 
in 1795. European grains, and the fruits of temperate and tropical 
regions, have been successfully introduced. Corn is raised more than 
requisite for consumption, and the cultivation of the vine is an important 
source of wealth ; a good white wine is produced in the interior, but only 
the small vineyard at the foot of Table Mountain produces the celebrated 
liqueur called Constantia. Cattle-rearing is the chief branch of rural in- 
dustry ; and the introduction of the Merino sheep has rendered the rural 
trade of the colony important. The value of produce of the colony ex- 
ported in 1840 amounted to £359,517. The coasts abound with mackr 
erel and herrings, and in 1842 the whalo and seal fishing employed 144 
boats. 



810 



Cape of Good Hope, 



81 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE 

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE AND BRITISH SOUTH 

AMERICAN POSSESSIONS, 

Feom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Teabs 

ENDING 


EXPORTS. 




IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Sept. 
30. 


















Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


EXPOET. 


Import. 


Amee. 


For. 


1S21 




.... 














1822 


$6,156 




$6,156 


$63,875 




$3,566 


'i38 




1823 


.... 






.... 






300 


.... 


1824 


.... 


















1825 




















1826 


2l',i54 


$6,433 


27,587 


46,559 








■432 


...'. 


1827 









5,186 








425 


.... 


1828 


.... 


















1829 


...'. 


















ia30 
Total, 




















$27,304 


6,433 


33,737 


115,620 




3,500 


1,295 




1831 


















1832 




















1833 


7,562 




7,562 


13,766 








'267 




18-34 




2",52i 


2,521 











1,500 


.... 


1885 


60*565 





60,565 


41,756 








716 




1836 


86,218 


4,517 


90,735 


28,735 








1,550 


'139 


1837 


28,898 




28,898 


93,799 








455 




1838 


22,718 




22,718 


12,034 








1,064 





1839 


88,379 


5,626 


93,399 


43,059 


$5",626 


.. 




2,278 




1840 
Total, 


35,816 


197 


36,013 


82,324 




756 


650 


*i66 


$330,156 


12,255 


342,411 


265,401 


5,020 


756 


8,420 


299 


1841 


51,324 




51,324 


17,155 






958 


152 


1842 




.... 




23,815 




'919 






1843* 


30',655 




30,055 


31,192 







'466 




1844 


82.938 




82,938 


29,166 


. 






1,689 




1845 


33,743 




33,743 


26,439 


4,000 






498 




ia46 


23,713 


.... 


23,713 


81,686 


.... 






2,296 




1847 


106,172 




106,172 


36,041 


.... 






2,287 




1848 


100,338 


19',939 


120,277 


60.431 


15,589 






1,670 




1S49 


94,422 




94,422 


71,298 


.... 






2,723 




1850 
Total, 


143,219 




143,219 


72,206 


.... 






1,912 


.... 


$665,924 


19,939 


685,863 


449,429 


19,589 


919 


14,444 


\m 


1851 


161,891 




161,891 


123,223 




1,300 


2,501 


82T 


1852 


224,236 


I'iis 


225,954 


190,790 






4,343 


612 


1853 


367,231 


8,141 


870,372 


302,303 




37,169 


4,705 


98a 


1854 


292,623 


7,330 


299.958 


448,903 




.... 


3,869 


881 


1855 


44:3,475 


8,837 


452312 


418,538 






5,656 


664 


1856 


896,780 


21,471 


418,251 


483,594 




ll",53i 


7,078 


202 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 

PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Cape Town, the capital of the British territory in South Africa, at the bottom of 
Table bay, about 32 miles north from the Cape of Good Hope, and on the western 
side of the territory to which it gives its name, lat. 33° 55' 56'' S., long. 18° 21' B. 
The town was founded by the Dutch in 1650, and remained, with the territory sub- 
ject to it, in their possession, till it was taken by the British in 1795. It was re- 
stored to the Dutch by the treaty of Amiens ; but being again captured by the Brit- 
ish in 1806, it was finally ceded to them in 1815. Table bay is capable of containing 
any number of ships ; but it is exposed to the westerly winds, which, during the 
months of June, July, and August, throw in a heavy swell, that has been productive 
of many distressing accidents. This, in fact, is the great drawback upon Cape Town, 
which in all other respects is most admirably fitted for a commercial station. 

Saldanha bay, lat. 33° 6' S., long. 17° 58' 15", 50 miles north of Cape Town. 



82 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 813 

AUSTRALIA, OR NEW HOLLAND, 

The largest island on the globe, is situated in the southern hemisphere ; 
and, as described by writers generally, forms the main land around 
which are clustered those groups of islands which, in modern geography, 
constitute the fifth great division of the earth's surface. Wilson Prom- 
ontory, its most southern angle, is in latitude 39° 11' S., and Cape 
York, its northernmost headland, in latitude 10° 43' S. Its greatest 
breadth, from north to south, is thus 1,Y08 geographical miles, or 1,065 
statute miles. Cape Byron, the eastern limit, is in longitude 153° Si' E., 
and Cape Inscription, in 112° 55' K, forms its westernmost point; mak- 
ing the extreme length of the island from east to west about 2,603 Brit- 
ish miles, by an average breadth of 1,200 miles — a tract of land well 
entitled to be called a continent, by which name it is frequently desig- 
nated by geographers. Its superficies approximates to 2,690,810 square 
miles. That of the continent of Europe being 3,684,841 square miles 
we can form some idea of its extent by comparison. 

The nomenclature and geographical subdivisions of this island-conti- 
nent have undergone many alterations from time to time, as the territory 
has become colonized. Before any settlement had been efi'ected by the 
British government upon its shores, the entire island was designated New 
Holland, not only by the Dutch — from whom it received its name — but 
on our own charts and maps. The east coast, first discovered and ex- 
plored by Captain Cook, in ] 7*70, was named by him New South Wales, 
The middle portion of the north coast bore the name of Arnhem Land, 
after the ship of its discoverer, Zeachen, in 1618. The west and southwest 
coasts were named in lil^e manner by their discoverers, the Dutch navi- 
gators, in the seventeenth century, De Witt's Land, Endraght's Land, 
Edel's Land, Leeuwin's Land, and Nuyt's Land. That of Van Diemen's 
Land was given byTasman to what he supposed was the southern penin- 
sula of New Holland, but which was afterward discovered by Bass to be 
an island. 

Since this great territory has become the undisputed possession of 
Britain, other names, with the exception just mentioned, have, according 
to the law of nations, been substituted for the old Dutch titles. New 
South Wales is only applied now to about one half the east coast terri- 
tory. The name of the entire island also is changed from New Holland to 
the more appropriate designation of Australia, by which it is now uni- 
versally recognized and described. The subdivisions South, North, and 
Western Australia would be equally proper if their boundaries were de- 
fined according to the ordinary rules of geographical dissection. But 
while the first section. South Australia, is only the middle portion of the 
south coast, trending inland to the central region ; and the second. North 
Australia, embraces all to the north of New South Wales ; the third sec- 
tion, Western Australia, nearly bisects the island, leaving a small tract of 
land between it and South Australia, with no name at all A better di- 
vision would be to draw a line right across from east to west in latitude 
26° S. ; thus bisecting the island near its intertropical parallel ; for al- 
though this line would be 3i degrees south of the tropic of Capricorn, 
Btill the influence of the tropical rains and winds ascend even higher 
than this parallel. 



812 



Australia. 



83 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH AUSTRALIA, 

From October 1, 1837, to July 1, 1856. 



Tears 

ENDING 

Sfpt 


EXPOKTS. 


IMPOETS 

1 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


80. Domestic. 


Foreign. 


TOTAU 


1 Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1S38 


$33,546 


$8ia 


$34,362 


$30,.538 






620 




1&39 


6,790 




6,790 


58,344 






1,053 




1S40 
Total, 


84,847 


6,022 


90,869 


122,141 


.... 


.... 


1,368 


.... 


$125,183 


6,838 


132,021 


211,023 






3,041 




1841 


63,784 


112,557 


176,341 


86,706 


$101,621 


$37,125 






1842 


52.651 




62,651 


28,693 






1,787 




1S43* 


57,805 


11,232 


69,037 


44,910 


6,720 




590 




1S44 


29,667 





29.667 


122 


.... 




415 




1345 


69,521 


790 


70,311 












]8-i6 


48,7a3 




48,7a3 












18i7 


83,289 




83,289 




.... 








1848 


















1849 


















1850 
Total, 


.... 






.... 


.... 




.... 




$355,500 


12i,579 


480,079 


160,431 


108,341 


87,125 


2,793 




1851 


















1852 


196,554 


11,713 


208,267 


.... 






9,318 


17,016 


1853 


4,143,828 


133,174 


4,287,002 





7,493 




56,944 


13,034 


lS5i 


2,999,635 


149,444 


3,149,079 


214,202 




197,581 


39,421 


4,989 


1855 


2,703,043 


320,506 


3,023,549 


22^3,593 







43,358 


2,479 


1S56 


4,909,925 


125,047 


5,034,972 


134,452 


8,ii2 


10,960 


42,865 


4,722 



9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Melbourne, the capital of the British colony of Victoria, Australia, on the Tarra- 
Yaira, near its mouth in Port Philip, lat. 37° 48' 'o" S., long. 144° 57' 7" E. Pop- 
ulation in 1850, 20,000. It was founded in 1837, and now extends for two miles, 
with a breadth of one mile, along the river, which is navigable to the town for ves- 
sels of 200 tons. It is the cliief seat of the trade of Victoria, though large ships 
arriving at its port are obliged to he opposite WUliamstown, about four miles distant. 
Site low, and frequently flooded. Streets regular ; houses chiefly of brick, many of 
the public buildings of stone, and, altogether, it has the aspect of an EngUsh country 
town. Value of exports from Victoria, mostly from Melbourne and Geelong, in 1849, 
£737,067, of which £574,594 stood for wool; imports, £479,831. Melbourne com- 
municates daily by steamers with Geelong on the west side of the bay, and at stated 
periods with Sydney, Launceston, and Hobart Town, in Tasmania (Van Dieman's 
Land). Around it are many thriving farms and country residences of its more 
wealthy inhabitants. — Melbourne island, Pacific ocean, forms, with Bedford and 
Minto islands, a group of the Dangerous Archipelago, and was discovered by Lord 
E. Russell in 1837. 

Adelaide, a city of South Austraha, seven miles S.E. from its port, on an inlet, and 
on the E. of the Gulf of St. Vincent. Lat 34° 57' S.; long. 138° 38' E. The inlet 
of the sea forming the harbor, opposite the entrance to which a Hght-vessel is moored, 
Btretches from the gul^ from which it is separated by a narrow neck of land, for about 
8 miles southward, surrounding Torrens island. At its entrance is a sand-bar, with 
8 feet of water at ebb, and 16 feet at flood tide. 

Sydney, capital of New South Wales, in lat. 33° 55' S., long. 150° 10' E. Syd- 
ney is situated on a cove on the south side of Port Jackson, about seven miles from 
its mouth. The water is sufficient to allow the largest ships to come close to the 
shore. The inlet or harbor, called Port Jackson, is one of the finest natural basins 
in the world; it stretches about 15 miles into the country, and has numerous creeks 
and bays. The anchorage is everywhere good, and ships are protected from all 
winds. 



84 Foreigii Commercial Statistics. 815 

HONDURAS, 

Republic of Central America, latitude 13° to 16° N., longitude 85° 40' 
to 89° 5' W. Bounded N. and E. by the Caribbean sea and Mosquita; 
W. by Guatemala ; S. by Salvador, and tbe Bay of Conchagua, on tbe 
Pacific ; S.E. by Mosquita and Nicaragua. Area, 64,680 geographical 
square miles, and is divided in 7 departments, viz. : 



DEPAKTMENTS. Population. 


DEPAETMENT8. 


Population. 


Comayagua, 


85,000 


Tejucigalpa, . 


45,000 


Cholutaca, 


38,000 


Olancho, 


45,000 


Gracias, 


79,000 


Santa Barbara, 


35,000 


Yoro, . 


. . 31,000 








Total, 


. 


. 


. 308,000 



Of the vegetable productions of Honduras, the mahogany-tree stands 
first in importance, and, from its vast size and magnificent foliage, is de- 
servedly entitled, " king of the forest." It is to be found in nearly all 
parts of Honduras, in the valleys of the various streams. It is, however, 
most abundant upon the lower valleys of the rivers flowing into the Bay 
of Honduras, where the cortes (cuttings) are chiefly carried on by the 
Spaniards. A fixed sum is paid to the government for each tree cut 
down. Rosewood is common on the northern coast, where it is begin- 
ning to form an article of commerce. Lignumvitge abounds in the val- 
ley of the Ulua, on the river banks in the plain of Comayagua, and in 
other parts. Among the numerous dyewoods, for which Honduras is 
celebrated, may be mentioned fustic, Brazil wood, yellow sanders, drag- 
on's-blood-tree, Nicaragua wood (a variety of Brazil wood), and the 
anotta. Among the gum and medicinal-trees, are the gum-arabic-tree, 
copaiba-tree, copal-tree, liquid amber, castor-oil, ipecacuanha, and the 
Hevea elastica. Among the more common of the others, are the long- 
leaved or pitch-pine, cedar, ceiba or silk-cotton-tree, live-oak, mangrove, 
iron-wood, calabash, various kinds of oak and palm, lime, lemon, orange, 
cocoa, pimento, citron, tamarind, and guava. Sarsaparilla is obtained in 
great abundance, and of superior quality. The sugar-cane grows luxu- 
riantly on the plains and among the mountains, at elevations of 3,000 to 
4,000 feet. Coffee, indigo, tobacco, maize, wheat, rice, and potatoes, are 
also grown. 

The rivers of Honduras are numerous, and some of them of great size. 
The principal are the Chamelicon, Ulua, Aguan or Roman, Tinto or Black 
river, Patuca, and Wanks or Segovia, flowing into the Atlantic ; and the 
Choluteca, Nacaome, and Goascoran, flowing into the Bay of Fonseca. 
The Chamelicon rises in the mountains of Merendon, and pursues a gen- 
erally N.E. course to the Atlantic. It is of great length and rapid, but 
as it drains only a small section of country, its body of water is small. 
The Ulua, on the other hand, drains a vast expanse of territory, compre- 
hending nearly one third of the entire State, and is the largest river in 
Central America, the Wanks perhaps, excepted. The principal tributa- 
lies are the Santiago, Santa Barbara, Blanco, Humuya, and Sulaco. It has 
a bar at the mouth with only 9 feet of water, but steamers of light draught 
may ascend to the mouth of the Cumuya. The Rio Aguan or Roman 
river, is a large stream rising in the mountains of Sulaco, and falling into 
the sea a little to the east of Truxillo, after a course of about 120 miles. 



814 



Honduras^ Campeachy^ etc. 



85 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH HON- 
DURAS, CAMPEACHY, ETC., 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Tears 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

1821 


EXPORTS. 


IMPOETS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 1 

! 
1 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


For. 


Amer. 


$99,895 


$106,880 


$206,726 


$216,075 




$80,590 


6,009 


303 


1822 


128,115 


127,943 


251,058 







137,664 


5,447 


479 


1823 


211,383 


100,052 


811,435 


281,835 




86,169 


7.570 


587 


1824 


157,060 


194,365 


361,425 


217,097 


$6",666 


51,047 


5,290 


1,280 


1825 


57,286 


23,543 


80,829 


248,446 


5,560 


27,031 


1,201 




1826 







. 


88,133 


.... 


17,428 




.... 


1827 


13,261 


1,573 


14,834 


17,947 


.... 


6,575 




.... 


1828 


5,950 


2,371 


8,821 


1,760 




600 


.... 




1829 


12,693 


8,229 


20,922 


64,847 




46,117 







1830 
Total, 


25,132 


5,432 


30,564 




.... 


1,472 


1,042 




$705,775 


570,388 


1,276,113 


1,131,140 


11,560 


454,693 


26,559 


2,649 


1831 


46,233 


13,732 


59,965 


44,463 


.... 


20,503 


1,449 


228 


1832 


65,459 


17,397 


82,856 


34,162 




19,101 


2,677 


97 


1883 


70,522 


28,724 


99,246 


101,615 




53,812 


1,527 




1834 


56,072 


39,376 


95,448 


149,599 


.... 


43,529 


4,041 


'807 


1835 


134,703 


37,561 


172,264 


174,960 




71,780 


11,007 


665 


1836 


109,823 


36,015 


145,838 


215,392 




39,797 


4,236 


1,813 


1837 


99,694 


12,158 


111,852 


202,624 




79,137 


5,085 


2,158 


1838 


89,896 


19,300 


10^,196 


201,448 





114,902 


2,406 


1,505 


1839 


181,861 


29,339 


211,200 


164,027 




76,421 


6,434 


2,651 


1840 
Total, 


132,095 


58,371 


190,466 


158,353 




111,114 


5,048 


1,708 


$986,358 


291,973 


1,278,331 


1,446,643 




680,096 


43,910 


11,527 


1841 


141,864 


51,382 


193,246 


232,244 


.... 


137,783 


6,409 


1,010 


1842 


127,839 


36,648 


163,987 


202,868 


1,600 


98,607 


5,679 


.... 


1843* 


92,278 


16,804 


108,582 


136,688 




74,603 


7,425 


'708 


1844 


197,495 


41,524 


289,019 


248,343 


11,920 


104,139 


7,914 


807 


1845 


188,494 


51,421 


239,915 


204,818 


7,599 


74,577 


3,869 


663 


1846 


825,494 


64,538 


390,082 


207,997 


2,072 


80,458 


9,620 


607 


1847 


261,398 


40,519 


301,917 


197,282 




91,432 


5,946 


507 


1848 


249,648 


44,181 


293,829 


185,684 





105,429 


5,486 


1,838 


1849 


191,347 


34,620 


225,967 


262,417 


.... 


109,005 


5,215 


898 


1850 
Total, 


171984 


16,551 


188,535 


178,690 


5,000 


46,744 


4,225 


1,952 


$1,947,341 


897,688 


2,345,029 


2,056,981 


28,191 


922,777 


61,788 


8,490 


1851 


213,806 


23,362 


237,168 


174,526 


15,610 


15,692 


8,933 


5,125 


1852 


292,813 


69,259 


862,072 


261,646 


17,437 


88,294 


5,020 


2,440 


1853 


318,355 


63,005 


881,860 


268,298 


8,000 


22,8:37 


5,111 


8,320 


1854 


203,913 


58,728 


262,641 


288,954 


17,000 


48,220 


4,189 


8,537 


1855 


471,433 


51,526 


522,959 


839,974 


4,995 





5,382 


4,562 


1856 


350,000 


83,739 


883,739 


832,117 


2,000 


111,328 


4,933 


2,786 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

The principal ports of Honduras on the Atlantic are Puerto Caballo, Omoa, and 
Truxillo. Puerto Caballo, the first port established by the Spaniards on the north- 
em coast, is in lat. 15° 49' N"., long. 87° 57'' W. Cortez, in his expedition into 
Honduras, founded a settlement here for the purpose of making it the grand entrepot 
of New Spain. For upward of two centuries it was the principal establishment on 
the coast ; but during the time of the buccaneers it was removed to Omoa, because 
of the large size of the bay, which could not be properly defended. This bay is not 
less than nine miles in circumference, of ample depth — two thirds of it being from six 
to twelve fathoms — and has secure holding-ground. It is perfectly protected from 
the N.N.E. and N.W. winds, which are those that prevail on this coast. 

The port of Omoa, in lat. 15° 47' N., long. 88° 3' W., is small but secure, and is 
defended by a strong fort. The anchorage is good, in from two to six fathoms. 

Truxillo is situated on the western shore of a noble bay, in lat. 15° 55' N., long. 
86° W. Population in 1842, 2,500: 1,000 whites and Ladinos and 1,500 Caribs. 



86 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 865 



BRITISH GUIANA. 

British Guiana^ tlie most westerly of tlie three colonies, is bounded on 
the E. and N.E. by the Atlantic, E. by Dutch Guiana, from which it is sep- 
arated by the river Corentyn, S. by Brazil, and W. by Venezuela. It lies 
between 0° 40' and 8° 40' N. latitude, and 57° 61' W. longitude, and has 
an estimated area of 76,000 square miles ; but the possession of much 
of this has been disputed by Brazil and Venezuela. It is divided into 
three counties, Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice, so named from the 
three principal rivers which drain them. Demerara, situated between 
the other two, occupies the center of the seaboard for nearly 90 miles. 
To the N.W., the county of Essequibo stretches along the coast toward 
the swamps and forests of the western frontier ; and to the S. E. lies the 
county of Berbice. 

The entire coast of British Guiana is low, and generally bordered with 
a sandy flat, extending far out to sea, so that vessels drawing more than 
12 feet of water can not approach within 2 or 3 miles of land. The 
rivers, too, deposit at their mouths large quantities of mud and sand, and 
are thus inaccessible to vessels of large size. Extending from low water- 
mark to a distance of 5 or 6 miles, is a tract of rich alluvial soil of 
recent formation. This is succeeded by a flat narrow reef of sand run- 
ning exactly parallel with the present hne of coast. Here remains of 
stranded vessels, and anchors eaten through with rust, have been found, 
indicating, that within a comparatively recent period, it had been washed 
by the waves of the Atlantic. Running parallel to this reef, at iiTegular 
distances, varying from 10 to 20 miles, is a second and higher range, 
composed of coarse white sand ; and which, at a period more remote, 
probably formed the sea limit. 

The principal river of British Guiana is the Essequibo, which rises in 
Sierra Acarai, and after a course of at least 600 miles, discharges itself 
into the ocean by an estuary 20 miles in width, in N. latitude 7°, W. 
longitude 58° 40'. In the estuary of the Essequibo are a group of 
beautiful islands, partially cultivated, the principal of which are Varken, 
or Hog Island, about 21 miles in length, by 3 in breadth ; Wakenaam 
and Leguan, each about 12 miles by 3, and Tiger Island about half that 
size. The entrance is difficult and dangerous, even for vessels of small 
size, on account of the banks of mud and sand. Its course lies through 
forests of the most gigantic vegetation. 

The staple productions of the colony are sugar, coffee, and cotton. 
From an official table of the exports of British Guiana, from 1826 to 
1851, we find that in 1827, 15,904 bales of cotton were exported; but 
from that period this cultivation gradually gave place to sugar, and in 
1844 ceases to appear in the table as an article of export. Since 1851, 
however, it seems to have received more attention, for among the ex- 
ports from British Guiana into the United Kingdom in 1854, we find 
1093 cwt. of cotton. Coffee, from upward of 9,500,000 lbs. in 1830, 
gradually fell off to only 3,198 lbs. in 1851. As to sugar, making a 
due allowance for the difference of seasons, the quantity exported re- 
mained pretty steady from 1826 to 1837, the year preceding the termi- 
nation of the apprenticeships, averaging about 66,000 hogsheads. la 
1851 there were exported 43,034 hogsheads. 



864 



British Guiana. 



87 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
BRITISH GUIANA, 

Feom October 1, 1833, to July 1, 1856. 



i Yeaes 

ENDING 


EXPOETS 




IMPOETS 


"Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. } 


Sept. 
30. 










Export. 


IjirORT. 






Domestic. 


FOBEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Amer. 


For. 


1834 


$105,214 




$105,214 


$81,424 




$460 






1 1835 


64,243 




64,243 


5,595 


1 


193 


8,933 


530 


1836 


105,075 




105,075 


92,019 


i 


1,110 


5,611 


749 


1837 


42,885 




42,885 


6,244 




5,033 


4,113 


493 


1S38 


145,532 


$522 


146,054 


86,043 


.... 


21,200 


6,992 


1,763 


1839 


34.906 


218 


35,124 


14,215 


1 


8,715 


4,392 


278 


1840 
Total, 


118,896 


538 


119,434 


10,973 


1 .... 


10,100 


6,349 


1,238 


1616,751 


1,278 


618,029 


196,513 




41,811 


31,890 


5,046 


1841 


881,332 


1,269 


882,601 


18,228 




10,767 


8,827 


1,618 


1842 


115,991 


2,462 


118,453 


15,004 




12,205 


5,834 


8,945 


1843* 


116,145 


695 


116,840 


43,042 




41,316 


6,145 


2,094 


1844 


307,052 


2,184 


809,236 


9,385 




7,503 


10,470 


2,868^ 


1845 


416,867 


1,881 


418,743 


7,957 


2,800 


4,900 


12,825 


2,801 


1846 


551,668 


1,634 


553,802 


12,561 


.... 


1,475 


1T,701 


8,564 


1841 


621,903 


1,816 


623,719 


19,125 




13,025 


18,492 


1,843 


1848 


595,114 


1,365 


596,479 


24,254 




12,208 


16,141 


1,225 


1849 


662,315 


3,759 


666,074 


25,520 




4,679 


15,054 


1,578 


1850 
Total, 


502,776 


22,663 


525,439 


14,591 


20,666 


500 


11,642 


2,587 


$4,271,163 


39,728 


4,310,891 


189,667 


22,800 


108,578 


117,131 


24,068 


1851 


540,554 


8,734 


544,288 


44,213 




24,824 


12,001 


4,220 


1852 


742,286 


18,381 


760,667 


43.943 


54,770 • 


28,000 


12,123 


3,712 


1853 


798,841 


88,863 


837,704 


64,533 


32,500 




14,426 


8,181 


1854 


718,096 


1,153 


719,249 


47,489 




1,974 


12,131 


8,161 


1855 


824,119 


813 


824,932 


107,180 




58,447 


13,511 


1,982 


1856 


871,766 


3,497 


875,263 


151,574 


.... 


2,000 


13,571 


8,828 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 

Georgetown (formerly Stabroek), the capital of British Guiana, is situated on tha 
east bank of the Demerara, at its mouth, which is there about three miles wide, ia 
lat. 6° 49' 30" K, long. 58° 11' 30" W. The town itself is one of the prettiest in 
the "West Indies, and its streets are wide and sti'aight, intersecting each other at 
right angles. The houses are of wood, with open verandahs in front, and neatly 
painted in cool and quiet colors ; they are shaded and almost hidden by trees and 
shrubs, and look more hke a collection of villas than a town. The street along the 
river side — where all the stores and shops are situated, and where business is chiefly 
transacted — forms, however, an exception; there every thing is plain, bare, and 
business-like. The ships he alongside the wharves or at a short distance in the 
stream, which is also crowded with numerous smaller vessels engaged in the island 
trade, or in bringing produce from the more distant estates. The hall of the legisla- 
tive council, courts of justice, custom-house, treasury, and all the other public offices, 
are in one building of considerable extent and architectural beauty, with shady port- 
icoes and marble-paved galleries or verandahs supported on cast-iron columns. The 
chief of the other public edifices are the cathedral and churches, several hberally- 
maintained hospitals, barracks, market-place, and ice-house. Below the town is the 
"Fort," as it is caUed, but which looks more like a green field, with a few guns 
pointing toward the sea, and a house or two for a single officer and a dozen artillery- 
men. Population in 1851, 25,508. 

The following table wiU show the comparative importance of the trade of the 
three Guianas with the United States during the year ending June 30, 1856 : 

CLEARED FROM XT. 8, 

Vessels. Tons, 

23 3,328 



British Guiana, 
Dutch " . 
French " . 



ENTERED INTO IT. 8. 

Vessels. Tons. 

9 1,246 

4 702 

1 192 



665 



88 Foreign Commercial Statistics, 867 

JAMAICA. 

Jamaica is tlie largest of the Britisli islands. It lies 90 miles west of 
Santo Domingo, the same distance south of Cuba, and 135 miles north 
of Carthagena, in Nueva Grenada. Its length is about 150 miles, and its 
breadth 55 miles, with an area of some 0,250 square miles. Capital, 
Kingston. The total population of the island is about 388,000, 

West Indies. — 1. Jamaica ; 2. Windward Islands, including Barbadoes, 
St. Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, St. Lucia, and Trinidad ; 3. Leeward Isl- 
ands, including Antigua, St. Kitt's Anguilla, Montserrat, Nevis, Dominica, 
and Virgin Islands ; 4. Bahamas ; 5. Bermudas ; 6. British Guiana ; 7. 
Honduras; S.Falkland Islands. Aggregate population, 980,535 ; area, 
167,384 square miles. 

From papers recently laid before the British Parliament, it appears 
that since the emancipation of the slaves, more than 600 estates in the 
island have been abandoned. These once ^ave employment to 50,000 
laborers. The number of estates abandoned, or partially abandoned from 
January, 1852, to January, 1853, was as follows : 

Sugar Estates, Coffee Estates. Pens or Country Seats. Total acres. 
Abandoned . . 128 96 30 ] 

Partially abandoned, .71 66 22 1 

— ( 391,187. 

Total, . . 199 162 52 J 

The language of the late Governor-general, Sir Charles Gray, on the 
condition of this island, is instructive : " The fertility of its soil, and fitness 
for both tillage and pasturage, the richness and variety of its vegetable 
products, the alternation of mountain and valley, the numerous hot springs 
and medical waters, the known existence of various and valuable minerals, 
the timber and ornamental woods of its forests, the abundance and variety 
of fish on its coasts and neighboring reefs, indicate peculiar facilities for 
the promotion of the future welfare and prosperity of its inhabitants, and 
warrant the hope that, low as it has now fallen, it will not be permitted 
to relapse into utter barbarism." Every thing, however, indicates that 
such must be the fate of this beautiful and fertile island, unless its social 
elements be speedily changed. The process of its downfall is being ac- 
celerated year by year. 

Bahama, or Lucayas, a chain of islands stretching in a north-westerly 
direction from the north coast of St. Domingo, to that of East Florida, 
and lying between latitude 21° and 27° 30' N., and longitude 70° 30' 
and 79° 5' W. The group is composed of about twenty inhabited isl- 
ands, and an immense number of islets and rocks. The principal islands 
in this group are New Providence, containing the capital, Nassau ; Har- 
bor Island, Abaco, Eleuthera, Heneagua or Inagua, Mayaguana, St. Salva- 
dor, Andros Island, Great Bahama, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, Exuma, 
Long Island, Crooked Island, Long Cay, Watling's Island, the Caicos, 
the Turks, and the Barry Islands. 

Most of these islands are situated on those remarkable flats called the 
Great and Little Bahama Banks, and some out of soundings in the ocean. 

The Great Bahama Bank is about 300 miles in length from north- 
west to south-east, and 100 in breadth ; and the Little Bahama is about 
130 miles long. 



866 



British West Indies, 



89 



FOKEIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE 
BRITISH WEST INDIES, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CVD. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$264,632 


$470 


$265,102 


$927,346 




$801,139 


22,083 




1822 


449,601 


2,540 


452,141 


335,537 


$2,200 


174,862 


28,720 




1823 


1,617,845 


10,122 


1,627,967 


1,844,931 


7,319 


520.730 


68,850 


8,654 


1824 


1,750,703 


20,305 


1,771,008 


2,758,067 


12,150 


828,199 


91,687 


7,567 


1825 


1,635,574 


11,472 


1,647,046 


2,487,122 


480 


638,210 


93,967 


6,807 


1826 


2,078,871 


31.931 


2,110,802 


2,204,412 


7,848 


618,559 


99,732 


8,120 


1827 


683,105 


7,470 


690,575 


895,207 




313,386 


26,796 


7,753 


1828 


26,149 


2,706 


28,855 


123,291 


2,655 


84,851 


7,974 


.... 


1829 


1,468 


5,058 


6,521 


240,224 


4,878 


79,490 


5,418 




1830 
Total, 


140 


1,761 


1,901 


168,579 


1,761 


66,736 


2,395 




$8,508,083 


93,835 


8,601,918 


11,934,716 


39,291 


4,076,162 


447,072 


38,901 


1831 


1,417,291 


23,962 


1,441,253 


1,303,801 


1,660 


429,446 


40,922 


17,903 


1832 


1,655,448 


88,828 


1,689,276 


1,422,237 


10,879 


411,824 


66,769 


19,357 


1833 


1,754,305 


59,760 


1 814,065 


1,358,239 


4,215 


380,491 


64,659 


21,775 


1834 


1,532,100 


64,489 


1,596,589 


1,163,509 


3,806 


432,384 


51,329 


18,288 


1835 


1,755,487 


82,840 


1,838,827 


1,151.347 


7,740 


403,972 


59,544 


15,134 


1836 


1,748,855 


97.681 


1,846,486 


1,285,287 


12,062 


200,226 


56,295 


16,276 


1837 


2,074,798 


43,866 


2,118,664 


1,451,802 


5,850 


661,045 


63,687 


16,088 


1838 


2,080,634 


120,218 


2,200,852 


1,635,848 


81,947 


1,256,795 


56,769 


11,245 


1839 


2,472,833 


90,642 


2,563,475 


941,699 


80,731 


273,295 


76,749 


11,258 


1840 
Total, 


2,907,584 


58,000 


2,965,584 


1,048,165 


5,350 


552,001 


78,224 


13,364 


$19,399,335 


675,186 


20,074,521 


12,760,934 


213,740 


5,001,479 


614,947 


160,688 


1841 


3,191,683 


40,311 


3,231,994 


855,122 


5,181 


271,306 


91,587 


18,632 


1842 


3,204,346 


28,367 


3,227,713 


826,481 


2,816 


394,390 


86,691 


16,670 


1843* 


2,332,309 


25,671 


2,357,980 


887,886 


1,780 


647,407 


75,962 


14,888 


1844 


4,114,218 


21,828 


4,186,046 


687,906 


1,412 


345,294 


123,501 


26,854 


1845 


4,087,500 


86,720 


4,124,220 


752,580 


22,845 


249,740 


129,504 


28,122 


1846 


4,915,083 


32,474 


4,947,557 


833,678 


4,000 


382,881 


124,135 


23,342 


1847 


3,973,252 


20,140 


3,993,392 


947,982 




474,167 


91,900 


21,172 


1848 


4,344,536 


40,&47 


4,384,883 


1,158,563 


78,633 


408,254 


114,848 


24,416 


1849 


3.935,834 


208,097 


4,188,981 


997,865 


212,884 


229,204 


101,704 


84,147 


1850 
Total, 


3,612,802 


178,644 


3,791,446 


1,126,968 


119,911 


289,182 


93,883 


39,071 


$37,711,563 


622,599 


38,334,162 


9,024,931 


448,962 


3,641,825 


1,033,715 


246,814 


1851 


3,943,560 


159.949 


4,103,509 


1,003,871 


594,803 


76,575 


88,534 


42,437 


1852 


3,512,183 


79,956 


3,592,089 


1,030,537 


62,502 


96,161 


99,470 


38,097 


1853 


4,056,527 


106,081 


4,162,608 


1,044,264 


2,300 


58.332 


101,808 


45,424 


1854 


4,756,393 


158,277 


4,909,675 


1,126,417 


252,156 


56,740 


97,389 


39,678 


1855 


4,788,151 


232,992 


5,021,143 


1,518.670 


166,300 


96,781 


92,030 


32,292 


1856 


4,433,008 


51,644 


4,484,652 


2,285,248 


34,000 


46,534 


81,139 


29,480 



9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL ISLANDS. 
Bermudas, or Somers's Islands, a cluster of 5maU islands in the Atlantic Ocean, 
about four hundred in number, but for the greater part so small and barren that they 
possess neither inhabitants nor name. The north part of these islands is situated in 
long. 62° 28' W., lat. 32° 34' N. Their discovery resulted from the shipwreck of 
Juan Bermudas, a Spaniard (whose name they now bear), when on a voyage from 
Old Spain to Cuba with a cargo of hogs, about the year 1522. The value of imports 
in 1849 amounted to £132,733 ; in 1850, to £130,501 ; of these the larger proportion 
was from the United States. The exports for 1849 amounted to £15,315; for 1850, 
to £19,960. The population in October, 1843, was 9,934; on the 1st January, 
1851, 11,092— consisting of 4,669 whites; males, 1,965, females, 2,704. The colored 
population amounted to 6,423 ; males, 2,832, females, 3,591. The increase of white 
population since 1843, has been at the rate of one eighth per annum ; the increase 
of the colored population at two eighths. The disproportion between males and fe- 
males among the whites, is attributed to the increasing emigration, of the young men. 



90 



Foreign Commercial Statistics, 



CANADA. 

This extensive tract of country, and most important colony of England, 
may be described as a great belt of territory stretching from the center 
of North America to the shores of Labrador, and from the waters which 
flow into the Northern Ocean to the parallel of Pennsylvania, in the 
United States. Its extent, from east to west, is computed at about 1,400 
miles, and from north to south at from 200 to 400 miles. Its precise 
geographical limits are between the parallels of 41° Vl' and 50° N. lati- 
tude, and between the meridian of 57° 50' and 117° W. longitude. Can- 
ada, lying diagonally along the frontier of the United States, from north- 
east to south-west, and possessing an inland navigation along its entire 
border, in a series of lakes and rivers unrivaled for extent and grandeur, 
has, especially of late years, been making such rapid progress, that it 
promises soon to become, in conjunction with its sister British provinces," 
a power of first-class importance, commercially and politically. The en- 
tire surface of the present territory of Canada, exclusive of its great 
waters, has been estimated at 196,000,000 acres, or between two and 
three times the size of Great Britain and Ireland. This country, formerly 
divided into two provinces known as Upper and Lower Canada, was, in 
1841, by an act of the Imperial Parliament, constituted one province, 
with one Legislature. Although now united, however, for legislative and 
other purposes, the country will most probably continue to be viewed 
and spoken of under its formerly recognized divisions of Upper and 
Lower Canada. 

Canada may be said to comprise one vast valley, through which the 
great river St. Lawrence takes its course, issuing from Lake Superior and 
flowing successively through lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, until it falls 
into the ocean, after a course of 2,000 miles. This immense valley is on 
each side encompassed by different mountain ranges, sometimes nearly 
approaching the water, and at other times receding into the interior, and 
thus forming extensive plains, for the most part alluvial, and suitable for 
nearly evesy description of produce. 



TOWNS. 




IMPORTS. 






1853. 


1854. 


1855. 


Quebec, 


£1,141,595 


£1,154,320 


£132,556 


Montreal, 


3,381,540 


3,816,082 


3,064,061 


Toronto, 


1,165,056 


1,362,106 

EXPORTS. 


1,401,454 


Quebec, 


£2,243,453 


£2,511,161 


£1,558,102 


Montreal, 


1,883,723 


512,514 


415,650 


Toronto, 


221,490 


213,040 

DUTIES COLLECTED. 


404,105 


Quebec, 


£128,454 


£119,139 


£14,301 


Montreal, 


449,102 


418,603 


310,219 


Toronto, 


156,033 


112,516 


152,586 



The Canadian pound is equal to four dollars United States currency ; 
the shillings being equal to twenty cents. Formerly, all the importa- 
tions into Canada were made via Quebec, but the opening of the Atlantic 
and St. Lawrence Railroad, between Portland and Montreal, has devel- 
oped a large and increasing import and export trade with Montreal direct. 



868 



Canada. 



91 



FOEEIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH CANADA,* 

From July 1, 1848, to July 1, 1856. 



Ykaes 

ENDING 

Sept, 
80. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion «fc Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


FOEEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 1 Import. 


Amek. 


EOK. 


1849 
1850 

Total, 

1851 
1852 
1853 
1854 
1855 
1856 


$2,320,327 
4,641,451 


$1,914,401 
1,289,370 


$4,234,728 
5,930,821 


$1,481,082 
4,285,470 


$181,500 $417,380 
.... 426,369 


890,204 
919,515 


563,910 
456,527 


6,961,778 

5,835,834 
4,004,963 
4,005,512 

10,510,373 
9,950,764 

15,194,788 


3,203,771 

2.093,306 
2,712,097 
3,823,587 
6,790,333 
8,769,580 
5,688,453 


10,165,549 

7,929,140 

6,717,064 

7,829,099 

17,300,706 

18,720,344 

20,883,241 


5,766,552 

4,956,471 
4,589,069 
5,278,116 
6,721,539 
12,182,314 
17,488,197 


181,500 

234,801 
166,850 
517,009 
444,477 


843,749 

1,368,727 

583,959 

984,219 

75,000 


1,809,719 

927,013 
765,945 

1.062,086 
'880,941 
890,017 

1,113,734 


1,020,437 

516,883 
589,:345 
784,029 
648,239 
903,502 
1,212,698 



* The commerce of Canada prior to 1849 will be found uuder the head of British American 
Colonies. 

PRINCIPAL POUTS. 

Quebec, the capital of Canada, on the north-west bank of the river St. Lawrence, 
about 340 miles from its mouth, in lat. 46° 48' 49" N., long. tl° 10' 45'' W. The 
navigation at Quebec closes about the end of November, and opens in April. The 
harbor or basin lies between the town and the island of Orleans. It is safe and com- 
modious. The water is about 150 feet deep, with a tide of from 1*7 to 18 feet. 
There is steam communication to Amherstburg, a remote settlement in Upper Can- 
ada, a distance of 1,200 miles. 

Montreal, Canada, is built at the south-east end of an island in the St. Lawrence 
(here about two miles wide), and 180 miles above Quebec, lat. 45° 30' N., and long. 
73° 35' W. It is the largest city and second commercial port of British America. 
Eailroads connect it with every large city of either Canada or the United States, and 
being situated at the head of ordinary navigation, and at the foot of the chain of ca- 
nals, which connect the lakes with the ocean, its commercial advantages are un- 
equaled. Its quays are unsurpassed by, those of any city in America. Among its 
manufactures are machinery, iron-ware, sphits, floor-cloth, carriages, etc. Montreal 
is also the chief depot of the Hudson's Bay Company. In every respect it is a great 
commercial city, with a large banking business, and with regard to its general con- 
veniences and public institutions, is a highly distinguished place. Its schools, col- 
leges, hbraries, and literary institutions are ample, and among its churches there are 
several of high architectural merit. The Roman Catholic cathedral will accommo- 
date 12,000 worshipers. Population 70,000. The tubular iron bridge now being 
built over the St. Lawrence will be two miles long, and when completed will be the 
greatest triumph of engineering in the world. 

Summary of the Regulations in force at the different Ports in Canada. — Merchandise 
shall not be unladen, except after due entry, at places designated for that pur- 
pose, under penalty of forfeiture. Merchandise shall not be brought or imported 
into the province, whether by sea, land, coastwise, or by inland navigation, whether 
dutiable or not, except into some port or place at which a custom-house is or may 
be established, under penalty of forfeiture of vessel and goods, if under the value of 
$1000; if above that sum, then the vessel and goods shall be retained as security 
for the payment of that amount. This applies, mutatis mutandis, to goods brought 
into the province, by land, in carriages or other vehicles. Other regulations have 
reference, principally, to frontier smugghng, and to the duties and powers of the 
officers charged with its prevention. They convey no general commercial informa- 
tion, and are. therefore, omitted. Most of the articles on which a discrimination in 
favor of importations from Great Britain exists, are embraced in the third article 
("schedule") of the Reciprocity Treaty. The foregoing regulations, etc., apply, with 
some slight modifications, to all the other colonial possessions of Great Britain iu 
North America. They will not, therefore, be again referred to. 



92 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 871 



BRITISH COLONIES. 

North America. — 1. Nova Scotia and Cape Breton ; 2. New Bruns- 
wick ; 3. Prince Edward's Island ; 4. Vancouver ; 5. Newfoundland. 
Aggregate population, 2,503,666 ; area, 455,493 square miles. 

Province of Nova Scotia, 43° 20' and 47° b' N. latitude, and 
59° 38' and 66° 20' W. longitude ; area, 18,746 square miles ; length, 
about 240 miles, and breadth, 50 to 104 miles. 

The Province of Nova Scotia comprises the peninsula of Nova Scotia, 
the island of Cape Breton, and Sable Island. Capital, Halifax. 

The number of vessels owned and registered in Nova Scotia on the 
31st December, 1850, was 2,791, and the aggregate measurement 
thereof 168,392 tons. The principal exports, the produce, growth, and 
manufacture of Nova Scotia consist of coals, fish, gypsum, hides, skins, 
wood and bark, free-stone, etc. The chief imports consist of pork and 
beef, books and stationery, bread and biscuit, corn, corn-meal, cordage, 
cotton manufactures, flour, hardware, tobacco, wheat and other grains, 
and cargoes of assorted merchandise. The quantity of fish and fish-oil 
exported from Halifax alone in 1851 were as follows : dried fish, 191,802 
quintals; mackerel, 96,650 barrels ; herrings, 43,559 barrels; alevidves, 
4,227 barrels; salmon, 340 tierces and 6,412 barrels; preserved fish, 
238 boxes; smoked herrings, 3,234 boxes; pickled cod, 78 barrels; 
and fish oil, 3,493 barrels, and 36,028 gallons. The entrances and 
values of imports into the same port in 1850 were — 1,194 vessels of 
176,406 tons, and imports, $4,080,400 ; viz., from Great Britain and 
colonies, $2,703,410, and from foreign countries, $1,376,990. The 
clearances and values of exports from Halifax in the same year were — 
1,062 vessels of 161,079 tons, and exports, $1,663,615 ; viz., to Great 
Britain and colonies, $1,006,655, and to foreign countries, $656,960. 

Cape Breton, an island of British America, to the north of Nova 
Scotia, from which it is separated by the Strait of Canso. It lies be- 
tween 45° 27' and 47° 5' N. latitude, and between 59° 40' and 61° 40' 
W. longitude. It has an area of about 2,500,000 acres, of which about 
one-third consists of swamps and barren wastes. It is deeply indented 
in all directions by arms of the sea, the largest of which, the great Bras 
d'Or, nearly divides the island in two, and being deep enough for the 
largest vessels, affords the greatest facilities for commerce. The coal 
mines are wrought in the neighborhood of Sydney, and in 1851 yielded 
53,000 chaldrons. In the same year, the consumption of limestone 
was 4,421 casks. Gypsum is exported, although in very small quan- 
tity, to the United States. The fisheries, which employ nearly 1,300 
men, consist chiefly of salmon, cod, mackerel, herrings, shad, and white 
fish, of which large quantities are cured and exported. 

Province of New Brunswick, 45° 5' and 48° 4' 30" N. latitude, 
and 63° 47' 30" and 67° 47' W. longitude; area, 27,704 square 
miles. Length, N. and S., about 200 miles, and breadth, E. and W., 
about 180 miles. This province is situated between Canada and Nova 
Scotia, and abuts on the north-eastern boundary of the United States. 
Capital, Fredericton. 

The following Table includes "Canada" to July 1, 1848. For com- 
merce of Canada from 1848 to 1856, see Canada. 



870 



British North American Colonies. 



93 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE 

BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES * 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeaks 

BNDINft 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPORTS. 

1 


IMPOE'i'8 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


I'OKEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. | Import. 


AilER. 


EOB. 


1821 


$2,021,449 


$2,812 


$2,024,261 


$491,628 




$89,417 


113,097 




1822 


1,881,273 


16,286 


1,897,559 


526,817 




158,225 


90,977 





1823 


1,818,113 


3,847 


1,821,460 


463,374 


.... 


219,749 


52,776 


12,023 


1824 


1,773,107 


2,617 


1,775,724 


705.981 





298,840 


53.951 


9,130 


1825 


2,538,224 


1,740 


2,589,964 


610,788 




218,896 


61,520 


10,139 


1826 


2,564,165 


24,884 


2,588,549 


650,315 


$462^250 


221,994 


76,191 


10,108 


1827 


2,797,014 


38,660 


2,830,674 


445,118 


1,021,291 


154507 


60,378 


11,145 


1828 


1,618,288 


56,886 


1,674,674 


447,669 


126,772 


179,944 


63,801 


10,653 


1829 


2,724,104 


40,805 


2,764,909 


577,542 


626,258 


241,237 


93,645 


10,569 


1830 
Total, 


8,650,031 


136,342 


3,786,873 


650,303 


128,321 


252,279 


117,171 


14,267 


$23,885,768 


318,879 


23,704,147 


5,569,485 


2,364,887 


2,085,088 


783,507 


88,039 


1831 


4,026,392 


35,446 


4,061,888 


864,909 


25,900 


277,197 


79,364 


94,776 


1832 


3,569,302 


45,083 


3,614,385 


1,229,526 


16,961 


542,745 


65,056 


146,292 


1833 


4,390,081 


81,003 


4,471,084 


1,793,898 


14,704 


817,830 


219,408 


245,779 


1834 


3,477,709 


57,567 


3,535,276 


1,548,733 


400,500 


652,253 


195,939 


323,120 


1835 


3,900,545 


147,843 


4,047,888 


1.435,168 


633,788 


197,400 


363,532 


415,406 


1836 


2,456,415 


194,851 


2,651,266 


2,427,571 


32,288 


546,474 


291,981 


428,191 


1837 


2,922,474 


296,512 


3,218,986 


2,359,263 


160,000 


448,602 


882,284 


440,002 


1838 


2,484,987 


288,504 


2,723,491 


1,555,570 


430,208 


450,712 


261,236 


888,156 


1839 


3,418,770 


144,684 


8,563,454 


2,155,146 


15,300 


431,782 


885,506 


373,772 


1840 
Total, 


5,889,215 


204,085 


6,098,250 


2,007,767 


11,500 


780,171 


357,078 


401,805 


$36,535,890 


1,445,028 


87,930,918 


17,377,046 


1,746,144 


5,145,216 


2,601,874 


3,252,299 


1841 


6,292,290 


364,273 


6,656.563 


1.968,187 


198,100 


475,891 


404,472 


447,986 


1842 


5,950,143 


240,166 


6,190,309 


1,762,001 


59,076 


768,069 


823,815 


417,409 


1843t 


2,617,005 


107,417 


2,724,422 


857,696 


86,834 


403,545 


202,607 


238,092 


1844 


5,361,186 


1,354,717 


6,715,903 


1,465.715 


711,244 


445,995 


696,865 


516,281 


1845 


4,844,966 


1,209,260 


6,054,226 


2,020,065 


489,095 


914,461 


677,935 


512,004 


1846 


6,042,666 


1,368,767 


7,406,433 


1,937,717 


251,900 


623,043 


863.563 


573,673 


1847 


5,819,667 


2,165,876 


7,935,543 


2,343,927 


480,275 


863,451 


657,595 


523,515 


1848 


6,399,959 


1,982,696 


8,332,655 


3,646,467 


555,900 


960,148 


859,791 


831,271 


1849 


8,611,783 


257,760 


3,869,54:3 


1,345,798 





47,580 


122,641 


409,877 


1850 
Total, 


3,116,840 


501,374 


3,618,214 


1,353,992 


38,044 


33,593 


75,293 


521,112 


$50,056,505 


9,547,306 


59,603,811 


18,706,565 


2,864,968 


5,540,726 


4,884,077 


4,990,620 


1851 


3,224,558 


861,280 


4,085,783 


1,736,651 


80 


44,677 


108,235 


592,507 


1852 


2,650,134 


1,141,822 


3,791,956 


1.520,380 


112,558 


56,895 


122,809 


544,518 


1853 


3,398,575 


1,912,963 


5,811,543 


2,272,602 


200,521 


83,940 


266,431 


583,465 


1854 


4,693,771 


2,572.883 


7,266,154 


2,206,021 


48,975 


68,148 


295,781 


537,309 


1855 


5,855,878 


3,229,798 


9,085,676 


2,954,420 


64,212 


18,418 


276,633 


498,822 


1856 


7,519,909 


626,199 


8,146,108 


3,822,224 


4,000 


33,807 


326,647 


471,871 



Including Canada to June 30, 1848. 



t 9 months to June 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Halifax, in Nova Scotia, on the south-east coast of the province, lat 44° 36^ K, 
long. 63° 28' W. It is situated on a peninsula, on the west side of Chebucto bay, 
and has one of the finest harbors in America. Ships usually anchor abreast of the 
town, where the harbor is more than a mile in width. After gradually narrowing to 
a quarter of a mile, it suddenly expands into a noble land-locked harbor called Bed- 
ford basin, with deep water throughout. The harbor is accessible at all times, and 
is rarely impeded by ice. 

Saint John, city and seaport of the province of New Brunswick, situated on a 
rocky peninsula, on the left bank of the river St. John, at its entrance into the bay 
of Fundy. Lat. of hghthouse on Partridge island, at the entrance of the harbor, 
45° 14' 6" N., long. 66° 3' 30'' W. The harbor of St. John is commodious, safe, 
and never obstructed by ice. On Partridge island is a battery and lighthouse ; and 
on a shoal, dry at low water, is a lighted beacon. The river St. John, at its enljanc© 
into the harbor, passes through a fissure in the solid rock. 



94 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 873 

SIERRA LEONE, 

A colonial settlement of West Africa, belonging to Great Britain, and 
consisting of a peninsula, 18 miles in length, by 12 miles in breadth, on 
the coast of Senegarabia. Latitude of Cape Sierra Leone 8° 30' N"., 
longitude 13° 18' W. It consists of a tract of territory along the Sierra 
Leone river, having an area of about 300 square miles. Population 
1850, 45,472. 

Principal exports, teak timber, cam- wood, palm oil, ginger, and small 
quantities of hides, ivory, rice, pepper, and copal. Imports nearly all 
from Great Britain. 

The trade between the United States and the whole of Africa is most 
insignificant in comparison with that between England and simply the 
western coast ; and it is a fact especially deserving of attention, with ref- 
erence to Liberia, that for some time past, while the importations from 
England are increasing, from the United States they are diminishing, par- 
ticularly cotton goods. It is estimated that there are not less than one 
hundred ships regularly trading between the British ports and the coast 
of Africa, while a regular line of steamers plies between England and 
Liberia and other settlements on the fcoast. In addition, it is now pro- 
posed to send a steamer up the Niger river each season for the encour- 
agement of emigrants, and the protection of traders ; to secure a free 
port at Fernando Po, by a commercial treaty with Spain, or in some 
other convenient locality, as an entrepot for British merchant ships ; to 
maintain the African squadron in its former state of efficiency, and to 
make Sierra Leone a free port. The following tables show the relative 
importance of British and American trade with Africa : 

THE TKADE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH AJFEICA DTJRIKG TITE SEVEN TKAE8 ENDING 





JUNE 3a, 1855 






1849, 
1850, 


Exports. 

$708,411 
759,266 


Imports. 

$495,742 
524,722 


Total. 
$1,204,153 
1,283,988 


1851, 


. 1,340,644 


1,163,176 


2,503,820 


1852, 


. 1,246,141 


1,057,657 


2,303,798 


1853, 

1854, 
1855, 


. 1,610,833 
. 1,804,972 
. 1,375,905 


1,202,986 
1,386,560 
1,337,527 


2.813,819 
3,191,532 
2,713.432 



The following returns to Parliament (as published by the London ship- 
ping and Mercantile Gazette), show the increase of exports by Great 
Britain to the West Coast of Africa, and of imports from the same coast : 





Exports. 


Imports. 


Total. 


1850, 


. £639,429 


£605.958 


£1,245,387 


1851, 


654,543 


794,810 


1,449,353 


1852, 


. 533,725 


707,024 


1,240,749 


1853, 


901,402 


749,373 


1,650,775 


1854, 


958,809 


905,634 


1,864,443 



This is independent of the British colonies of Sierra Leone, the trade 
of which amounted in 1854 to $1,421,865, and of the British possessions 
on the Gold Coast, and the river Gambia, amounting to $1,547,285 
more ; and of those at the Cape of Good Hope and in South Africa, 
swelling the amount $8,383,090 more ; making in all an aggregate of 
over $23,000,000 in 1854, for the western coast of Africa entire. 



872 



Other British Colonies. 



95 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
OTHER BRITISH COLONIES, 

From October 1, 1820, to October 1, 1830. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


DOSIESTIO. 


FOEEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 

Total, 


$12,113 
4,850 
26,232 
20,463 
23,612 
34,378 


$2,357 

"463 
2,311 

2,025 
500 


$14,470 

4,850 
26,695 
22,774 
25,637 
84,878 


$924 
106,593 
84,977 
36,101 
41,255 
23,807 
11,910 

l',263 




$93,751 
7.859 
5,529 
2,870 
3,820 


874 
1,805 
543 
444 
863 
526 
249 
175 

'179 


"76 


$121,643 


T,656 


129,304 


306,830 




113,329 


5,158 


70 



PRINCIPAL ISLANDS. 

Port Louis, or Northwest Port, the capital of the Mauritius, at the bottom of 
a triangular bay, the entrance to which is rather difficult, in lat. 20° 9' 56" S., long. 
57° 28' Al" E. Every vessel approaching the harbor must hoist her flag and fire 
two guns ; if in the night a light must be shown, when a pilot comes on board, and 
steers the ship to the entrance of the port. It is a very convenient port for careen- 
ing and repairing ; but provisions of all sorts are dear. In the hurricane months, 
the anchorage in Port Louis is not good ; and it can then only accommodate a very 
few vessels. The houses are low, and principally built of wood. The town and 
harbor are pretty strongly fortified. Almost all the foreign trade of the island is 
carried on here. 

Saint Helena, an island in the South Atlantic ocean, belonging to Great Britain, 
about 800 miles south-east of Ascension, and nearly 1,200 miles from the coast of 
Lower Guinea. Lat. of observatory 15° 55' S., long. 5° 41-' E. Area, 30,300 acres. 
Population in 1850, 7,000, of whom nearly a half were whites. It is of volcanic 
origin, and consists of rugged mountains, interspersed, with numerous ravines, in 
one of which, on its N. W. shore, is James Town, the residence of the principal 
authorities. Its center is a table laud, with an elevation of 1,500 feet, but from 
which several mountains rise to a greater elevation, Diana's Peak being 2,700 
feet. Chmate mild. Mean temperature of year, 61°. 3 ; wdnter, 58°.4; summer, 
63°.8. The island is watered by numerous brooks, and about l-5th part of its sur- 
face is fertile, yielding the products both of European and tropical countries. Goats 
are plentiful in the uplands ; but supplies of provisions are mostly procured from 
abroad, the island lying in the homeward track of ships returning from India. St. 
Helena is chiefly noted as the place of exile of Napoleon Bonaparte, whose residence, 
Longwood, was on the elevated plateau of the interior. 

Falkland Islands. — These consist of 202 islands, situated in the southern At- 
lantic, two of which only are large, comprising together about 13,000 square miles, 
and containing a population of 6,000 souls. They are in the possession of Great 
Britain, but are equally claimed by the Argentine repubhc. Except as commercial 
and military stations, they possess no importance. There is no tonnage duty levied 
on vessels entering the ports of these islands ; nor, indeed, any charges, except for 
storage, which is effected in bulk, and for which there is a charge of fi-om $5 to $10 
per day. 

The only imposts to which the commerce of the United States with the colonies 
of Great Britain is now subject, are the colonial duties imposed by the local legisla- 
tures of the respective colonies; and these apply, with some few exceptions, which 
are noticed in their proper place, equally to British importations and British bottoms. 
These duties are generally ver}'- moderate, designed solely to meet the necessary ex- 
penses of the colonies, and are at least one third less than the duties levied in the 
United States, on similar descriptions of merchandise, by the tariff act of 1846. 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 875 



FRANCE. 

France ecjoys, upon the whole, greater natural advantages than any- 
other country in Europe. Pier territory is above a half larger than that 
of Great Britain and Ireland, and both her soil and climate are better — 
the climate being less equable, indeed, but there being a greater amount 
of summer heat to bring the fruits of the earth to perfection. She has a 
greater proportion of arable land than any of her neighbors ; the natural 
means of communication tnroughout her pro^dnces are abundant and 
easy ; she is well provided with all tho useful metals except tin ; and is 
better supplied with coal than any other country of Europe but Britain. 
Even during the distractions of her great revolution, though her foreign 
trade was annihilated, her agriculture and manufactures were extended 
and improved, her population was increased, and its condition ameliorated. 
The surface of France contains about 128,000,000 of acres. It is esti- 
mated that of this quantity, the waste land, including roads and rivers, 
amounts to an eighth part ; the arable land to near a half ; the woodland 
and pasture-land and meadows, each to about a seventh ; the vineyards to 
a twenty-fifth part ; wild-land, quarries, buildings, orchards, gardens, olive 
and other plantations making up the remainder. In addition to the veg- 
etable productions that grow in England, the climate of France enables 
her to raise vines, olives, mulberries, and chestnuts. Wine and olive oil 
are two of her most valuable productions. The cotton trade has been 
for some time rapidly extending over the northern and eastern provinces ; 
and Lyons has been long famous as the center of the silk trade of Eu- 
rope, a branch of manufacture that has been brought to great perfection 
in that city. The manufactures of woolen cloth, flax, hemp, and iron, 
are also very extensive, and have been carefully fostered under the pro- 
tective system, which still prevails here, as elsewhere on the Continent, 
notwithstanding the example which has been set by Great Britain. » To- 
ward the end of the seventeenth century, the territory of France, then 
equal, or very nearly equal to its present extent, appears to have con- 
tained about 20,000,000 of inhabitants. In 1791, it was foand to be 
above 26,000,000, and in 1851 nearly 36,000,000. The government 
always maintains a large standing army, amounting on the peace estab- 
lishment to about 350,000 men, but actually, in December, 1854, to 
581,000. Her armed fleet on service is about equal in number of ships 
to that of Britain, with 62,000 men. 

Brolcers. — No one is allowed to act as a mercantile broker in France 
who is not 25 years of age, and who has not served four years in a com- 
mercial house, or with a broker, or a notary pubhc. They are nominated 
by the government, after their qualifications have been ascertained by the 
Chamber of Commerce. All brokers must deposit the sum of 8 000 
francs in the treasury as a guaranty for their conduct, for which they are 
allowed interest at the rate of 4 per cent. All foreigners are obliged to 
employ ship-brokers to transact their business at the custom-house ; and 
although masters and owners of French vessels might sometimes dispense 
with their services, they never do so, finding it to be, in all cases, most 
advantageous to use their intervention. All duties outward on vessels 
and cargoes are paid by the ship-brokers, who invariably clear out all 
vessels, French as well as foreign. 



874 



France on the Atlantic. 



97 



FOREIGN COMIVIERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
FRANCE ON THE ATLANTIC, 

From October ], 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Tears 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total, 


Export, 


Import. 


Amer, 


For, 


1821 


$5,098,843 


$349,010 


$5,447,853 


$4,493,917 


$12,000 


$617,264! 


793 


86,392 


1822 


4.561,299 


1,210,533 


5,771,832 


5,688,835 


519,892 


80,856' 


8,638 




1S23 


4,677,914 


2,527,666 


7,205,570 


5,165,273 


175,872 


86.9831 


44,401 


3,543 


1824 


7.585,815 


1,095,612 


8,681,427 


6,741,113 




77,233; 


53,613 


4,610 


1S25 


7,338,693 


2,625,968 


9,964,661 


10.151,671 


916.536 


7,531 


47,397 


9,787 


1826 


9,075,254 


1,316,178 


10,391,432 


7,637,368 


202,563 


158,681 


76,478 


11,270 


1827 


8,712,011 


2,555,869 


11,267.880 


7,683,858 


1,563,093 


104,168; 


85,651 


10.903 


1828 


7,091,699 


3,095,826 


10,187,525 


8,486,427 


2,396,699 


56,559 


65,085 


8,703 


1829 


8,008,923 


2,105,573 


10,114,496 


8,248,921 


1,620,820 


27,570 


78,862 


7,735 


1830 
Total, 


9,183,894 


661,925 


9,845,819 


6,831,015 


135,111 


47,812 


82,521 


6,014 


$71,334,345 


17,544,150 


88,878,495 


71,178,393 


7,542,580 


1,214,212 


588,446 


98,957 


1831 


4,963,557 


3,228,452 


8,192,009 


12,876,977 


2,960,669 


47.949 


48,022 


8,722 


1832 


9,028,485 


1,536,771 


10,565,256 


10,931,983 


450,779 


26;629 


79,380 


12,769 


1833 


9,769,685 


2,196,812 


11,966,497 


12,351,626 


66,006 


46,719 


77,127 


14,797 


1834 


11,683,356 


1,440,331 


13,123,687 


15,813,773 


70.274 


1,656,438 


79,820 


14,632 


1835 


16,013.185 


1,160,038 


17,173,223 


21,446,378 


556,622 


516,788 


91,102 


9.717 


1836 


17,656,692 


604,675 


18,261,367 


34,643,281 


111,092 


4,841,004 


96.526 


12,869 


1837 


16,154,567 


1,690,114 


17,844,681 


20,521,496 


1,020,609 


1,051.503 


91,687 


20,032 


1838 


13,089,649 


976,967 


14,066,616 


16.823,112 


467,445 


2,165,083 


108,056 


16,108 


1839 


14,919,848 


2,088,655 


17,008,503 


30,918,450 


2,017.798 


150,129 


88,519 


14,752 


1840 
Total, 


17,738,743 


2,698,025 


20,431,763 


16,693,289 


2,198,603 


946,991 


132,823 


25,409 


$131,012,767 


17,620,840 


148,633,607 


193,025,365 


9,919,897 


11,449,233 


893,012 


144,807 


1841 


16,897,907 


3.216,364 


20,114,271 


22,712,282 


4,087,199 


267,649 


121.584 


15,704 


1842 


15,:340,728 


1,076,684 


16.417,412 


16,015,380 


1,113,693 


232,447 


180.865 


16,042 


1843* 


10,384,578 


441,578 


10,826,156 


7,050,537 


135,008 


2,641,057 


110,171 


44,171 


1844 


11,861,419 


2,287,084 


14,148,503 


15,946,166 


2,029,195 


683,192 


109,327 


15,989 


1845 


11,350,432 


2,972,253 


14,322,685 


20,131,250 


3,179,273 


134,855 


121,815 


10,036 


1846 


12,702.972 


1,337,477 


14,040,449 


22,608,589 


1,180,836 


108,708 


119,729 


11,876 


1847 


17,420,385 


449,046 


17,869,431 


23,899,076 




1,353,472 


147,579 


18,496 


1843 


14.159.798 


4.278,159 


18,437,957 


27,059,744 


4,726,676 


277,222; 


116,062 


26.495 


1849 


li;646.612 


2,818,303 


14,464,915 


23,209,878 


2,983,124 


241,154 


114,035 


27,161 


1850 
Total, 


16,934,791 


1,724,915 


18,659,706 


25,335,170 


2,162,992 


72,251 1 


114,589 


17,616 


$138,699,622 


20,601,863 


159,301,435 


204,518,072 


21,508,001 


6,017,007. 


1,205,706 


203,086 ' 


1851 


24,567,067 


2.814,668 


27,381,735 


29,789,124 


7,471,241 


304,833 


147,093 


10,533 


1852 


20,793,878 


1,721.441 


22,515,319 


24,195,914 


5,474,496 


758,430 


187,965 


11,085 


1858 


24,263,292 


1,380,647 


25,643,939 


30,851,549 


4,281,868 


231.908 


184,947 


11,127 


1854 


29,749,466 


978,355 


30,727,821 


32,892,021 


6,948,02;3 


26,564 


212,324 


14,925 


1855 


28,296,294 


1,090,146 


29,386,440 


29,009,398 


3,762,400 


2,814 


239,943 


11,924 


1856 


38,732,033 


497,344 


39,229,877 


45,500,398. 


7,172,892 


188,183 


295,386 


19,533 



months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRIN-CIPAL PORTS. 

Brest, a seaport of France, lat. 48° 23' N., long. 4° 29' "W. It has one of the 
best harbors in France, and a safe road, capable of containing 500 men-of-war, in 
from 50 to 100 feet of water. The entrance to the harbor is narrow and difificulV. 
with covered rocks in the channels. 

Bordeaux, a city of France, lat. 44° 50' 20" N,, long. 0° 34' W., situated on the. 
Garonne, about 75 miles from its mouth. The Garonne is a noble river, with depth 
of water sufficient to enable large ships to come up to the city. Communication is 
had with the Mediterranean by means of the canal Languedoc. There are two .en- 
trances to the river, one giving 24 feet of water, and the other 13, The tides rise 
about ten feet, and pilots are necessary, 

Cherburg or CnERBOURa, a seaport of France, on the Channel, lat. 49° 38' 30'' 
K, long. 1° 37' 3'' "W. It is situated at the bottom of a large bay, between cape 
Barflem- and cape La Hogue. A basin has been made, 1,000 feet long, 770 wide, 
occupying 18 acres, depth 50 feet, capable of containing 50 sail of the.li?ie. 



98 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 



sn- 



FRANCE. 

COMMERCE OF FRANCE WITH HER COLONIES AND WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
DURING THE YEAR 1854.— VALUES REPRESENTED IN MILLIONS OF FRANCS. 





IMPORTS 




EXPORTS. 


COUNTRIES. / 








Official Value. Actual Value. Official Value. 


Actual Value. 


United States, . . . 192,8 


166,3 


182,1 


216,5 


Great Britain, 


133,5 


149,8 


286,5 


364,8 


Belgium, .... 


132,8 


167,8 


124,1 


143,6 


Sardinia, .... 


103,7 


102,3 


52,5 


62,3 


French Colonies, . 


83,6 


99,5 


73,4 


69,2 


Germany, 


56,7 


75,7 


48,1 


54,6 


British India, 


53,3 


48,3 


4,8 


5,4 


Spain and Colonies, 


66,8 


86,1 


81,5 


76,4 


Russia, 


45,6 


58,4 


1,0 


1,*? 


Turkey and Egypt, 


54,5 


60,3 


32,0 


34.1 


Switzerland, 


35,0 


40,4 


51,0 


57,8 


Algiers, 


33,0 


45,7 


117,9 


90,0 


Netherlands, 


27,2 


35,4 


14,4 


24,1 


Two Sicilies, 


18,1 


20,7 


15,0 


14,0 


Western Coast of Africa, 


15,5 


8,4 


1,4 


1,2 


Brazil, .... 


15,2 


17,7 


31,6 


31,5 


Norway, 


13,3 


19,1 


1,5 


],8 


Tuscany, 


11,9 


11.9 


13,2 


13,7 


Rio de la Plata, . 


6,8 


6.8 


15,4 


18,1 


Hayti, .... 


6.6 


8,6 


5,4 


4,3 


Barbary States, . 


6,6 


7,8 


3,1 


2,6 


Austria, 


4,7 


6,2 


4,9 


3,7 


Hanse Towns, 


4,6 


6,1 


7,9 


16,6 


Mexico, 


4,6 


2,8 


17,9 


18,2 


Sweden, 


4,4 


6,7 


1,1 


2,2 


Uraguay, . 


3,8 


4.0 


7,2 


9,2 


Venezuela, . 


3,8 


4,6 


4,9 


5,0 


Peru, .... 


3,3 


6,5 


14,9 


16,2 


Chili 


3,1 


4,2 


17,3 


19,1 


Portugal, 


2,8 


3,5 


6,3 


6,8 


Other Countries of Africa, 


2,3 


l,*? 


1,2 


3,6 


China and Oceanica, 


1,9 


1,5 


2,6 


3,7 


New Grenada, 


1,7 


1,0 


2,5 


2,7 


Greece, 


1,3 


1,6 


2,9 


2,7 


Denmark and Colonies, 


1.3 


1,5 ^ 


7,2 


9,0 


Roma.n States, 


1,1 


1,8 


5,3 


5,1 


Guatemala, . 


0,3 


0,4 


0.7 


0,9 


Miscellaneous, 


0,2 


0,2 






Equador, Bolivia, 


0,1 


0,1 


0,5 


0,6 


Mecklenburg, 


0.1 


0,1 






Hanover, 


0,1 


0,1 


0,2 


0,7 


Total, Francs, . . 1,158,0 


1,291,6 


1,261,4 


1,413,7 


FOREIGN COMMERCE OF FRANCE WITH HER COLONIES AND THE FISHING BANKS. 


ENTERED. 








FEENCH. FOREIGN. 


" 


DOTAL. 


Vessels. Tonnage. Vessels. 


Tonnage. 


Vessels. 


Tonnage. 


1853, . . 9,210 1,065,688 11,569 


1,685,011 


20,779 


2,750,699 


1854, . . 9,307 1,131,702 10,982 


1,606,837 


20.289 


2,738,539 


1855, . . 9,574 1,247,452 13,442 


2,057,313 


23,016 


3,304,765 


CLEARED 








1853, . . 6,625 796,350 8,856 


1,058,315 


15,481 


1,854,665 


1854, . . 5,726 796,713 7,919 


1,059,592 


13,645 


1,856,305 


1866, . . 6,756 934 


,598 8,054 


1,100,057 


13,810 


2,034^655 



876 



France on the Mediterranean. 



99 



FOREIGN" COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH FRANCE ON THE MEDITERRANEAN, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



! Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPOETS 


"Wliereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


FOEEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For, 


1821 


$69,855 


$10,851 


$80,706 


$496,023 




$247,384 


316 


593 


1S22 


183,191 


70,337 


253,528 


4-00.998 




14,546 


833 


858 


1823 


323,861 


1,171,898 


1,495,759 


50i;457 


$933 


102,246 


10,267 


331 


1824 


265,815 


760,431 


1,016.246 


450.454 


6,760 


47,875 


8,457 




1825 


187,242 


726,499 


913,741 


812,511 


20,000 


17,065 


9,488 




1828 


273,675 


483,677 


757,852 


892,152 


1,600 


85,088 


10,960 




1827 


475,547 


781,076 


1,256,623 


843,374 


1,600 


60,179 


12,064 


"389 


1828 


606,638 


279.407 


886,045 


904,427 


5,852 


2,484 


10,498 




1829 


886,122 


743,777 


1,634,899 


590,057 


8,380 


1,482 


18,843 




1830 
Total, 


717,252 


430,888 


1,148,140 


891,183 


6,000 


14,517 


18,967 


1,674 


$3,989,198 


5,453,841 


9,443,039 


6,782,636 


46,125 


642,866 


100,693 


3,245 


1831 


671,867 


300,926 


972,793 


1,188,766 


14,611 


6,155 


15,459 


1,477 


1832 


914,091 


1,140,376 


2,054,467 


1,24:3,775 


12,000 


14,838 


16,486 


3,6.38 


1833 


1,036,898 


768,826 


1,805.724 


1,080,052 


300 


13,414 


14,976 


3,922 


1884 


1,032,393 


1,852,889 


2,385,287 


1,327,400 




4,.534 


17,846 


3,775 


1835 


2,023,829 


554,192 


2,578,021 


1,468,998 


74,666 


2,258 


15,200 


2,311 


1886 


1,951,742 


725,991 


2,677,733 


1,967,136 


1,541 




15,614 


4,675 


1837 


1,196,347 


649,550 


1,845,897 


1,562,118 


28,938 


1^554 


10,526 


6,116 


1838 


1,433,765 


233,135 


1,716,900 


948,685 


9,320 


75,229 


17,346 


2,891 


1839 


1,046,260 


176,186 


1,222,446 


1,612,871 




6,506 


9,256 


3,661 


1840 
Total, 


1,178,833 


224,202 


1,403,035 


879,587 


.... 


173,258 


10,305 


.... 


§12,486,030 


6,176,273 


18,662,303 


13,279.388 


140,710 


297,245 


143,012 


31,456 


1841 


1,512,460 


140,024 


1,652.484 


1,221,5-30 


1,500 


18,144 


15,827 


2,375 


1S42 


1,674,570 


73,868 


1,748,438 


958,678 





3,021 


21,944 


2,147 


1843* 


1,186,294 


83,701 


1,269,995 


609,149 


. . . 


13,4.33 


18,167 


418 


1S44 


1,204,793 


85,104 


1,289,897 


1,603,318 


7,478 


11,641 


17,868 


656 


3S45 


979,739 


197,930 


1,177,719 


1,414,175 


1,176 


2,400 


19,217 


660 


1846 


898,678 


191.448 


1,090,126 


1,302,74:3 


14,600 


2,638 


14,950 


740 


1847 


1,172,146 


56,041 


1,223,187 


1,001,765 






13,078 


4,611 


1848 


1,215,087 


166,266 


1,331,853 


1,086,317 


75,202 


8,532 


16,484 


928 


1849 


877,147 


168,521 


1.045,608 


1,153,905 






13,853 


8,227 


1850 
Total, 


1,015,486 


158,155 


1,173,641 


1,702,855 


.... 


2,688 


14,158 


8,676 


$11,736,400 


1,321408 


13,057.508 


12,004,-435 


99,956 


52,497 


165,546 


24,438 


1851 


735,018 


135,393 


870,411 


1,926,429 


8,921 


.... 


16,614 


10,627 


1852 


1,396,192 


79,134 


1,475,826 


1,694,852 






26,798 


6,517 


1853 


852,514 


70,331 


922,845 


2,604,393 


1,074 




16,234 


6,761 


- 1854 


1,218,786 


201,374 


1,420,160 


2,889,372 






17,728 


8,166 


1855 


3,327,604 


164,084 


3,491,688 


2,599,733 







26,880 


4,139 


1856 


3,096,432 


185,164 


3,281,596 


3,515,664 





.... 1 


83.152 


3,469 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Marseilles, a seaport of France, on the Mediterranean, in lat. 43° 11' W' K, 
long., 5° 22' 20'' E. The harbor is in the center of the city, forming a basin 3150 
feet in length, by 900 in breadth. The tide is hardly sensible, but the depth of 
■vrater at the entrance of the harbor, varies from 16 to 18 feet, being lowest when the 
wind is N.W., and highest when S.W. "Within the basin the water varies from 12 
to 24 feet, being deeper on the south side. Though not accessible to the largest 
ships, the harbor is one of the best and safest ports in the world for moderate-sized 
merchantmen. Ships lie close to the quays, and can be loaded and unloaded with 
great facility. 

Toulon, Tdo Martim, a commercial and important mihtary and naval port of 
France, in the department of Yar, on a fine bay of the Mediterranean, 40 miles S.W. 
of Draguignan. Lat. of observatory 43'= V 5" N., long. 5° 56' E. Population, 
39,243. Mean temperature of the year 62°.2; winter 48°.5, summer 15o.2 Fahr. 
Around the harbor are immense magazines, arsenals, ship-building docks, etc. 



100 Foreign Commercial Statistics, 879 

FRENCH COLONIES IN THE WEST INDIES. 

The French West Indies are comprised in the governments of Gua- 
daloupe and Martinique. The government of Guadaloupe comprises the 
island so called, the islands of Marie-Gal ante, Desirade, and Les Saintes, 
and about two thirds of the island of St. Martin. 

Guadaloupe is composed of two divisions or islands, separated by Salt 
river, and contains 339,160 acres. The larger portion is of volcanic 
formation, and mountainous, its culminatory point being La Souffriere, 
an active volcano 5,108 feet high, with other extinct volcanoes of in- 
ferior elevation. The lesser or eastern portion, on the contrary, is com- 
posed of madripores and marine detritus, and nowhere rises higher 
than 115 feet above the sea. Population, 120,000. Marie- Galante lies 
south of the above, and contains 37,900 acres. The land is elevated, 
with verdant plateaux. Population, 17,000, Les Saintes^ 9 miles S.E. 
of Guadaloupe, consists of lofty and steep peaks, some of which are 
united by flat ground or ridges of inferior elevation, while others are 
separated by the sea. Area, 3,102 acres. Population, 1,200. Desirade^ 
or Deseada, a small island two leagues east of Guadaloupe, rises with a 
steep ascent, and then spreads into a table-land of limestone rocks, in 
which caverns occur. It is without water. Area, 10,695 acres. Pop- 
ulation, 1,800. The French portion of St. Martin contains 13,266 acres. 
Population, about 4,200 (of whole island, a little more than 7,000). 
Total area of the territory of the government, 404,123 acres, or 631 
square miles. Population, 144,200, of which number about four fifths 
are colored or mixed races. In 1836 the population was 127,574, and 
in 1841, 131,162. The government of Martinique embraces the island 
so called, and is divided into two arrondissements, 14 cantons, and 26 
communes. It contains about 244,348 acres, or 382 square miles. One 
third only of the island is level. Population about 128,000, of which, 
perhaps, 10,000 are whites. Capital — Fort Royal, a fortified seaport 
town of the island of Martinique, on its west coast, at the north side of 
Fort Royal bay. Lat. 14° 35' 9" N., long. 61° 4' 2" W. Population, 
about 12,000. It is well built, and is the seat of the chief judicial court 
for the colony. These islands are in a very prosperous condition, produc- 
ing large crops of sugar and other West India staples. 

Trade between United States and French Colonies. — French vessels 
enjoy an equality as to import duties and charges in the direct trade, 
the origin of cargoes being attested by consular certificate, but they are 
subject to a tonnage duty of ninety-four cents per ton. 

French vessels, laden with the produce of Martinique and Guadaloupe, 
are admitted on equal terms with American vessels, as to duty and 
tonnage, when direct from these islands, in ballast, or with articles the 
growth or manufacture of either of said islands, so long as the French 
ordinance of February 5, 1826, shall continue in force. 

French vessels from Cayenne, in French Guiana, are admitted with the 
same privileges granted above, under the act of May 9, 1828, to vessels 
from Martinique and Guadaloupe. 

French vessels from St. Pierre and Miquelon, admitted on the same 
footing as vessels from Martinique and Guadaloupe. 



878 



French West Indies. 



101 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
THE FRENCH WEST INDIES, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

E>rDING 


EXPOETS 




IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. ; 


Sept, 
30. 














1 


Domestic. 


FOEEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import, 


Amee. 


Fob. 


1821 


$846,597 


$49,838 


$896,435 


$900,619 


. 


$36,363 


43M6 


■ i 


1822 


918,699 


42,303 


961,002 


969,509 


$4,800 


26.648 


46,229 




1823 


804,218 


63,377 


867,596 


938,613 


1,576 


95,127 


30,112 


2,326 


1824 


770,515 


41,217 


811,732 


884,084 


.... 


174,508 


36,882 




1825 


937,368 


74,588 


1,011,956 


848,968 


8,000 


160,388 


43,689 


5,087 


1826 


904,115 


52,059 


956.174 


973,270 


2,361 


165,555 


48,947 


4,148 


1827 


979,697 


61,156 


1,040,853 


921,330 


4,110 


223,468 


50,081 


4,536 


1828 


1,009,437 


15,334 


1,024,771 


896,651 


600 


205,963 


54,643 


4,187 


1829 


1,056,639 


15,768 


1,072,407 


777,992 


3,406 


286,237 


65,019 


4,317 


1830 
Total, 


792,241 


13,528 


805,769 


518,687 




267,674 


47,129 


4,325 


$9,019,526 


429,168 


9,448,694 


8,629,723 


24,852 


1,641,731 


459,947 


28,876 


1831 


704,833 


13,044 


717,877 


671,842 


3,842 


181,124 


35,334 


2,254 


1832 


605,793 


19,182 


624,975 


578,857 


1,123 


162,116 


26,677 


4,448 


1833 


613,719 


24,346 


638,065 


511.242 


4,529 


98,664 


27,367 


6,716 


1834 


661,179 


19.084 


580,263 


416,072 


800 


70,956 


26,909 


5,314 


1835 


549,453 


34,369 


583,822 


447,208 


16,822 


163,063 


22,024 


2,683 


1836 


471,927 


30,173 


502,100 


417,335 


13,868 


92,627 


18,455 


2,057 


1837 


505,063 


59,705 


664,768 


414,203 


9,995 


122,170 


21,614 


2,276 


1838 


430,008 


38,889 


468,897 


310,050 


14,200 


79,604 


23,168 


1,871 


1839 


585,916 


105,906 


691,821 


702,798 


53,966 


48,269 


84,869 


1,228 


1840 
Total, 


483,595 


30,656 


614,251 


335,251 


1,494 


161,423 


25,612 


1,266 


$6,511,486 


376,363 


5,886,839 


4,804,858 


120,689 


1,160,016 


261,419 


80,102 


1841 


381,556 


40,966 


422,522 


198,216 


.... 


99,808 


22,164 


467 


1842 


495,397 


23,609 


619,006 


199,160 




116,261 


99,790 


1,180 


1843* 


281,828 


13,108 


294,936 


185,921 


4,056 


92,666 


24,006 


103 


1844 


681,568 


36,978 


617,546 


374,695 


6,445 


256,165 


37,375 


2,253 


1845 


642,455 


21,648 


564,103 


415,082 


4,990 


191,394 


33,150 


1,294 


1846 


618.112 


17,609 


635,621 


848,286 




215,431 


31,698 


1,761 


1847 


669,126 


34,038 


603,164 


151,366 




114,513 


22,715 


2.527 


1848 


469,353 


20,571 


489,924 


127,039 


.... 


106,699 


21,148 


2,170 


1849 


180,731 


14,267 


194,998 


71,469 




39,750 


7,485 


2,786 


1860 
Total, 


269,377 


18,291 


287,668 


76,684 




59,686 


11,227 


211 


$4,389,503 


239,985 


4,629,488 


2,096,818 


15,491 


1,292,323 


240,748 


14,752 


1861 


289,579 


20,702 


310,281 


22,909 


.... 


18,694 


10,888 


871 


1862 


429.846 


25,598 


455,444 


46,287 




42,702 


16,966 


2,119 


1S53 


362,513 


36,738 


398,261 


52.340 


i',666 


23.161 


13,262 


4,741 


1854 


661,525 


60.502 


612,027 


161,085 


7,475 


37,518 


13,576 


6,097 


1855 


896,837 


12,864 


409,701 


44,434 





42,537 


17,287 


1,672 


1856 


472,119 


3,025 


475,144 


56,138 


100 


61,736 


17,415 


1,842 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



COLONIES. 
GENERAL TRADE OF FRANCE WITH ITS COLONIES, IN 1853. 



Colonies. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Martinique, .... 


£652,441 


£765,577 


Guadaloupe, .... 


423,655 


570,434 


Bourbon, .... 


851,647 


684,946 


Senegal, .... 


267,206 


392,369 


Cayenne, .... 


56,833 


184,044 


India, 


669,723 


21,384 


Algiers, 


1,132,304 


3,395,966 


St. Pierre and Miquelon, etc, . 


617,631 


278,637 


Isles Mayotte and Madagascar, 


8,627 


36,584 



The trade to Bourbon island, Gruyana, Martinique, and Guadaloupe, out and home, 
employed in 1848, 492 ships; in 1849, 541; 1850, 486; 1851, 602; 1852, 677; 
1853, 583. The mean of the six years, 564 vessels. 



102 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 881 

FRENCH GUIANA. 

French Guiana is the smallest and most eastern of the three colonies> 
known as English Guiana, Dutch Guiana, and French Guiana. It lies be- 
tween 2° and 6° N. latitude, and 51° 30' and 54° 30' W. longitude, being 
bounded on the N. and N. E. by the Atlantic, E. and S. by Brazil, and W. 
by Dutch Guiana. It is about 250 miles in length, from N. to S., and 
varies in breadth from 100 to 150 miles. Area, 27,560 square miles. 
It has a coast line of 200 miles, extending from the Maroni to the 
Oyapoc. The low alluvial tract along the coast is of great fertility. 
The mountain chains run E. and W., and are almost wholly of granite, 
but do not attain a great elevation. The country is abundantly watered, 
and the coast-lands appear to be less unhealthy than in British Guiana. 
The vegetation of Guiana is very luxuriant, and the interior is thickly 
wooded with trees valuable for their timber, fruits, and dyewoods. 
Medicinal plants, including quassia, gentian, the castor-oil plant, and 
arnotto, used in coloring cheese, are all abundant. 

The Island of Cayenne, at the mouth of the Oyak, is about 30 miles in 
circumference, and is separated from the continent by a narrow channel. 
The roadstead at the mouth of the Oyak, though small, is the best on 
the coast, having everywhere from 12 to 13 feet of water. The capital, 
Cayenne, is situated on the northern side of this island, and contains 
5,220 inhabitants. The new town is well built, and has good streets ; 
the government house is in the old town. The harbor is protected by a 
fort and several batteries. The Colony is divided into two districts, 
Cayenne and Sinnamary, and fourteen communes. The government is 
vested in a governor, a privy council, and a colonial council, composed 
of sixteen members, elected by the colonists. The cultivated lands are 
estimated to be about one eightieth of the whole territory. Besides the 
staples of British and Dutch Guiana, its productions comprise pepper (in- 
cluding Cayenne, which is so called from the island of that name), cloves, 
cinnamon, and nutmegs. Trade is chiefly with France and its colonies. In 
1854, the official value of the imports into France from French Guiana, 
was £20,000; exports, £192,000. The French first settled in Cayenne 
in 1604; the British and Portuguese captured the colony in 1809, but 
restored it to the French in 1814, in whose possession it still remains. 
It has recently been made a place of banishment for French political 
ofienderg ; and, in 1852,2,500 of these were sent out. Population 
about 22,000, of whom about 15,000 are emancipated slaves. 

Cayenne, sea-port, town, and capital of French Guiana, on the N.W. 
extremity of the island of that name, in latitude 4° 56' N., longitude 
52° 15' W. It contains about 500 houses, mostly of vrood, and is 
divided into the old and new towns, the latter clean and well built. It 
is the seat of a court of assize, and has a handsome church, Jesuit col- 
lege, government house, and several large warehouses. The harbor is 
shallow, has two quays, and is protected by a fort and several batteries. 
Population about 6,000. 

French vessels from Cayenne in French Guiana are admitted into the 
ports of the United States on equal terms, as to duty and tonnage, with 
vessels belonging to the United States when direct from Guiana, either 
in ballast or with articles the growth or manufacture of that country. 



880 



French Guiana. 



103 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
FRENCH GUIANA, 

From October 1, 1832, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOKTS 


1 Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1833 


$4,693 




$4,693 












1834 


2,488 




2,488 











.... 


1835 








.... 










1836 


3,483 




3,483 








3,121 




ia3T 














2,500 




1838 








$5,302 





$938 


1,906 




1839 


1,643 




1,643 








2,305 


.... 


1840 
Total, 




$100 


100 








1,925 




$12,307 


100 


12,407 


1 5,302 




938 


11,757 


.... 


1841 


45,958 


340 


46,298 


55,416 




23,692 


1,657 




1842 


44,063 


1,030 


45,093 


50,172 




13,797 


1,512 


259 


1843* 


45,374 




45,374 


44.411 




8,700 


737 




1844 


56,006 


1,033 


57,039 


28,233 




2,167 


2,322 


.... 


1845 


57,052 


444 


57,496 


59,306 




5,600 


1,547 


.... 


1846 


89,270 


2,131 


41,401 


71,296 




8,000 


1,390 




1847 


58,287 


1,990 


60,277 


47,775 




7,400 


1,808 





1848 


48,737 


1,684 


50,421 


63,988 




29,741 


1,717 




1849 


46,161 




46,161 


23,417 




3,720 


1,461 


39 


1850 
Total, 


43,405 


1,882 


44,787 


12,551 






1,334 


98 . 


$484,313 


10,034 


494,347 


452,565 




102,817 


15,485 


396 


1851 


45,693 


651 


46,844 






11,000 






1852 


64,747 


1,278 


66,025 


32,422 




7,435 


1,783 




1853 


64,335 


1,104 


65,439 


17,717 




7,100 


1,275 




1854 


100,148 


685 


100,833 


29,618 






2,234 




1855 


78,652 


1,966 


80,618 


8,546 




2,500 


2,715 




1856 


148,093 




148,093 


27,147 




16,191 


2,101 





* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



COLONIES. 
Guiana, Guyana, or Guayana, a wide region of South America, comprisino: all 
of that continent between the Amazon and Orinoco rivers, extending from lat. 3° 30' 
S. to 8° 40' N., and long. 50° to 68° W., and subdivided into Brazilian (formerly 
Portuguese), British, Dutch, French, and Venezuelan (formerly Spanish) Guiana ; it 
was discovered near the end of the 15th century. The Dutch formed the first set- 
tlement in 1590, near Deraerara river; the Enghsh in 1590, near Berbiee and Suri- 
nam. In 1667 the EngHsh settlements were given up to the Dutch, but again 
re-occupied by the English; and in 1814 the settlements between the Corentyn and 
Marony rivers were restored to the Dutch. Brazilian Guiana comprises the north 
part of the Brazilian dominion, between lat. 3° 30^ S. and 4° 20' N., and long. 
50° and 68° W., bounded. N. by the Sierras Juraguaca, Pacaraima, and Acarai, 
which separate it from the other divisions of Guiana, "W. and S. by the Eio Negro 
and Amazon rivers, and having E. the Atlantic. Area roughly estimated at 433,000 
square miles. It is traversed by the Rio Branco, and numerous other rivers, and is 
mostly covered by a dense vegetation. It is peopled chiefly by roving Indian tribes, 
and divided between the provinces Para and Rio Negro, which last territory, how- 
ever, can scarcely be considered as actually under Brazilian rule. The vegetation 
is perhaps the most luxuriant of any on the surface of the globe. Principal products 
are at present sugar, along the coast, and which has progressively superseded there 
the culture of cotton and coffee, though the latter is stiU extensively grown on the 
uplands; rice, maize, wheat, cacao, vanilla, tobacco, and cinnamon, are also raised- 
Surface near the ocean a rich alluvial flat, and extending in mud banks into the sea-. 
This plain extends inland from 10 to 40 miles; it then ascends by successive ter- 
races to the Sierras Pacaraima and Acarai, on the south-western and southern 
frontiers; near the western boundary, Mount Roraima rises to an elevation of 7,500 
feet. Principal rivers, the Essoquibo, Demerara, Berbiee, and Corentyn. 



104 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 



883 



DENMARK. 

MERCHANT VESSELS, JANUARY, 1856. 



Tonnage. 



Country. 
Kingdom of Denmark, 
Duchy of Schleswig, 
'' Holstein, 

Total, 




Yessels. 
55,634 
27,144 
20,393 

103,in 




NAVIGATION OF THE SOUND, 1855. 
Country. Vessels. Country. 

Prussia^ . . . . .2,864 (Hanseatic), Bremen, 
Norway, ..... 2,840 " Hamburg, 

Sweden, 2,463 " Lubec, 

England, . . . . 2,424 Italy, 

Denmark, . . . .1,621 America, North, 

Holland, 1,593 Portugal, 

Mecklenburg, . . . . 73*7 Belgium, 
Hanover, . . . . 695 Russia, . 

Oldenburg, . . . . 150 South America, 

France, 125 

Total, 
Product, in bulk, of the dues of the Sound, for 1855-6, in thalers, 

" " Great and Little Belt, 
Additional rights, 



Total receipts. 
Expenditures, 



Horse 
Power, 

1,678 

322 

59 

2,059 

Vessels. 
29 
42 
70 
53 
45 
16 
11 
7 



. 15,787 

2,072,000 

26,600 

328,122 

2,426,722 
316,425 



Excess, 2,110,297 

COMMERCE OF DENMARK AND THE DUCHIES OF SCHLESWIG AND HOLSTEIN 
FOR THE YEARS 1853 AND 1854. 

1853. 1854. 



Country. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Hamburg, 


15,935,373 


9,019,752 


18,859,656 


9,643,775 


Great Britain, . 


. 7,554,040 


10,662,224 


10,882,363 


12,194,060 


Altona, , 


4,141,248 


3,321,698 


4,481,490 


5,268,919 


Norway, 


2,179,625 


3,053,727 


2,246,696 


2,553,518 


Sweden, 


2,918,584 


1,321,128 


3,657,548 


1,773,647 


Russia, . 


3,565,109 


312,750 


354,618 


49,610 


U. States, W. Indies 










and South Sea, 


3,457,453 


350,245 


2,997,833 


142,175 


Lubec, . 


. 2,169,565 


1,015,844 


2,651,947 


1,170,229 


Danish Colonies, 


1,914,682 


386,006 


2,360,736 


349,500 


Prussia, . 


1,203,308 


912,129 


2,001,549 


950,001 


Holland, 


713,090 


1,199,444 


844,830 


2,273,103 


Iceland, . 


805,056 


507,783 


840,783 


558,107 


Bremen, 


1,012,164 


46,926 


1,232,625 


74,364 


France, . 


563,407 


325,905 


619,713 


178,969 


Belgium, 


252,869 


498,449 


222,805 


372,692 


Mecklenburg, . 


377,671 


278,299 


678,374 


269,644 


Hanover, 


165,277 


325,012 


261,092 


315,580 


Mediterranean, 


444,781 


14,451 


148,365 


33,086 


East Indies, China, 










and Guinea, 


289,020 


122,013 


273,877 


73,440 


Greenland, 


275,362 


106,845 


43,138 


75,748 


Faroe Isles. . 


145,163 


63,306 


105,293 


69,411 


All others, . 


267,865 
50,350,712 


424,864 


1,096,380 


698,530 


Total (thalers), 


34,268,800 


56,861,711 


39,088,108 



882 



Denmark. 



105 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH DENMARK, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeaes 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPOETS 


"Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$165,568 


$360,535 


$526,103 


$16,158 






4,142 


.... i 


1822 


32,023 


160,757 


192,780 


21,232 






1,243 


.... 


1823 


39,783 


53,134 


92,917 


24,023 






908 


257 


1824 


35,487 


299,822 


335,809 








2,416 


82 


1825 


214,517 


637,146 


851,663 


46,827 






5,698 


200 


1826 


100,582 


245,288 


845,870 


49,264 




$342 


2,681 




1827 


148,958 


253,983 


402.941 


40 822 






2,928 




1828 


150,979 


886,689 


537,668 


117,946 


$500 


.... 


4,289 


'262 


1829 


73,597 


13,166 


86,763 


82,911 






1,043 


1,070 


1830 
Total, 


76,292 


29,048 


105,340 


5,384 






1,928 




$1,037,786 


2,439,568 


8,477,354 


854,570 


500 


342 


27,276 


1,811 


1831 


178,a33 


176,883 


855,216 


575 


10,500 




8,060 




1832 


181,605 


350,115 


531,720 


68,342 


18,600 




4,268 


"723 


1833 


180,511 


112,453 


292,964 


28,172 


7,000 




2'^2I 


791 


1834 


99,643 


318,461 


418,104 


62,542 


5,842 




2,528 


2,280 


1835 


212,461 


110,839 


323,300 


121,000 


4,900 




2,831 


1,282 


1836 


314,268 


271,717 


585,985 


48,971 






8,718 


1,190 


1837 


172,260 


109,421 


281,681 


102,819 






1,092 


4,797 


1838 


98,081 


24,750 


122,831 


27,118 






880 


1,072 


1839 


50,634 


38,177 


88,811 


80,997 






703 


961 


1840 
Total, 


76,183 


17,868 


94,051 


7,501 






824 


1,852 


$1,563,979 


1,530,684 


3,094,663 


543,037 


46,842 




21,811 


14,448 


1841 


110,424 


24,364 


134,788 


8,791 






889 


1,955 


1842 


70,766 


27,819 


98,585 








795 


917 


1843* 


74,657 


6,510 


81,167 








465 


1,714 


1844 


100,859 


11,975 


112,834 


6,063 






481 


2,567 


1845 


124,666 


20,501 


145,167 


22,429 






1,040 


2,116 


1846 


97,746 


23,496 


121,242 


1,313 






666 


1,393 


1847 


198,952 


4,943 


203,895 


475 






216 


2,274 


1848 


16^i,661 


17,252 


181,913 


19,617 






763 


2,675 


1849 


55,138 




55,138 


19,204 








1,681 


1850 
Total, 


165,874 


20,706 


186,580 


527 






'562 


8,232 


$1,163,743 


157,566 


1,321,809 


78,419 






5,817 


20,524 


1851 


92,257 


19,540 


111,797 


88,887 






199 


2,086 


1852 


93,009 


22,643 


115,652 


16,611 






374 


8,916 


1853 


82,903 





82,908 









832 


2,174 


1854 


87,870 


23.547 


111,417 


8,097 






714 


1,894 


1855 


70,996 


8,675 


79,671 


1,701 






1,216 


1,027 


1856 


195,960 


31,755 


227,715 


1,130 






2,197 


716 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, situated on the east coast of the island of Zea- 
land, in the channel of the Baltic caUed the Sound, in lat. 55° 41' K, long. 12° 35' 
46'' E. The water in the channel is from 25 to 35 feet deep; but it is narrow, and 
the navigation difficult. Vessels not intending to come into harbor bring up in the 
roads, at from one quarter to one hah" a mile from shore, in about 25 feet water. 
In the harbor, within the boom, the water is from 17 to 18 feet deep, and vessels 
unload alongside of the quay. The anchorage in the roads is good and safe. 

Elsinore, or Elsixeur (Danish Relsingor), a seaport town of Denmark Proper, 
on the east coast of the island of Seeland. It stands at the narrowest part of the 
Sound, opposite the Swedish town of Helsingborg, from which it is three miles dis- 
tant. All merchant vessels are obliged, under certain reservations depending on 
the weather, to salute the castle by lowering their top-sails in passing. In the 
vicinity is Marlenlyst (Mary's delight), till lately a royal chateau, now the property 
of the corporation, and let to a private family. 



106 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 



885 



DANISH SOUND DUES. 

The Sound Dues are partly levied on ships, and partly on cargoes. As 
to the basis of the contribution, it seemed just to take the quantity of 
goods carried by the ships of each nation through the Sound and the 
Belt as determining the proportions respectively to be paid to the capi- 
talization of the dues. From some tables which are appended, it appears 
that the amount of duties on ships entered into or sailed from the Baltic, 
by different nations, was as follows : 





SAILED FROM BALTIC. 


ENTERED IN 


TO BALTIC. 


Average sum. 


Per cent, of 


Average sum. 


Per cent, of 


COTTNTEISS PRIVILEGED. 1851-1S53. 


the whole 


1851-1853. 


the whole 


Eix Dollars. 


amount. 


Kix Dollars. 


amount. 


United States of America, . 850 


0.859 


76 


0.620 


Belgium, .... 


72 


0.050 


50 


0.057 . 


Bremen, . 






260 


182 


259 


0.183 


Denmark, . 






11,132 


7.790 


12,358 


8.753 


Great Britain, 






34,762 


24.326 


35,731 


25.309 


France, 






2,530 


1.770 


2,524 


1.771 


Greece, 






6 


1.004 


6 


0.004 


Hamburg, 






645 


0.451 


451 


0.319 


Hanover, . 






5,388 


3.735 


4,925 


3.488 


The Netherlands 


3, 




14,338 


10.033 


14,462 


10.244 


Italy (Naples), 






366 


0.256 


396 


0.281 


Lubec, 






1,102 


0.773 


1,020 


0.723 


Mecklenburg, 






8,200 


5.738 


7,284 


5.159 


Norway, . 






19,326 


13.523 


17,956 


12.718 


Oldenburg, 






1,439 


1.007 


1,571 


1.113 


Portugal, . 






46 


0.032 


55 


0.039 


Prussia, 






21,933 


15.348 


21,456 


15.198 


Russia, 






8,467 


5.925 


7,583 


5.371 


Spain, 






24 


0.017 


23 


0.016 


Sweden, . 






12,054 


8.435 


12,137 


8.597 


Austria, . 






6 


0.004 


6 


0.004 


m PRIVILEGED. 














Buenos Ayres, 






.... 


.... 


6 


0.004 


Peru, 






6 


0.004 


5 


0.004 


Tuscany, . 






6 


0.004 


7 


0.005 



Total, 



142,908 



100.000 



141,181 



100.000 



On the 4th January, 1850, a meeting of the Ministers of Austria, Bel- 
gium, France, Holland, Prussia, Spain, and Sweden, and a Commissioner 
from Russia, met at Copenhagen, to consider the disputed question. 

On the iVth of February, another meeting of the Commission took 
place, when the same States were represented, with the addition of a 
delegate from Oldenburg. At this meeting a memorandum was presented, 
in which Denmark offered to accept as a compensation for the abolition 
of the Sound Dues, a sum of 35,000,000 rix dollars (about £3,888,838), 
which is about fifteen and a half years' purchase of 2,248,5*79 rix dollars, 
the average net revenue from the Dues during the nine years of peace, 
1842 to i847, and 1851 to 1853. Each State interested in the com- 
merce of the Baltic to be responsible for the sum only which is assigned 
to it, but the offer to be binding on Denmark, on its acceptance by all the 
States, that have taken part in the negotiation. If the proposal were ac- 
cepted, the share of the United States of the indemnity for the dues would 
amount to V 1*7,82 9 rix dollars, or 2'05 per cent, of the whole amount. 



884 



Danish West Indies. 



107 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE 
DANISH WEST INDIES, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



i Yeaks 

i ENDING 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


1 Sept. 
1 ^^• 














Domestic. 


FOKEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$1,316,296 


$485,483 


$1,801,779 


$1,983,574 


$14,681 


$309,564 


46,299 


633 


1S22 


1,603,494 


628,256 


2,231,750 


2,514,174 




177,559 


43,288 


220 


1823 


1,231,152 


631,002 


1,862,154 


1,300,504 




342.097 


32,932 


569 


1824 


1,1-49,641 


698.802 


1,847,943 


2,110,666 




531,522 


36,458 


326 


1825 


1,281,248 


568,177 


1,849,425 


1,492,765 


56,724 


156,093 


37,720 


712 


1826 


1,391,604 


676,001 


2,067,005 


2,067,900 


. . 


156,542 


43.584 


1,070 


1827 


1,463,691 


53S.190 


2,001,881 


2,299,349 


47,350 


263,312 


44,353 


810 


1828 


2,202,465 


60S,034 


2,810,499 


2,256,123 


65,209 


175,007 


67,982 


2,411 


1829 


1,942,010 


282,401 


2,224,411 


2,053,266 


61,200 


154,732 


56,738 


1,299 


1830 
Total, 


1,688,022 


220,723 


1,908,745 


1,665,834 


20,187 


247,326 


52,535 


849 


$15,269,023 


5,336,569 


20,605,592 


19,744,155 


265,351 


2,513,754 


461,889 


8,899 


1831 


1,421,075 


224,502 


1,645,577 


1,651,641 


40,303 


242,479 


41,730 


2,708 


1832 


1,393,490 


282,341 


1,675,831 


1,119,366 


33.645 


97,927 


39,762 


3,803 


1833 


1,279,670 


267,200 


1,546,870 


1,138,700 


24,783 


115,783 


33,642 


3,512 


18a4 


1,084,202 


354,808 


1,439,010 


1,621,826 


12,114 


83,873 


38,757 


1,727 


1835 


1,255,880 


201,316 


1,457,196 


1,282,902 


27,655 


71,867 


85,976 


581 


1836 


1,326,392 


210,092 


1,536,484 


1,825,369 


31,548 


11,675 


32,965 


3,231 i 


1837 


1,124,642 


233,850 


1,368,492 


1,164,087 


18.434 


203,835 


31,657 


5,199 


1838 


949,769 


227,417 


1,177,186 


1,617,747 


100,467 


203,841 


38,168 


719 


1839 


1,014,381 


303,154 


1,317,535 


1,465,761 


165,227 


48,997 


38,563 


8,607 


1840 
Total, 


918,931 


180,518 


1,099,449 


969,177 


21,429 


140,187 


27,700 


1,197 


$11,768,432 


2,485,198 


14,253,630 


13,856,576 


480,605 


1,220,464 


348,920 


26,284 


1841 


769.908 


82,587 


852,495 


1,075,530 


10,931 


93,303 


29,464 


427 


1842 


791,828 


157,260 


949,083 


584,321 


55,588 


105,482 


26,740 


700 


1843* 


672,158 


74.540 


746,698 


485,285 


4.290 


167,224 


23,036 


358 


1844 


783,192 


87,130 


870,322 


624,447 


11,930 


102,113 


24,548 


363 


1845 


833,503 


160,926 


994,429 


760,809 


67,995 


32,877 


23,920 


1,457 


1S46 


959,452 


166,464 


1,125,916 


752,614 


100,270 


91,620 


27,964 


1,875 


1847 


836,672 


152,631 


989,303 


846,748 


48,000 


127,296 


22,156 


4,315 


1S4S 


876,969 


76,874 


953,843 


585,738 


Si,096 


139,881 


25,579 


4,065 


1849 


727,197 


54,149 


781,;346 


339,141 


8,943 


12,879 


25,597 


5,426 


1850 
Total, 


867,140 


114,818 


931,958 


267,459 


273,830 


58,600 


19,375 


2,690 


$8,118,019 


1,127,379 


9,245,398 


6,272,092 


615,973 


930,725 


253,379 


21,676 


1851 


902,63 r 


125,602 


1,028,289 


235,894 


243,580 


13,834 


18,233 


4,175 


1852 


810,439 


120,697 


931,186 


191,745 


169,987 


9,143 


20,408 


6,581 


1853 


913,481 


41.160 


954,641 


184,497 


838.325 


7,915 


14,082 


9,571 


1854 


928,924 


34.026 


962,950 


236,044 


235,754 


8,412 


22,846 


7,984 


1855 


843,111 


45,353 


888,464 


225.308 




22,155 


24,247 


5,120 


1856 


817,290 


86,511 


903,801 


225,628 


48,100 


5,030 


21,875 


955 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



COLONIES. 
The colonial possessions of Denmark are the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, 
and the islands of Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John, in the West Indies. 
Tranquebar and Serampore, in the East Indies, were sold to the English E. India Co. 
in 1846. The extent and population of these in 1850 were as follows : 



Faroe Islands, 
Iceland, . 
Greenland, 
"West Indies : 
Santa Cruz, . 
St. Thomas, . 
St. John, 



juare Miles. 
495 
38,200 
3,950 


Population 

8,150 

60,000 

9,400 


74 
23 
21 


23,720 

13,666 

2,228 



Total, 



42,763 



117,164 



108 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 887 

HOLLAND (NORTH AND SOUTH), 

Two contiguous provinces, and the most important of tlie kingdom of 
the Netherlands, composed of the peninsulas and islands between latitude 
51° 40' and 53° 30' N., and longitude 4° and 5° 20' K, having south, Hol- 
land's-Diep, and a mouth of the Rhine, west, the North Sea, and on other 
sides, the Zuyder-Zee and provinces of Utrecht, Gelderland, and North Bra- 
bant. Area of N. Holland, 960 square miles. Population, 1852, 506,006. 
Of S. Holland, 1,175 square miles. Population, 584,693. Surface uni- 
formly flat, intersected by numerous canals, and much of it below the 
level of high sea-tides, but protected against these by a line of natural 
downs all along the west coast, and artificial dykes elsewhere. 

Shipping. — The following account is given of the shipping : 







CLEARED INWAKD. 






CLEARED OUTWARD. 






Ships. Tonnage. 






Ships. 


Tonnage. 


1850, 


. 


6,961 1,099,671 






7,031 


1,136,664 


1851, 


. 


6,960 1,166,140 






7,177 


1,216,558 


1852, 


. 


7,457 1,249,728 






7,712 


1,317,425 


1853, 


• 


6,883 1,151,293 






7,068 


1,215,869 


The Netherlands' 


and foreign ships were. 


in 


1853, 


in the foUowi 


oportions : 


















CLEARED INWARD. 






CLEARED OUTWARD. 






Ships. 


Tons. 






Ships. Tons. 


Netherlands' 


flag, 


. 49-^ per cent. 


44i 


per 


cent. 


47i 43 


Foreign, 




. . 50i " " 


55i 


a 


(1 


52i 57 



To have a full view of the trade of Holland, we must not only learn its 
state as carried on by sea, but also by the rivers, which carry a great 
amount of it. Tables have been published of the merchandise which ar- 
rived, and was forwarded by way of the Rhine, in 1854. There was an 
increase above 1853, of 7,260 tons from Amsterdam to places on the 
Rhine, and of 12,328 tons from the Rhine to that city. Coffee, rice, and 
the oleaginous grains, are foremost in this progressive increase. The ex- 
port of rice to Germany has had a remarkable increase. In 1842-52, it 
was only 8,666 quarters per annum. In 1853, it was 46,459. The 
quantity of grain sent from Amsterdam to the Rhine, in 1834, was 15,600 
tons. 

The vessels engaged in the river navigation, were, in 1853 : 





CLEARED INWARD. 


CLEARED OUTWARD. 




Vessels. Tonnage. 


Vessels. Tonnage. 


Laden, 


15,973 1,134,748 


9,844 787,105 


In ballast, . 


2,213 148,680 


8,187 521,975 



with 127 wood-rafts, measuring 24,328 cubic ells. 

The proportion of these belonging to the Netherlands, was : 

Of laden vessels, . . 8,879 Tonnage 611,578 cleared inward, 
" " . . 4,615 " 376,009 cleared outward. 

The remainder belonged principally to Belgium and Prussia, and in 
smaller proportions to Hanover, Baden, Nassau, Hesse, Bavaria, Frank- 
fort, and Wurtemberg. 



886 



Holland. 



109 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH HOLLAND, 

Eeom October L 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Ykars 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof there was i 
in Bullion & Specie. } 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


EXPOKT, 


Import. 


Amkr. 


For. 


1821 


$1,954,513 


$1,739,692 $3,694,205 


$1,938,953 


$132 


$1,352,167 


26,048 


1,063 


1822 


2,077,368 


1,524,683 


3,602,051 


863,995 




158,6511 


28,683 


1,281 


1823 


2,642,930 


2,409,216 


5,052,146 


754,950 


l',990 


222,791 


53,346 


6,769 


1824 


1,597,514 


617,831 


2,215,345 


1,210,267 





239,551 


24,517 


1,452 


1825 


2,486,468 


1,306,839 


3,793,307 


1,253,869 




15,035! 


26,946 


678 


1826 


1,970,199 


1,899,857 


3,870,056 


1,106,408 




151,8801 


32,946 


1,138 


1827 


2,339,381 


888,950 


3,228,331 


965,917 


"740 


85,6081 


33,519 


1,712 


1828 


1,863,767 


365,646 


2,229,413 


1,393,572 


4,300 


181,233 


25,515 


6,179 


1829 


3,095,857 


889,330 


3,985,187 


1,057,854 


15,451 


17,308 


38,872 


4,951 


1830 
Total, 


3,354,551 


675,527 


4,030,078 


883,408 




12,197J 


35,220 


4,515 


$23,382,548 


12,317,571 


35,700,119 


11,4;38,693 


22,613 


2,436,021 


325,112 


29,738 


1831 


1,707,292 


212,860 


1,920,152 


989,837 


5,000 


16,641 


23,168 


1,994 


1832 


2,232,792 


2,870,490 


5,103,282 


1,360,668 




4,764 


38,770 


8,372 


1833 


1,634,353 


722,409 


2.356,762 


1,166.856 


26,178 


5,440 


22,483 


6,938 


1834 


2,365,536 


1,258,138 


3,623,674 


1,123,956 





60,071 


25,819 


7,171 


1835 


2,345,980 


187,036 


2,533,016 


1,590,570 




50,608 


18,946 


6,151 


1836 


2,498,096 


686,479 


3,184,575 


1,823,231 






14,073 


11,956 


1837 


2,035,589 


1,322,936 


3,858,525 


1,886,976 




82,461 


13,745 


22,783 


1838 


2,555,979 


398,269 


2,954,248 


1,180,897 


3,612 


9,512 


18,501 


12,029 


1839 


1,677,352 


295,651 


1,973,003 


2,149,732 


260 


2,388 


11,612 


12,381 


1840 
Total, 


3,345,264 


511,046 


3,856,310 


1,074,754 


800 


466 


31,747 


11,929 


$22,398,233 


8,465,314 


30,863,547 


1 14,352,477 


85,850 


~T82,351 


218,864 


101,709 


1841 


2,237,444 


277,478 


2,514,922 


1,638,022 






24,898 


10,338 


1842 


3,236,388 


386,988 


3,623,826 


i 1,067,438 






33,589 


18,804 


1843* 


1,693,327 


288,140 


l-,936-,467 


! 430,828 




12,720 


23,239 


2,660 


1844 


2,517,921 


181,023 


2,698,944 


I 1,810,081 




236 


23,786 


16,589 


1845 


2,753,780 


268,267 


3,022,047 


i 954,844 





1,500 


27,859 


16,547 


1846 


2,097,691 


199,074 


2,296,765 


! 1,059,597 




2,062 


23,585 


11,582 


1847 


1,885,398 


129,936 


2,015,334 


i 1,247,209 




14,662 


17,744 


17,143 


1S48 


1,595,450 


271,513 


1,866,963 


1 1,417,908 


28,900 




12,347 


21,255 


1849 


2,155,328 


242,027 


2,397,355 


1 1,501.643 







22,536 


16,460 


1850 
Total, 


2,188,101 


416,564 


2,604,665 


1 1,686,967 
! 12,314,032 


.... 




14,968 


22,753 


$22,365,778 


2,611,010 


24,976,783 


28,900 


31,180 


224,051 


154,131 


1351 


1,911,115 


284,054 


2,195.169 


2;052,706 






9,239 


26,014 


1852 


2,292,848 


204,681 


2,497,529 


1,635,561 


.... 




18,759 


22,923 


1853 


1,983.723 


215,773 


2,199,496 


1,625,170 






10,302 


20,730 


1854 


2,299,710 


142,956 


2,442,666 


1,695,970 






15,204 


15,004 


1855 


1,920,369 


208,615 


2,128,984 


1,825,700 






15,978 


17,263 


1856 


3,501,110 


85,318 


3,586,423 


2,426,479 


.... 




22,557 


24,977 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
Amsterdam, the principal city of Holland, situated on the Y, an arm of the Zuy- 
der Zee, in lat. 52° 22' 17" N., long. 4° 53' 15" E. From 1580 to 1750, Amsterdam 
was, perhaps, the first commercial city of Europe ; and though her trade has expe- 
rienced a great falling off since the last-mentioned epoch, it is still very considerable. 
In 1785 the population is said to have amounted to' 235,000; in 1815 it had de- 
clined to 180,179; but its increase in the interval has been such, that it amounted 
in 1840 to 210,077. The harbor is spacious and the water deep ; and it has recently 
been much improved by the constructiou of docks, two of which are already com- 
pleted, and a third in a very advanced state. The imports principally consist of 
sugar, coffee, spices, tobacco, cotton, tea, indigo, cochineal, wine and brandy, wool, 
grain of all sorts, timber, pitch and tar, hemp and flax, iron, hides, linen, cotton and 
woolen stuffs, hardware, rock salt, tin plates, coal, dried fish, etc. The exports 
consist partly of the produce of Holland, partly and principally of the produce of her 
possessions in the East and "West Indies, and other tropical countries, etc. 



110 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 889 

HOLLAND. 

The following table will exhibit the proportions in which the trade of 
Holland was distributed amonof the different countries of the world : 



/I /*\ TT "VT m T> tt:! d 


IMPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 

A 


COUNTRIES. 












1852. 


1853. 


1852. 


1853. 


1. Great Britain, 


£6,954,833 


£7,324,667 


£5,085,167 


£6,164,083 


2. North Sea, Baltic, White Sea, and Central Europe 


— 




German Customs Union, 


4,458,583 


5,344,250 


9,312,083 


8,345,583 


Hanover and Oldenburg, 


425,000 


343,750 


192,917 


199,167 


Hamburg, . 


267,911 


410,000 


631,667 


609,500 


Bremen, . 


96,083 


94,917 


65,667 


81,917 


Lubec, 


5,000 


6,667 


1,750 


3,333 


Mecklenburg, 


55,667 


9,417 


14,333 


11,083 


Denmark, . 


184,333 


163,667 


106,333 


83,917 


Sweden, 


41,417 


35,250 


26,667 


31,500 


Norway, 


378,583 


383,000 


61,416 


56,750 


Russia. Baltic, and White S 


ea, 1,243,750 


1,268,917 
8,059,835 


426,000 


286,500 




7,156,333 


10,838,833 


9,709,250 


3. Western Europe — 










Belgium, .... 


2,208,917 


2,097,083 


2,047,083 


2,009,417 


France, .... 


1,067,583 


1,044,250 


859,250 


974,000 


Spain, .... 


47,000 


57,250 


44,167 


54,750 


Portugal, . . . 


47,750 


42,583 
3,241,166 


34,250 


28,167 




3,371,250 


2,984,750 


3,066,334 


4. Mediterranean and Blac 


K Sea— 








Russia, .... 


286,917 


220,333 


5,833 


23,000 


Turkey and the Levant, . 


226,917 


143,000 


304,917 


284,917 


Austria, .... 


134,500 


101,750 


311,000 


372,750 


Italy, .... 


176,333 


149,083 
614,106 


826,000 


548,000 




824,667 


1,447,750 


1,228,667 


5. America — 










' United States, . 


778,000 


562,250 


480,167 


458,917 


Surinam, 


406,000 


369,917 


122,250 


105,167 


Curacao, 


14,583 


10,667 


22,917 


26,833 


South America, . 


352,417 
1,551,000 


631,500 
1,574,334 


120,833 


64,500 




746,167 


655,417 


6. Asia, Africa, and Austr^ 


LIA— 








Java, .... 


6,276,333 


5,310,750 


1,569,500 


1,817,500 


China, . 


208,583 


117,583 


333 


250 


Coast of Guuiea, 


18,833 


34,500 


16,167 


20,917 


Cape of Good Hope, Canary 
Islands, British India^ 


494,750 


446,333 


18,083 


13,333 


Philippine Islands, 


20,167 


20,917 


83 


.... 


Australia, . 











57,917 



Totals, . . 7,018,666 5,930,083 1,604,166 1,909,917 

On the 31st of December the merchant fleet of Holland counted in 
all 2>037 vessels, =. 239,601 lastes burden (laste = 2 tons). The number 
of steamers belonging to Netherlands in 1837 was only 30, with 58 
engines of 2,200 horse power. In 1853 there were 100 steamers, with 
118 engines of 6,911 iiorse power, not including those of the royal navy. 
In connection with the great emigration to the gold fields of Australia, 
more than 50 Dutch ships were freighted in different British ports. 



888 



Dutch West Indies. 



Ill 



FOREIGN COiyiMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE 
DUTCH WEST INDIES. 

FKOii October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Teaks 

ENDING 


EXPOKTS. 




IMFOETS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Sept. 
30. 


















Domestic. 


I'OREIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Ajier. 


For. 


1821 


$533,259 


$149,784 


$683,043 


$860,950 


$34,360 


$105,576 


18,228 


823 


1822 


921,072 


157,704 


1,078,776 


1,491,023 


22.450 


137,328 


25,642 


827 


1823 


655,763 


157,065 


812,828 


950.957 


3,700 


98,262 


16,783 


1,244 


1824 


589,775 


111,984 


701,759 


997,800 


3,000 


54,408 


19,071 


1,406 


1825 


497,194 


77,092 


574,286 


823.607 




74,687 


14,809 




1826 


434,125 


57,426 


491,551 


554,217 


2,466 


87,141 


12,733 


*6ii 


1827 


387,573 


44,162 


431,735 


519,706 




107,810 


13,374 


212 


1828 


415,343 


41,616 


456,959 


478,397 


"17 


89,018 


11,506 


823 


1829 


379,874 


18,667 


398,541 


438,132 




148,027 


12,217 


363 


1830 
Total, 


319,495 


42,298 


361,793 


286,509 


2,260 


127,306 


11,043 


124 


$5,133,473 


857,798 


5,991,271 


7,401,298 


68,187 


1,029,563 


155,406 


5,933 


1831 


370,857 


45,274 


416,131 


343,799 


70 


73,237 


11,430 


194 


1832 


357,520 


46,644 


404,164 ; 


328,832 


.... 


85,072 


9,511 


80 


1833 


288.205 


54,038 


342,243 


380,871 




49,162 


11,478 


80 


1834 


284,552 


62,136 


346,688 


854,192 




63.494 


11,266 


181 


1835 


319,432 


84,110 


403,542 


481,340 


56,666 


69;i89 


3,215 




1836 


406,458 


67,427 


473,885 


521,906 


22,868 


25,510 


3.524 


'22.3 


1837 


291,779 


30,876 


322,655 


419,107 




49,872 


6,203 


563 


1838 


204,234 


46,915 


251,149 


382,591 ! 


23.436 


85,315 


2,948 


168 


1839 


282,042 


70,975 


853,017 


582,284 t 


47,625 


38,766 


4,020 


441 


1840 
Total, 


259,438 


42,916 


302,354 


396,479 ! 


17,137 


32,342 


3,790 


1,153 


$3,064,517 


551,311 


3,615,828 


4,191,401 


167,180 


471,959 


67,385 


3,083 


1841 


$298,699 


34,194 


332,893 


500,197 


20,608 


. 62,063 


6,666 


720 


1842 


251,650 


15,581 


267,231 


831,270 ! 


5,425 


46,084 


4,254 


528 


1843* 


204,937 


10,819 


215,756 


230,571 i 




53,804 


3,794 


248 


1844 


303,433 


19,848 


323,286 


386,283 : 


"942 


64,250 


4,981 


89 


1845 


304,080 


33,708 


337,788 • 


363,324 


17,906 


27,569 


5.025 


.... 


1846 


264,647 


14,507 


279.154 1 


398,056 


6,332 


29,159 


5,047 




1847 


217,214 


16,355 


233,569 


279,038 


6.225 


18,847 


4870 


'lis 


1848 


316,666 


22,147 


338,813 


453,615 


8,909 


99,357 


7,394 


589 


1849 


317,066 


50,252 


367,318 


453,099 


84,018 


39,946 


14193 


357 


1850 
Total, 


364,335 


56,683 


421,018 


530,146 • 


41,294 


43,037 


9,283 


161 


$2,842,732 


274,094 


8,116,826 


3,925,599 


141,719 


484,116 


65,007 


2,805 


1851 


366,898 


138,089 


504,987 


572,470 i 


153,544 


26,859 


7,687 


806 


ia52 


299,679 


17,766 


317,445 


552,561 ; 


1,800 


. 20,097 


4,977 


715 


1853 


251,258 


18,789 


270,047 


409,185 ! 


4,090 


28,076 


5,988 


400 


1854 


371,380 


22,065 


393,445 


584,978 : 


11,425 


11,912 


7,925 


690 1 


1855 


232,640 


7,616 


240,256 


438,841 ! 


6,200 


15,941 


9,222 


96 


1856 


323,654 


6,328 


329,982 


536,875 ■ 


6,500 


5,854 


7,816 


664 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL ISLANDS. 
CuRAyAO, or CuRACOA, an island in the Caribbean sea, belonging to the Dutch, off 
the north coast of Yenezuela. Lat. 12° N. ; long. 69° W. Length, forty miles; 
breadth, six to ten mUes. Population, 1849, of Curacoa and St. Eustache, 26,311. 
Shores Isold ; surface hiHy ; soil not rich, and deficient in water, yet a good deal of 
sugar, indigo, tobacco, and maize are raised. Principal port is Santa Anna, on the 
south-west side of the island, the entrance to which is narrow, but the harbor is 
large and secure. ^ 

■ Surinam, a river of Dutch G-uinea, South America, traverses the center of that 
colony, which is sometimes called by its name, and after a northerly course of 300 
miles, enters the Atlantic near Paramaribo. It receives several affluents, and is 
navigable in most part of its course to the foot of the mountains, and for large ships 
to about 30 miles from the sea. Banks in general densely wooded ; below Parama- 
ribo they are laid out in thriving plantations. Its entrance is defended by the forts 
New Amsterdam and Zelandia. 



112 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 891 



DUTCH EAST INDIES. 

Dutch Colonies. — Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, Am- 
boyna, and other islands in the East Indies ; Surinam, Curacao, and de- 
pendencies, in the West Indies, and Guinea coast, in South. America. 

Java, the principal of the Dutch East India islands, between latitude 
5° 52' and 8° 50' S., and longitude 105° 15' E, separated E. from 
Bali by the stiait of Bali, and W. from Sumatra by the strait of Sunda, 
and having N. the sea of Java, and S. the Indian ocean. Length E. to 
W. 570 miles; breadth varies from 48 to 115 miles. Estimated area, 
including the contiguous island Madura, 50,000 square miles ; and pop- 
ulation, 1849, 9,560,380; comprising Europeans and their descendants, 
16,308 ; natives, 9,401,712 ; Chinese, 106,033 ; Arabs, Bughis, etc., 
31,216; slaves, 5,111. The S. coast is high atid steep, with few in- 
dentations. A mountain chain extends through the center from W. to E., 
with a mean elevation of 1,000 feet, having numerous volcanic peaks, 
some of which rise to 1,000 feet. Its N. coast is low and marshy, and 
lined with numerous small islands. Principal river, the Solo, besides 
which many are navigable for several miles from the sea, or used for 
floating down timber and other raw produce from the interior. The 
rocks are chiefly basaltic and volcanic, and the soil is extremely fertile. 
Java is supposed to be capable of supporting many times its present 
amount of population. At present only about one third part of the sur- 
face is under culture ; but the island is the granary of the Asiatic Ar- 
chipelago. Temperature hot in the plains, but cooler in the elevated 
parts. Earthquakes and thunder-storms are common ; hurricanes rare. 
Rice is the principal grain, and is cultivated all along the coast, as also 
in all the low grounds wherever irrigation can be effected. Coffee is 
the great staple of export ; it is raised in most of the uplands, especially 
in the Preange or Prianga, regencies on the west part of the island, and, 
with sugar, its culture has greatly increased within the last few years. 
Indigo, tobacco, cotton, cinnamon, maize, and other dry grains, pulses, 
and vegetable oils, cocoa, and sago, are other principal products. 

THE VALUKS OF THE EXPORTS FROM JAVA, AND THEIR DESTIXATIOX, IN 1846, 1836, AND 

1826, WERE AS follows; 



Countries. 


1846. 


1836. 


1826. 




Florins. 


Florins. 


Florins. 


Xetberlands, , 


39,603,848 


27,232,588 


6,513,525 


Indian Archipelago, 


9,326,548 


6,708,153 


4,357,783 


Great Britain, 


. 2,365,987 


139,592 


349,098 


China, Macao, etc., . 


1,886,703 


3,318,706 


1,976,192 


Prance, . 


1,326,149 


1.944,145 


42,232 


America, . 


1,199,644 


1,002,529 


211,23.1 


Hamburg, 


615,041 


108,142 


63,334 


Sweden, . 


345,949 


253,959 


57,172 


Other places, . 


m,868 


369,315 


959,735 



The previous statements show that the produce and trade of Java have 
increased during the last dozen years with a rapidity unknown in any 
other colony, Cuba, perhaps, excepted ; and if the resources and capabi- 
hties of this noble island be fully developed, it is quite impossible to 
say how much further her trade may be extended and her resources 
developed. 



890 



Dutch East Indies. 



113 



FOREIGN COLOIERCE OF THE UNITED STATEvS WITH THE 
DUTCH EAST INDIES, 

Prom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



1 Yeaks 

ENDING 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS 


1 Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 1 


Skpt. 

30. 
















Domestic. 


f OEEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$133,010 


$1,581,803 


$1,714,813 


$134,369 


$1,257,995 




5,610 




1822 


121,441 


999,571 


1,121,012 


853,144 


877.641 


$2,366 


5,286 




1823 


151,120 


1,750,981 


1,902,101 


419,680 


998,940 


240 


4,990 




1824 


61,669 


638,616 


700,285 


147,458 


419,818 




3,314 




1825 


163,022 


1,364,884 


1,527,906 


138,402 


669,553 


24',868 


7,556 


l",234 


1826 


57,500 


374,957 


432,463 


613,.556 


273,069 


.... 


8,282 




1827 


38,859 


127,749 


166,608 


236,447 


96,222 


2,067 


1,143 




1828 


83,710 


313,277 


896,987 


113,462 


265,480 


2,000 


8,028 


.... 


1829 


62,074 


176,318 


238,392 


121,348 


149,550 


3,393 


1,985 




1830 
Total, 


63,273 


107,293 


170,566 


181,848 


52,600 


10,000 


1,501 


'226 


$935,684 


7,435,449 


8,371,133 


2,409,714 


6,060,868 


44,808 


37,695 


1,454 


1831 


128,834 


631,442 


760,326 


319,895 


480,975 


4,527 


6,498 




1832 


24,516 


503,504 


528,020 


668,974 


426,598 





7,456 


'680 


1833 


93,852 


680,989 


774,841 


750,290 


477,983 


10,281 


7,477 


1,488 


1834 


115,011 


466,138 


581,149 


582,159 


386,875 


1,615 


8,323 


346 


1835 


230,608 


1,213,682 


1,444,290 


800,388 


1,106,493 


925 


20,476 




1836 


172,691 


906,331 


1,079,022 


1,477,906 


706,746 


224 


16,958 


'447 


1S37 


263,250 


285,224 


548,474 


1,019,769 


235,823 




5,441 


7,340 


1838 


166,214 


329,747 


495,961 


576,396 


308,184 


8,742 


11,430 




1&39 


80,619 


396,934 


483,553 


692,196 


378,626 


626 


9,234 


'663 


1840 
Total, 


132,751 


202,552 


335,303 


817,897 


176,724 


21,619 


1,823 


485 


$1,414,396 


5,616,543 


7,030,939 


7,705,370 


4,685,032 


48,559 


95,141 


11,449 


1841 


178,876 


224,150 


403,026 


266.425 


208,500 


8,000 


5,324 




1842 


85,578 


193,580 


279,153 


741,048 


173,271 




794 




1843* 


90,239 


103,742 


193,981 


121,5^ 


89,577 




2,890 





1844 


98,313 


261,070 


359,383 


985,984 


244,325 


11,950 


4,656 




1845 


129,151 


72.007 


201,158 


588,608 


68,516 


121 


4,592 




1846 


40,700 


42,842 


83,542 


480,358 


88,440 




3,679 




1847 


91,902 


108,238 


200.140 


894,932 


106,120 




5,370 




1848 


133,905 


107,954 


241,859 


249,346 


92,334 


» 


4,575 




1849 


280,823 


54,118 


334,941 


854,528 


32,000 




6,638 


1,433 


1850 
Total, 


180,533 


262,952 


443,485 


444,404 


219,400 


1,866 


4,070 


8,320 


$1,310,020 


1,430,653 


2,740,673 


5,027,202 


1,272,483 


21,871 


42,638 


4,758 


1851 


204,430 


43,140 


247,570 


410,143 


31,500 




8,016 


5,651 


1852 


142,997 


181,185 


324,182 


1,015.994 


154,430 





8,689 


1,4,022 


1853 


202,822 


180,884 


383,706 


884,5^3 


149,800 




8,526 


6,605 


1854 


109,203 


75,573 


184,776 


1,041,609 


68,500 


2,.3S6 


3,633 


4,8ia 


1855 


287.937 


53,886 


341,823 


1,082,270 


87,170 




8,406 


3,463 


1856 


120,444 


89,712 


210,156 


1,399,289 


71,000 


17,666 


10,377 


S,14l j 



* 9 mouths to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1=. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 

Batavia, a city of the island of Java, the capital of the Dutch possessions in the 
East Indies, and the principal trading port of the Oriental Islands, lat. 6° 8' S., 
long. 106° 50' E., on the north-west coast of the island, at the mouth of the Jaccatra 
river, on an extensive bay. The harbor lies between the main land and several 
small uninhabited islands, which, during the north-western monsoon, afford suflficient 
shelter and good anchorage. Population in 1842, 53,860, hacluding about three 
thousand Europeans ; the rest are Chinese, Javanese, Malays, etc. It is built on 
marshy ground, and intersected by canals in the Dutch style. It is defended by a 
citadel and several batteries, and has a considerable garrison and marine arsenal. 

The Jaccatra is navigable by vessels of 40 tons two miles inland ; ships of from 
300 to 400 tons anchor in the bay, one mile and a half from shore. Batavia is the 
great commercial emporium of the Asiatic Archipelago, and absorbs by far the 
greatest proportion of the trade of Java and Madura ; the annual exports of which 
islands amount to 60,300,000 florins ($25,123,000), and the imports to 30,000,000. 
florins ($12,000,000). 



114 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 893 

DUTCH GUIA^vTA, 

Biitcli^ or Surinam^ lies between British and French Guiana, being 
separated from the former on the W. by the river Corentyn, and from the 
latter on the E. by the Maroni ; on the N. it has the Atlantic, and on the 
S. Brazil. It lies between latitude 1° 30' and 6° N., and longitude 53° 
30' and 57° 30' W., being about 300 miles in length, from N. to S., and 
260 in extreme breadth. Area, about 38,500 square miles. In physical 
geography, climate, productions, etc., it differs but little from British 
Guiana. The principal river is the Surinam, which flows northward 
through the center of the territory, and falls into the Atlantic after a 
course of nearly 300 miles. It is navigable for large ships for about 4 
leagues from its mouth. Along the coast, and on the banks of the 
river, are many settlements and plantations ; and the higher parts of the 
country are occupied chiefly by the Maroons, the descendants of run- 
away negroes. In the last century they were very troublesome to the 
colonists, but they have now adopted more settled habits. Slavery has 
been recently aboHshed here by the Dutch government, but, in Heu of 
compensation, the slaves remain apprenticed, and work without wages 
to their proprietors for twelve years. The colony is ruled by a governor 
appointed by the crown, and a council elected by the freeholders. Just- 
ice is administered by a supreme court, courts of minor jurisdiction, and 
a court of inheritance and orphans. The receipts in 1850 amounted to 
£89,485 ; the expenditure to £85,564. On 273 plantations, consisting 
of 366,548 acres, 48,815 acres were under cultivation. The chief pro- 
ductions are sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, cacao, and cotton. Its chief 
trade is with Holland. Imports, in 1851, £171,395 ; exports, £236,162. 
At the close of 1850, the colony numbered 61,080 inhabitants — of 
whom 12,401 were Europeans and Creoles, 8,000 bush negroes, 1,000 In- 
dians, and 39,679 slaves. Of the religious sects, the Moravians amounted 
to 17,933, and the Jews to about 680. The live stock consisted of 
168 horses, 59 mules, 5,564 cattle, 3,155 sheep, 454 goats, and 4,664 
hogs. The army consists of 610 men of all arms ; and the navy of 11 
vessels, chiefly small. Paramaribo, the capital, is situated on the right 
bank of the Surinam, about 10 miles from its mouth. It is built in the 
Dutch style, with wide and straight streets, planted with orange-trees ; 
and the houses are generally two stories in height, and built of wood. 
Population about 20,000. A little north of the town is the fort of 
Zeelandia, where the governor resides, and where are also most of the 
government establishments. 

Surinam was declared a free port by proclamation dated May 1, 1848. 
Accounts are kept in dollars of 8 reals or 50 stivers (100 cents), and in 
pounds sterling. Exchange on London, $4 80 to $4 85 per pound sterling. 
Aves island, one of the leeward group of the West Indies, between 15° 
and 16° N. lat., belongs to the Dutch government. In the year 1854 
extensive deposits of guano were discovered on the island of Aves, by 
two American ship captains, but we do not as yet learn that any ship- 
ments have been made from it. Coffee, the product of a possession of 
the Netherlands, imported into the United States in a vessel of the 
Netherlands direct from such possessions, or from the Netherlands, is 
admitted free of duty, under the treaty of August 26, 1852. 



892 



Dutch Guiana. 



115 



FOREIGN COIVIMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
DUTCH GUIANA, 

Feom October 1, 1832, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPORTS 


1 Whereof there was 
|in Bullion & Specie. 


j TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


EXPOBT. 


Import. 


} A.MER. 


For. 


1833 


$92,515 




$92,515 


$49,326 




$1,744 






1834 


27,228 




27,228 


67,579 




1,236 






1835 


80,205 




80,205 


81,420 






1 8,384 




1836 


59,315 


$2,S60 


61,675 


33.471 




.... 


1 10,106 




1837 


54.518 - 


1,595 


56,113 


44,976 






i 6,378 


2,177 


1838 


68,775 


2,073 


70,848 


54,354 




200 


; 4,718 


76 


1839 


58,863 


2,803 


61.666 


49,008 






6,637 




1.840 
Total, 


52,118 




52,118 


87,766 




.... 


5,729 




$443,537 


8,831 


452,368 


867,900 




8,180 


41,952 


2,253 


1841 


87,900 




87,900 


a5,793 




400 


5,496 


117 


1842 


101,055 


.... 


101,055 


74,764 




2.578 


5,454 




1843* 


24.680 




24,680 


82,533 




275 


3,066 




1844 


66.980 


4,792 


71.772 


49,144 






7,363 




1845 


47,737 


1,872 


49,609 


41,347 






6.740 




1846 


66.845 


1,139 


67,984 


83,674 






4.510 




1847 


43,840 


888 


44,228 


59,355 


.... 




4,381 




1848 


115,501 


1,517 


117,018 


51,297 






5,958 


317 


1849 


104,013 


52 


104,065 


58,281 




416 


5,369 


1,000 


1860 
Total, 


97,014 


5,425 


102,439 


71,043 




2,418 


4,932 
53,269 


864 
1,798 


$705,565 


15,185 


720,750 


607,231 




6,087 


1851 


85,491 


5,582 


91,073 


89,673 






4,927 


524 


1852 


83,952 


7,282 


91.234 


86,788 






6,262 


944 


m53 


108,389 


17,694 


126,083 


130,681 






6,218 


402 


1854 


5;3,745 


7,678 


61,423 


104.236 




18,096 


2,927 


130 


1855 


257,963 


10,643 


248,006 


206,633 


"... 


22,145 


6,114 


.... 


1856 


313,661 


7,855 


321,516 


262,793 


12,000 


8,162 


5,510 


665 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begin.s July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 

Par^uiaribo, the capital town of Dutch Guiana, on the west bank of the Surinam, 
five miles from its mouth in the Atlantic, lat. 5° 49' K, long. 55° 22' "W. Estimated 
population, 20,000, mostly blacks. It is regularly and well built; streets unpaved, 
but ornamented with rows of tamarind and orange-trees ; and it has Lutheran, Cal- 
vinistic, Roman Catholic, and English churches, Portuguese and German Jewish 
synagogues, and is the center of the trade of the colony. Fort Zeelandia^ north of 
the town, is the residence of the governor. In a hospital for lepers, on the right 
bank of the Coppename, 450 patfents are maintained at the expense of the colony. 
The Kwatta canal, begun in 1846, is the first pubhc work executed by free laborers. 

Colonies. — In 1602 the Dutch East India Company was formed, and the Indian 
trade increased rapidly in magnitude and importance. Ships fitted both for com- 
mercial and warlike purposes were sent out. Amboyna and the ]\Ioluccas were 
wrested from the Portuguese. Factories and fortifications were established from the 
mouth of the Tigris along the coasts and islands of India as far as Japan. Alliances 
were formed with the native princes. In Ceylon, Malabar, and Coromandel, the 
Dutch were themselves the sovereigns. Batavia, in the large and fertile island of 
Java, formed the center of their Indian commerce. In 1621 the Dutch formed a 
West India Company. Within the short period of 15 years this association con- 
quered the greater part of Brazil, fitted out 800 trading and warlike ships, and cap- 
tured from the Spaniards and Portug-uese 545 ships, which were supposed to be 
worth £7,500,000. In 1651 they founded the colony of the Cape of Good Hope. 
Between the years 1651 and 1672, when the repubhc was invaded by the French, 
the commerce of Holland seems to have reached its greatest height. Not by means 
of any artificial monopoly, but by the greater number of their ships, and their 
superior skill and economy in all that regarded navigation, the Dutch engrossed 
almost tte whole carrying trade of Europe. 



116 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 895 

HANSEATIC LEAGUE, 

An association of the principal cities in the north of Germany, Prus- 
sia, etc., for the better carrying on of commerce, and for their mutual 
safety and defense. This confederacy, so celebrated in the early history 
of modern Europe, contributed in no ordinary degree to introduce the 
blessings of civilization and good government into the North. The ex- 
tension and protection of commerce was, however, its main object ; and 
hence a short account of it may not be deemed misplaced in a work of 
this description. 

Origin and Progress of the Hanseatic League. — Hamburg, founded by 
Charlemagne in the ninth, and Lubeck, founded about the middle of the 
twelfth century, were the earliest members of the League. The distance 
between them not being very considerable, and being alike interested 
in the repression of those disorders to which most parts of Europe, and 
particularly the coast of the Baltic, were a prey in the twelfth, thirteenth, 
and fourteenth centuries, they early formed an intimate political union, 
partly in the view of maintaining a safe intercourse by land with each 
other, and partly for the protection of navigation from the attacks of the 
pirates, with which every sea was at that time infested. There is no very 
distinct evidence as to the period when this alliance was consummated ; 
some ascribe its origin to the year 1169, others to the year 1200, and 
others to the year 1241. But the most probable opinion seems to be, 
that it would grow up by slow degrees, and be perfected according as the 
advantage derivable from it became more obvious. Such was the origin 
of the Hanseatic league, so called from the old Teutonic word hajisa, 
signifying an association or confederacy. 

The Hanseatic confederacy was at its highest degree of power and 
splendor during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It then comprised 
from 60 to 80 cities, which were distributed into 4 classes or circles. 
Lubeck was at the head of the first circle, and had under it Hamburg, 
Bremen, Rostock, Wismar, etc. Cologne was at the head of the second 
circle, with 29 towns under it. Brunswick was at the head of the third 
circle, consisting of 13 towns. Dantzic was at the head of the fourth 
circle, having under it 8 towns in its vicinity, beside several that were 
more remote. The supreme authority of the League was vested in the 
deputies of the different towns assembled in Congress. In it they dis- 
cussed all their measures ; decided upon the sum that each city should 
contribute to the common fund ; and upon the questions that arose be- 
tween the confederacy and other powers, as well as those that frequently 
arose between the different members of the confederacy. The place for 
the meeting of Congress was not fixed, but it was most frequently held at 
Lubeck, which was considered as the capital of the League, and there its 
archives were kept. Sometimes, however. Congresses were held at Ham- 
burg, Cologne, and other towns. They met once every three years, or 
oftener if occasion required. The letters of convocation specified the 
principal subjects which would most probably be brought under discus- 
sion. Any one might be chosen for a deputy ; and the Congress con- 
siated not of merchants only, but also of clergymen, lawyers, artists, etc. 
When the deliberations were concluded, the decrees were formally com- 
municated to the magistrates of the cities at the head of each circle. 



894 



Haiise Towns, 



117 



FOREIGN COMIVIERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH THE HANSE TOWNS, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 






Years 

ENDING 


EXPOKTS. 


IMPOETS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON^GE CL'D. ! 

1 




Sept. 














-, 


Domestic. 


FOREIG^r. 


Total. 


Total. 


Expoet. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 1 




1S21 


$1,53.5,506 


$597,038 


$2,132,544 


$990,165 




$190,165 


: 17,308 


4.091 




1822 


1,644,226 


860.789 


2,505,015 


1,578,757 




59,151 


15,750 


5,157 




1823 


1,582,354 


1,587,085 


3,169,439 


1.981,026 


$i",866 


40,572 


19,504 


11,747 




1824 


859,383 


1,003,890 


1,863,273 


2;527,830 




76,920 


11,052 


9,973 




1825 


1,144,474 


1,976,559 


3,121,033 


2,739,526 


58,056 


1,972 


17,260 


6,488 




1826 


979,313 


1,137,334 


2,116,697 


2,816,545 




33,859 


18,510 


4,937 




1827 


1,693,971 


1,319,214 


3,013,185 


1,633,.558 




1,965 


25,274 


5,707 




1828 


1,804,333 


1,190,918 


2,995,251 


2,644,392 ! 




12 


23,685 


11,583 




1829 


1,998,176 


1,270,984 


3,277,160 


2,274,375 


2,665 


3,844 


21,962 


10,894 




1830 
Total, 


1,549,732 


725,148 


2,274,830 


1,873,278 


.... 


12,488 


14,728 


10,262 




$14,791,468 


11,677,009 


26,463,477 


21,064,452 


61,850 


420,948 


130,033 


80,319 




1.^1 


1,812,241 


779,931 


2,592,172 


8,49-3,301 




5,628 


17,147 


17,487 




1832 


2,435,542 


1,652,670 


4,083,212 


2,865,096 




5,280 


18,452 


25,778 




1833 


2,108,110 


795,186 


2,903,296 


2,227,726 




2,200 


9,296 


27,163 




1834 


2,603,571 


2.056,103 


4,659,674 


3,355,.356 




17,067 


16,719 


27,127 




1835 


2,771,390 


756,886 


3,523,276 


3,841,943 




1,305 








1836 


3,152,418 


1,211,464 


4,363,832 


4,994,820 





1,207 


7,268 


37,236 




1837 


2,562,357 


1,192,592 


3,7.54,949 


5,642,221 


43,616 


12,735 


6,957 


48,565 




1838 


2,625,802 


665,843 


3,291,645 


2,847,358 


12,533 


10,211 


8,366 


34,.o42 




1839 


2,067,608 


733,459 


2,801,067 


4,849,150 


12,103 


6,125 


4,392 


29,998 




1840 
Total, 


3,367,963 


830,496 


4,198,459 


2,521,493 


206 


393 


17,849 


42,324 




$25,507,002 


10,674,630 


36,181,632 


36,638,964 


68,458 


62,151 


106,886 


290,220 




1841 


4,110,655 


450,061 


4,560,716 


2,449,964 


5.300 


89 


14,123 


t^'HI 




1842 


3,814,994 


749,519 


4,564,513 


2,274,019 


605 


4,062 


16,779 


54,060 






2,898,948 


392,9841 3,291,932 | 


920,865 




285.267 


13,987 


42,075 




^TS44 


3,174,483 


392,204 


3,566,637 


2,136,386 




35,204 


12,749 


50,656 




(l845 


4,106,927 


838,093 


4,945,020 


2,912,537 








16,016 


59,007 




11846 


4,008,315 


600,305 


4,603,620 


3,149,864 





143 


8,143 


60,807 




] 1847 


4,068,413 


266,225 


4,334,638 


3,622,185 






12,127 


56,634 




i 1848 


3,856,676 


465,109 


4,321,785 


6,293,230 


266,786 


3,842 


15,737 


59,109 




/ 1849 


2,710,248 


604,682 


8,314,930 


7,742,364 


313,775 


43,519 


23.385 


44,264 


^ 


' 1850 
Total, 


4,320,780 


885,742 


5,206,522 


8,787,874 


112,706 




21,156 


68,016 


^ 


$37,070,439 


5,644,924 


42,715,363 


40,289,838 


699,172 


872,126 


154,152 


540,775 




1851 


5,405,956 


641,491 


6,047.447 


10.008,364 


579,116 


245,996 


16,696 


69,724 




1852 


6,195,927 


681,030 


6,876,957 


8,171,411 


932,128 


59,319 


27,521 


87.500 




1853 


7,409,315 


610,738 


8,020,053 


13,84:3,455 


1 1,367,809 


5,144 


26,995 


85.281 




1854 


10,641,596 


1.444,662 


12,086,258 


16,966,898 


18,558,319 




23,765 


103,220 




1855 


9,155,169 


975,081 


10,130,250 
14,239,371 


12,360,113 


11,456,212 


10,ii6 


34,686 


112,507 




I 1856 


1.3,188,985 


1,050,336 


14,458,512 


1,442,493 


7,752 


54,433 


100,814 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 

PEDTCIPAL POETS. 
Bremen, one of the free Hanseatic cities, situated on the river Weser, about 50 
miles from'its mouth, in lat. 5.So 4' 45" K , long. 8° 48' E. Vessels not drawing more 
than seven feet of water go up to the town, but those drawmg 14 to 15 feet anchor 
about 13 miles from Bremen. Other vessels stop at Bremerlohe, 38 miles below 
Bremen, where a new and spacious harbor has been constructed, called Bremen Ha- 

Hamburg, a free Hanseatic city, on the north bank of the river Elbe, about 'TO 
miles from its mouth, in lat. 53° 32' 31" K, long. 9° 58' 37" E. Vessels drawmg 
14 feet of water can come up at aU times, and vessels drawmg 18 feet can come 
safely up with spring tides. The largest vessels sometimes unload into Hghters at 
Cuxhaven. There are no docks or quays, and vessels moor at piles driven mto the 
ground, a short distance from shore. . „ ,, i.. z- r ^u 

LuBEC a famous commercial city of N. Germany, nominally the chiet of the 
Hanse towns. Lat. 53° 52' 1" K, long. 10° 41' 5" E. 



118 



Foreign CommerciaZ Statistics. 



945 



PRUSSIAN OR GERMAN COISIMERCIAL UNION. 

Next to the efforts of the Prussian government to diffuse the blessings 
of education, their efforts to introduce a free commercial system into Ger- 
many constitute their best claim to the gratitude and esteem of their own 
subjects, and of the world. Germany, as every one knows, is divided 
into a vast number of independent, and mostly petty. States. Until a 
very recent period, every one of these States had its own custom-houses, 
and its own tariff and revenue laws ; which frequently differed very 
■widely indeed from those of its neighbors. The internal trade of the 
country was, in consequence, subjected to all those vexatious and ruinous 
restrictions that are usually laid on the intercourse between distant and 
independent States. Each petty State endeavored either to procure a 
revenue for itself, or to advance its own industry, by taxing or prohibit- 
ing the productions of those by which it was surrounded ; and customs 
officers and lines of custom-houses were spread all over the country ! 
Instead of being reciprocal and dependent, every thing was separate, in- 
dependent, and hostile ; the commodities admitted into Hesse were pro- 
hibited in Baden, and those prohibited in Wirtemberg were admitted into 
Bavaria. It is admitted that nothing conti'ibuies so much to the growth 
of industry and wealth in modern times as the perfect freedom of internal 
industry, and that intimate correspondence among the various parts of 
the country, which renders each the best market for the products of the 
other. How different would have been our present condition had each 
county been an independejit State, jealous of those around it, and anxious 
to exalt itself at their expense ! But, until within these few years, this 
was the exact condition of Germany. 

In 1852, the tariff alliance comprised: 



Prussia, .... 

Luxemburg, .... 

Bavaria and her detached territorie 

Saxony (Kingdom of), 

"Wii'temberg and the two HohenzoUem 

Hesse (Electoral), 

Hesse (Duchy) and Homburg, 

The Thuringian States, 

Baden (Duchy of), . . . 

Brunswick (Duchy of), 

Nassau, 

Frankfort, 



German 


Population 


Sq. Miles. 


in 1849. 


5,188 


16,669,153 


47 


189,783 


1,396 


4,526,650 


272 


1,894,431 


384 


1,805,558 


203 


7,731,584 


154 


862,917 


237 


1,014,954 


276 


1,360,599 


63 


247,070 


85 


425,686 


2 


71,678 



Totals, . . . 

Ykssels Entered and Cleaeed. 



1854. 



8,307 29,800,063 

1855. 



Entered loaded. 



Number. Tonnage. Number. Tonnage. 



Of which were 



( national, 



I foreign, . 
Entered in ballast, . 
Cleared loaded. 

Of which were I ^^^, 

Cleared in ballast, . 



4,794 
2,182 
2,612 
2,936 
6,576 
2,808 
3,768 
981 



414,803 
211,648 
203,155 
274,756 
585.663 
277,923 
307,740 
88,443 



5,434 
2,316 
3,118 

6,123 
2,597 
3,526 



511,661 
244,160 
267,501 

600,254 
272,289 
327,965 



944 



Prussia. 



119 



FOREIGN COMIVIERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
"WITH PRUSSIA, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

EN-DING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Imfout. 


Amf.r. 


For. 


1821 








$1,399 










1822 






.... 












1823 


$7,268 


$568 


$7,836 








'126 




1824 


5,163 




5,163 


.... 










1825 


4,918 


12,650 


17,568 


21,250 








'217 


1826 


15,129 


3,421 


18,550 


107,615 




.... 


"sis 




1827 


8,515 




8,515 


89,758 






156 




182S 


15,430 




15,430 


136,064 






117 




1829 


14,411 


'.'.'.'. 


14,411 


22.935 




.... 


188 




1830 
Total, 


16,501 


.... 


16,501 


16,605 






232 


'.'.'.'. 


$87,335 


16,639 


103,974 


345,626 






1,126 


217 


1831 


27,043 




27,043 


50,970 




.... 


887 




1832 


11,116 




11,116 


27,927 






179 




1833 


12,812 




12,812 


124,570 






.... 




1834 


15,300 


3,5i6 


18,810 


14,045 









'299 


1835 


53,063 


2,682 


55,745 


88,5^43 


.... 




'239 




1836 


66,410 




66,410 


81,301 








l',i77 


ias7 


106,558 


33',427 


189,985 


497,829 








4,625 


1838 


65,661 


19,283 


84,944 


6,629 


.... 




'246 


1,433 


1839 


29,313 


43,500 


72,813 


70,412 






816 


1,234 


1S40 
Total, 


43,353 


43,115 


86,468 


59,304 






506 


1,577 


$430,629 


145,517 


576,146 


971,530 






2,367 


10,845 


1841 


149,211 


26,765 


175,976 


83,119 






547 


8,842 


1842 


149,141 


7,547 


156,688 


18,192 








2,063 


1843* 


222,039 


18,330 


240,369 








2,173 


1,905 


1844 


194,606 


28,968 


218,574 


12,609 






164 


6,009 


1845 


502,007 


65,114 


567,121 


31,082 






947 


9,521 


1846 


896,210 


39,645 


4:35,855 


31,5&^t 


.... 




1,176 


7,275 


1847 


182,259 


19,907 


202,166 


7,608 






.... 


5,127 


1848 


145,074 


15,385 


160,459 


22,817 








8,750 


1849 


34,703 


9,516 


44,219 


17,687 






'246 


606 


1850 
Total, 


70,645 


27,991 


98,636 


27,469 






.... 


4,887 


$2,045,895 


254,168 


2,300,063 


205,167 






5,247 


43,485 


1851 


80,469 


5,444 


85,913 


20,542 




.... 


184 


1,635 


1852 


93,233 


153 


93,3S6 


21,263 






295 


1,558 


1853 


26,911 


1,806 


28,717 


47,875 








293 


1854 








47,773 




.... 


.... 


295 


1855 


20,466 


10',866 


8l',263 


337,814 




.... 




1,174 


1856 


70,367 


9,395 


79,762 


101,169 







"26s 


1,327 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Dantzic, in West Prassia, in lat. 54° 20' 48'' N., long. 18° 38' E. It is situ- 
ated on tlie left bank of the Vistula, about four miles from where it empties into the 
sea.. The harbor is at the mouth of the river. Tne depth of water at the mouth of 
the/ river is from 12 to 13 feet ; in the harbor from 13 to 14 ; in the river, near the 
town, 8 to 9 feet. , 

Mehel, a commercial town of East Prussia, in lat. 55° 41' 42'^ N., long. 21° S' 
14" E. Memel is situated on the north-east side of the great bay called Currische 
Haf, near its junction with the Baltic. The harbor is large and safe, but the bar at 
tlie mouth of the Currische Haf, has seldom more than 17 feet, and sometimes not 
more than 14 or 15 feet; and vessels drawing over 16 feet have frequently to un- 
load part of their cargoes in the roads, where the anchorage is indifferent. 

Stettin, the principal commercial town of Prussia, on the left bank of the Oder, 
about 36 miles from its mouth, in lat. 53° 23' 20" K, long. 14° 33' E. Yessela 
drawing more than eight feet of water, unload by hghters at the mouth of the river. 



120 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 947 

RUSSIA. 

The Russian empire embraces Dearly a half of the surface of Europe. 
It chiefly consists of an enormous plain, being little diversified by rising 
ground, except toward tl^ Urals and the Caucasus, in the S. and E., and 
in the province of Finland, in the N.W. The northern part of the coun- 
try is a cold and barren region of heaths and marshes ; the central prov- 
inces are rich and fertile ; the southern, mere steppes, or grassy, sandy, 
and salt plains, which afford, however, in their hollows, along the river- 
courses, abundance of excellent pasturage for cattle and horses. The 
population is chiefly agricultural, or nomadic ; and the manufactures that 
are to be found in some places are more indebted to the fostering care of 
the government, and the hio^h import duties, or absolute prohibition of 
foreign wares, than to native enterprise, for their origin and continuance. 
Russia is an immense military power, so far as that depends on the num- 
bers of her armies ; but the want of national wealth is such a drawback 
on military enterprise, as she has not yet been able to overcome. 



EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, 1S51 AIS 


ID 1854. 


1851. 


1854. 


Exports. Imports. 


Exports. Imports. 


Rubles d'Arg. Rubles d'Arg. 


Rubles d'Arg. Rubles d'Arg. 


Bj the European frontier 




of the empire, . 79,221,371 78,038,315 


44,075,497 44,906,535 


The kingdom of Poland, 4,852,226 9,015,372 


9,446,138 9,518,659 


The frontiers of Asia, 11,140,293 15,734,836 


9,908,018 15,601,827 


J^nland, . . . 2.180,561 949,089 


1,908,028 331,587 



Total, . . 97,394,457 103,737,612 65,337,681 70,358,608 
The silver ruble of 100 copecs, of the years 1750 to 1762, was worth 
4 francs 61 cent.; that of 1763 to 1807, was worth 4 francs. 



NAVIGATION, 1851 AND 1854. 








1851. 




1854. 










A 




VESSELS 


"* 


VESSELS. 




Arrived. Departed. 


Arrived. 


Departed. 


)rts of the Baltic, 


3,790 


3,781 


473 


463 


" White Sea, . 


721 


658 


685 


747 


" Black Sea, . 


2,585 


2,598 


1,183 


1,409 


" " Caspian Sea, 


227 


305 


181 


211 



Total, .... 7,323 7,342 2,522 2,830 

The tonnage of the vessels arriving amounted to 579,396 lastes, and 
of the departures, 576,289 lastes, in 1851, and in 1854, 2,684,477 lastes. 

Debt in 1854, 19,539,288 rubles, 29 copecs. 

The origin of the Russians as a distinct branch of the Slavonians, is a 
moot point among archaeologists. They seem to have borne at one time 
the name Antes, consisting of several tribes, that formed a sort of con- 
federation. In the ninth century, Ruric, the Varangian, established him- 
self in Novgorod the Great ; and his successors, extending their dominion 
by conquest, established their capital at Kiefl", where the dynasty reached 
the zenith of its power under Vladimir the Great, who introduced Chris- 
tianity among his subjects, according to the creed and ritual of the Greek 
Church, A.D. 983. 



946 



Russia. 



121 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH RUSSIA, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeaes 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS 

1 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


FoEEiGN. j Total. 


Total. 


EXPOET. 


Import. 


Amer, 


Foe. 


1821 


$127,939 


$500,955 


$628,894 


$1,852,199 






4,521 




1S22 


177,261 


351,820 


529,081 


3,307,328 




$366 


4,325 




1S23 


51,635 


597,099 


648,734 


2.258,777 




1,800 


2,771 




1824 


92,766 


189,215 


231,931 


2,209,663 






2,201 




1S25 


55,191 


232,210 


287.401 


2,067,110 






3,279 




1826 


11,044 


163,604 


174,648 


2,617,169 






1,386 




182T 


45,510 


336,734 


382,244 


2,086,077 






8,509 


"117 


1828 


108,922 


341,573 


450,495 


2,788,362 


$18,553 




2,785 


236 


1829 


51,684 


334,542 


386.226 


2,218,995 


10,213 




2,948 




1830 
Total, 


35,461 


381,114 


416,575 


1,621,899 


28,700 




3,492 


"234 


$757,413 


3,378,866 


4,136,279 


23,027,579 


52,466 


2,100 


81,212 


637 


1831 


114,852 


347,914 


462,766 


1,608,328 


90.423 




4,310 




1832 


121,114 


461,563 


582,682 


3,251,852 


82,083 


8,666 


3,147 


39i 


1833 


223,734 


480,071 


703,805 


2,772,550 


85,494 


2,192 


6,498 




1834 


168,627 


162,067 


330,694 


2,595,840 


1,546 




4,979 


'366 


1835 


231,607 


853,840 


585,447 


2,305,245 


6,977 




8,424 


595 


1836 


326,283 


584,730 


911,013 


2,778,554 


12,000 




6,196 


1,199 


1837 


144,080 


1,162,652 


1,306,732 


2,816,116 


3,000 


4,666 


6,644 


4,147 


1838 


359,047 


689,242 


1,048,289 


1,898,396 


7,070 


1,000 


7,253 


198 


1839 


434,587 


804,659 


1,239,246 


2,393,894 


1,856 


50 


8,540 


858 


1840 
Total, 


234,856 


934,625 


1,169,481 


2,572,427 


9,231 




6,018 


477 


$2,358,787 


5,981,368 


8,340,155 


25,083,202 


299,630 


10,242 


57,009 


7,665 


1841 


146,118 


879,611 


1,025,729 


2,817,448 






7,405 


808 


1842 


316,026 


520,567 


836,593 


1,350,106 


4,978 





5,691 


1,699 


1843* 


809,867 


76,926 


386,793 


742,803 


626 


8,461 


4,163 


271 


1844 


414,882 


140,532 


555,414 


1,059,419 


1,120 


.... 


6,308 


1,981 


1845 


636,845 


190,492 


727,337 


1,492,262 






9,109 


1,906 


1846 


535,388 


97,079 


632,467 


1,570,054 




.... 


5,451 


1,543 


1847 


626,332 


124,118 


750,450 


924,673 







4,135 


1,362 


1848 


1,047,582 


108,428 


1,156,010 


1,319,084 


.... 





9,588 


893 


1849 


937,557 


197,947 


1,135,504 


840,238 




74 


10,349 


1,893 


1850 
Total, 


666,4:35 


198,506 


864,941 


1,511,572 






5,048 


8,990 


$5,537,032 


2,534,206 


8,071,238 


13,627,659 


6,724 


8,475 


67,247 


15,346 


1851 


1,465,704 


145,987 


1,611,691 


1,302,782 






9,241 


3,239- 


1852 


1,061,748 


138,732 


1,200,480 


1,581,620 




.... 


10,006 


3,045 


1853 


2,313,175 


143,478 


2,456,653 


1,278,501 






11,958 


5,297 


1854 


335,521 


145.095 


480,616 


1,544,2:35 






8,891 


1,485 


1855 


48,940 


20,414 


69,354 


250,556 






1,583 




1856 


600,153 


86,252 


686,405 


330,581 






9,720 


'556 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Odessa, a seaport of southern Russia, on the north-west coast of the Black Sea, 
between the rivers Dneister and Bug, in lat. 46° 28' 54" N., long. 30° 43' 22'' E. 
The bay or roadstead of Odessa is extensive, the water is deep, and the anchorage 
is good — the bottom being fine sand and gravel; it is, however, exposed to the 
south-easterly winds, which render it less safe in winter. The port, which is artificial, 
being formed of two moles, one of which projects a considerable distance into the 
sea, and has deep water, with room for 300 ships. 

Petersburg-, the capital of Russia, situated at the confluence of the river Xeva 
with the eastern extremity of the G-ulf of Finland, in lat. 59° 56' 23" K, long. 
30° 18' 45" E. Cronstadt, situated on a smaU island about twenty miles west of St. 
Petersburg, may in some measure be considered as the port of the latter. Almost 
aU vessels loound for Petersburg touch here, and those drawing above eight feet of 
water load and unload at Cronstadt — the goods being conveyed to the city in light- 
ers. The water to Cronstadt is ample, there being from 24 to 36 feet of wat^er. 



122 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 



94d 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 

Sweden and Norway togetlier occupy the Scandinavian peninsula, 
whicli consists of a huge mass of mountains, falling abruptly toward the 
Western ocean, and in a series of long slopes toward the East sea. 
More than a third part of the peniDSula is more than 2,000 feet above 
the level of the sea, and about 3,700 square English miles of its surface 
are within the limits of perpetual snow. Of these elevated and snowy 
regions, nearly 3,000 square miles of the latter, and almost the whole of 
the former, are in Norway. The country possesses a great diversity of 
soil and climate. The summer of the lowlands of Sweden is warm and 
dry, but very short ; the winters are long and severe. The climate, 
however, is generally wholesome and invigorating. The climate of Nor- 
way is less extreme ; not so warm in summer, nor so cold in winter, but 
more humid and changeable than that of Sweden, and generally less 
salubrious. Agriculture and fisheries are the principal employments of 
the population. Sweden possesses mines of iron of the best quality, 
which are wrought with advantage. Sweden and Norway form two dis- 
tinct States, with separate governments, but are united under one crown. 



COMMERCE OF SWEDEN. 

NAVIGATION AND COMMEECE IN 1854. 





Arrived. 


Cleared. 


t Rix dollars Banco. 


CODNTEIES. 


< 


r 


< 


^ 








% 


5» 


1 


1 


Importation. 


Exportation. 


Norway, . 


1,806 


56,399 


982 


20,774 


4,032,000 


2,241,000 


Finland, . 


1,536 


18,697 


1,442 


15,996 


1,453,000 


276.000 


Russia, 


89 


1,201 


78 


951 


305,000 


133;000 


Prussia, . 


397 


17,157 


336 


10,470 


1,165,000 


2,630,000 


Denmark, 


4.415 


86,814 


4,400 


74,035 


2,627,000 


7,101,000 


Mecklenburg, . 


m 


7,802 


142 


5,953 


32,000 


448,000 


Lubec, 


579 


21,251 


462 


19,801 


19,129,000 


4,021,000 


Hamburg, 


66 


4,369 


33 


1,769 


1,777,000 


406,000 


Bremen, . 


34 


2,173 


22 


989 


421,000 


321,000 


Hanover & Oldenburg, 


6 


279 


6 


131 


1,000 


38,000 


Netherlands, 


81 


6,935 


144 


7,290 


626,000 


1,381,000 


Belgium, . . 


27 


3,346 


40 


3,829 


181,000 


389,000 


Great Brit & Ireland, 


1,347 


125,411 


1,778 


172,523 


9,264,000 


23,093,000 


France, 


190 


20,778 


364 


40,326 


733,000 


3,035,000 


Spain, 


90 


10,312 


73 


8,891 


504,000 


1,081,000 


Portugal, . 


179 


17,569 


82 


7,256 


461,000 


1,392,000 


Italy, 


33 


3,565 


16 


2,438 


206,000 


357,000 


Gibraltar, 







17 


2,772 




74,000 


Austria, . 






2 


148 




253,000 


Algiers, . 






25 


3,776 




362,000 


United States, . 


26 


5,214 


35 


8,385 


3,250,000 


2,173,000 


West Indies, . 


10 


1,256 







601,000 




Brazil, 


53 


6,087 


37 


4,515 


5,071,000 


626,000 


America generally, . 







12 


2,101 





180,000 


PI Indies & Australia, 


13 


1,940 


20 


3,442 


588,000 


484,000 


Cape of Good Hope, . 


•• 





27 


3,607 





315,000 


Total, 


10,648 


418,555 


10,574 


422,168 


52,437,000 


52,810,000 



948 



Sweden and Norway. 



123 



FOREIGN COM^IERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
SWEDEN AND NORWAY, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. Foseign. 


i Total. 

1 


Total. 


Export, 


Lmpobt. 


EOR. 




Amer. 


1821 


$154,213 i $62,968 


$217,181 


$759,753 




$10,139 


1,616 


964 


1822 


180,411 1 80,210 


260,621 


1.151.788 








2,281 


1,203 


1823 


151,037 1 147,191 


298,228 


1,317,242 






2'.6o6 


3,050 


880 


182-4 


163,725 


161,033 


324,758 


998,915 






'300 


2,832 


1,560 


182o 


222,164 


112,378 


334,542 


1,335,896 






3,080 


3,435 


702 


1826 


126,034 


88,489 


214,523 


1,128,236 






8,000 


2,653 


518 


1827 


201,488 


207,553 


409,041 


1,015,507 






4,400 


8,731 


1,530 


1828 


256,532 


215.222 


471,754 


1,570,783 








5,065 


1,776 


1829 


122,663 


126,971 


219,634 


1.020.910 






8",66o 


2,255 


1,114 


1830 
Total, 


181,353 


189,949 


871,302 


1,168,110 


$773 


1,110 


3,502 


2,023 


$1,759,620 


1,391,964 


3,151,584 


11,467,145 


773 


27,029 


30,375 


12,275 


1831 


190,511 


86,519 


277,030 


901.812 






8,232 


472 


18:32 


214,048 


152,365 


366,413 


1,097,394 






1,863 


8,078 


1833 


244,587 


70,262 


814,849 


1,168,697 






1,806 


2,898 


1834 


277,237 


128,562 


405,799 


1,079,327 






1,437 


8,486 


1835 


416,078 


100,160 


516,238 


1,285,178 




.... 


1,520 


2,703 


1836 


528,9.83 


89,558 


618,541 


1,243,189 




.... 


1,926 


2,807 


1837 


211,700 


208,704 


420,404 


1,399,901 


.... 




1,331 


4,084 


1833 


210,745 66.686 


277,431 


854,771 




5,027 


1,412 


1,639 


1839 


837,000 26.502 


363,502 


1,553,684 




.... 


797 


2,608 


1840 
Total, 


485,092 


115,134 


550,226 


1,217,913 


.... 




1,118 


5,936 


$3,065,981 


1,044,452 


4,110,433 


11,801,866 




5,027 


16,447 


29,711 


1841 


563,766 


38,553 


602,319 


1,209,881 




2,000 


2,215 


8,816 


1842 


238,948 


105,970 


344,918 


890,934 






1,311 


5,161 


1843* 


18,381 


15,807 


34,188 


227,356 




.... 


780 


488 


1S44 


217,870 


12.231 


230,101 


421,834 








4,629 


1845 


250,567 


22.761 


273,328 


627,938 


.... 




'849 


6,248 


1846 


362,792 


39,545 


402,337 


724,865 







693 


7,765 


1847 


391,847 


28,340 


420,187 


613,698 








6,263 


184S 


625,972 


32,844 


658,816 


750,817 






2, 133 


10,548 


1849 


725,231 


38,506 


763,787 


781,846 







1,531 


14,718 


1850 
Total, 


668,530 


51,610 


720,190 


1,032,117 


.... 




649 


9,822 


$4,064,004 


886,167 


4,450,171 


7,231,286 




2,000 


9,606 


69,458 


1851 


760,800 


21,566 


782,366 


967,237 






1,545 


9.098 


1852 


732,846 


25,322 


758,168 


775,448 




.... 


8,640 


6.547 


18.53 


833,533 


13,735 


852,268 


447,332 


.... 





3,217 


6,153 


1854 


1.085,602 


39,324 


1,124,926 


515,173 






4,731 


4,890 


1855 


949,017 


23,793 


977,810 


848,900 







4,601 


4,850 


1856 


1,871,645 


47,718 

1 


1,919,363 


871,245 


.... 




9,461 


8,550 



months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PEINCIPAL PORTS. 

GrOTTEXBURGo. or more properly Gothaborg, on the south-west coast of Sweden, 
bordering the Cattegat, near the mouth of the river Gotha, lat. 57° 42^ 4" N., long. 
11° 57' 45" E. Vessels do not come up close to the city, but lie in the river or 
harbor, at a short distance from the shore — goods being conveyed to and from them 
by lighters. The depth of water in the port is 17 feet, and there is no tide, bar, or 
shallow. 

STOCKHOLii, the capital of Sweden, situated at the junction of Lake Mseler with an 
inlet into the Baltic. The entrance to the harbor is intricate and dangerous, and 
should not be attempted without a pilot ; but the harbor itself is capacious and ex- 
cellent — the largest vessels lying in safety close to the quays. 

Bergen', the first commercial city of Norway, situated at the head of a deep bay, 
in lat. 60° 24' N., and long. 5° 20' E. The bay is inclosed on all sides by rugged 
rocks and islands ; the water is deep, but the entrance to the town is difficult, and 
needs a pilot. 



124 



Foreign Commercial Statistics, 



951 



NORWAY. 

Norway (Kingdom of), (Swed. Norrige^ German Norwegen)^ a coun- 
try of North Europe, united to tlie crown of Sweden, and forming the 
N.W. part of the Scandinavian peninsula, capital Christiana. It extends 
from Cape Lindesnaes latitude 57° 5*7' 8", to the North Cape, latitude 
71° 10' 3" N., and between longitude 4° 50' and 31° 15' E. 

Owing to the difficulty of transport, all the seats of industry, and the only 
towns, are on the coast, and chiefly on the Gulf of Christiana. Ship-build- 
ing is actively earned on in the ports. In the middle ages, the commerce 
of Norway consisted exclusively in the exportation of fish, and this is still 
the most important article of trade. Next to this is the export of timber, 
which was commenced by the Dutch in the sixteenth century ; and, lastly, 
the products of the mines and metal forges. The timber exported an- 
nually amounts to 200,000 lastes, value 1,685,000 specie dollars. 

COMMEECE OF NOEWAY, IN 1853. 

ENTERED. CLEAEED. 



(JUUJJTiUHIS. 




Ycssels. Commercial lastes.* 


Vessels. Commercial lastes.* 


Sweden, . 


5G9 


8,772 


872 


26,984 


Russia, 




669 


ll,768i 


805 


I7,27li 


Prussia^ 




291 


5,564 


345 


6,531 


Mecklenberg, 




6 


157 


10 


205 


Lubec, 




4 


191i 


4 


50i 


Denmark, . 




. 3,578 


47,497 


3,503 


46,247i 


Altona^ 




128 


3,62H 


57 


l,667i 


Hamburg, . 




83 


3,613i 


19 


565i 


Bremen, . 




. 107 


3,399 


92 


1A5H 


Oldenburg, 




66 


1,665 


28 


616 


Hanover, . 




249 


5,566i 


254 


5,703 


Netherlands, 




. 1,010 


62,980 


1,010 


63,064 


Belgium, . 




51 


2,6QU 


61 


2,168 


Great Britain, 




. 2,077 


130,244| 


1,848 


126,900i 


France, . 




941 


58,673 


1.183 


74,77H 


Spain, 




72 


4,160i 


128 


5,502i 


Portugal, . 




149 


9,367 


4 


220i 


Gibraltar, . 






.... 


1 


35 


Sardinia, , 




. 4 


307 


2 


73 


Roman States, . 








1 


49i 


The Two Sicilie 


s, 


6 


883i 


10 


553 


Austria, . 








3 


158i 


Turkey, . 




6 


372 


4 


198i 


British Am. Colonies 


. 




57 


9,691 


U. States of America 


, . 3 


6l7i 


11 


l,261i 


Cuba, 


3 


218 


4 


242 


West Indies, . 




• 




5 


I79i 


Brazil, 




6 


665 


3 


222 


Australia, 




. 




2 


198i 


Trinidad, . 




1 


176 




.... 


Java, 




2 


304i 




.... 


Baltic Sea^ 








29 


1,57H 


Ports north-west, 


26 


753i 


38 


1,046 


Ports south-west, . 




... 


57 


3,9641 


Tota; 


. 10,106 


364,094 


10,450 


399,663 


Of which were |!^^ 


Led, . 4,247 
allast, 5,859 


101,605 
262,489 


9,989 
461 


363,799 
35,863 






*Laste= 


=two tons. 







950 



Swedish West Indies. 



125 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
THE SWEDISH WEST INDIES, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856, 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS 


' Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D, 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total, 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer, 


For. 


1S21 


$507,077 


$53,149 


$560,226 


$611,116 


.... 


$292,733 


20,774 


888 


1822 


569,566 


91,247 


660,313 


393,119 




76,533 


16,282 


1,080 


1823 


241,701 


18,362 


260,063 


185,303 




44,131 


8,174 


354 


1824 


204,933 


39,637 


244,670 


102,335 





22,520 


8,263 


340 


1825 


193,761 


41,247 


235,003 


31,702 





36,553 


7,150 


133 


1826 


120,573 


23,284 


14:3,357 


163,046 




40.429 


4,437 




1827 


416,822 


25,014 


441,836 


209.535 




82,920 


16,277 




1828 


611,534 


23,616 


635,200 


375,995 




109,656 


26,553 


*635 


1829 


684,523 


23,791 


708,314 


283,049 




100,741 


28,246 


323 


1830 
Total, 


552,700 


37,727 


590,427 


230,530 


.... 


157,374 


19,960 


984 


$4,103,290 


377,124 


4,480,414 


2,637,635 




964,195 


156,116 


4,742 


1831 


251,937 


11,111 


263.048 


218,913 


.... 


111,142 


7,199 


552 


1S32 


141,249 


7,478 


148,727 


53.410 




22.215 


4.651 


644 


1833 


100.163 


5,057 


105,220 


32,202 




8,935 


3,395 


283 


1834 


81,040 


7.902 


83,942 


47,214 


$2,466 


24,429 


2,619 


236 


1835 


72,714 


13,641 


36,355 


31,330 




22,013 


2,599 


217 


1836 


80,225 


1,620 


31,345 


56,414 




10,002 


2,052 




1837 


84,114 


3,005 


87,119 


68,977 




27,207 


2,628 


'"84 


1838 


74,140 


4,231 


73,421 


46.019 




26,013 


1,946 




1839 


103,232 


4.130 


107.412 


12,458 




3,960 


2,184 


"139 


1840 
Total, 


98,710 


3,610 


102,320 


57,545 




49,947 


2,203 


139 


$1,087,574 


61,835 


1,149,409 


624,487 


2,400 


305,863 


31,475 


2,294 


1341 


165,184 


3.707 


168,891 


19,760 




13,607 


3,455 


95 


1842 


129,727 


3,820 


133.047 


23.242 


.... 


19,475 


2,663 


726 


1843* 


31.228 


2,346 


33.574 


61,318 




45.823 


949 




1844 


68,8S4 


1.360 


65,244 


23.719 


1,666 


22,399 


1,478 


'141 


1845 


83.836 


1,453 


90,339 


12,119 




8,473 


2,135 




1846 


133,121 


3,448 


141.569 


5,235 


1,612 


2,450 


2,329 




1347 


110,062 


3,659 


113,721 








1.607 




1848 


75,496 


800 


76,296 


13.785 




9'.589 


2,250 


"79 


1849 


95,123 


737 


95.365 


15,982 




9,913 


2,684 


547 


1850 
Total, 


93,176 


1,166 


99,342 


2,193 
167,403 




500 


2,454 


382 


$995,892 


21,996 


1,017,833 


2,012 


132,234 


22,004 


1,970 


1851 


61,157 


745 


61.902 


29.001 




19,537 


1.319 




1352 


90,302 


1.993 


92,795 


4,234 




3,229 


2,287 


"125 


1853 


31,024 


1,191 


32,215 


6,376 




4.539 


1,136 




1854 


12,741 




12.741 


22,590 




13,156 


367 




1855 


68,356 


"39i 


69,247 


32,229 


.... 


16.316 


1,365 


"146 


1866 


60,702 




60,702 


10,192 




2,829 


1,012 


85 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRmCIPAL ISLAND. 
Swedish "West Ikdies. — The island of St. Bartholomew is the only possession of 
the Swedes in America. It belongs to the Leeward group, and is situate centrally 
in 17° 50' N. lat., and 62° 52' W, long., distant 12 miles from St. Martin, and about 
30 from St. Christopher. It is about eight miles long by from two to three miles 
wide, and contains an area of about 25 square miles. Capital, Gustavia. The 
island is of an irregular shape, and deeply indented by numerous small sandy bays, 
separated by bold and steep rocky acclivities, of moderate height. In the interior it 
is hiUy, but its loftiest elevations are less than 1,000 feet. In most parts it is barren 
and sterile, but has numerous weU- cultivated valleys. It produces aU the staples of 
the West Indies — cotton, sugar, tobacco, indigo, etc., and also hgnum vitse and iron 
wood- Its only exports are cattle and some salt, "Water is scarce, and the inhab- 
itants depend for supply on the rains. The only harbor is La Carenage, a safe and 
commodious one, and much frequented. It is on the west side of the island. Close 
by is Gustavia, the principal town, a thriving place. 



126 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 



953 



SPAIN (ESPANA), 

Iberia^ Hispania^ a country of S.W. EurOpe, occupying the greater 
part of the Iberian peninsula, and often termed colloquially " the Penin- 
sula," extending between latitude 36° 1' and 43° 45' N., and longitude 
3° 20' K, and 9° 21' W., bounded north by the Bay of Biscay and the 
Pyrenees, which separate it from France, east by the Mediterranean, 
south by the Mediterranean and the Straits of Gibraltar, and west by Por- 
tugal and the Atlantic Ocean. Capital, Madrid. The principal islands 
of Spain are the Baleares or Balearic islands, in the Mediterranean ; off 
the coast are the island of Leon, islets in the Bay of Vigo, and others at 
the mouth of the Ebro. 



COMMERCE OF SPAIN IN THE YEAR 1854. 





EUROPE. 






AFRICA. 




COTINTBIES. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


OOIXNTBTES. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Austria, 


1,040,527 


874,013 


Algiers, 


354,269 


7,971,208 


Belgium, . 


2,915,839 


3,849,715 


Egypt, 


1,971,748 


20,160 


Brem., Ham., 


4,404,303 


14,031,459 


Mor., Tunis, 


268,659 


579,848 


Sardinia, 


4,727,877 
395,368 


26,454,925 
10,985,836 


Port. Poss., 
Total, , 


32,000 
2,626,676 


76,849 


Denmark, . 


8,648,065 


Two Sicilies, 


42,920 


1,430,458 




AMERICA. 




Roman States, 


3,610,425 


877,162 


Cuba, P. R., 


148,546,232 


161,013,480 


France 


173,589,279 


238,421,957 


Brazil, 


6,395,792 


9,056,339 


Netherlands, 


3,821,034 


4,630,929 


Chili, 


222,380 


7,785,872 


England, . 


158,324,624 


305,220,302 


Equador, 


12,142,536 


30,000 


Portugal, . 


5.527.270 


31,995,902 


United States 


111,723,886 


57,312,251 


Prussia, 


102,509 


7,408,274 


Gruatemala, . 


2,511,390 


73,050 


Russia, 


1,183,709 


2,959,131 


Mexico, 


596,370 


7,124,692 


Sweden, 


24,083,380 


4,276,887 


New Grenada 


20.040 




Tuscany, 


2,395,346 


12,872,205 


Peru, . 


8,654,520 


3,623,274 


Turkey, 


.... 


1.500,021 


Rio de Plata, 


10,555,391 


32,686,464 


Great Britain, 


56,050,509 


14;819,880 


Uruguay, . 


725,054 


6,816,698 


Total, . 


442,214,919 


682,669,056 


Venezuela, . 


27,118,037 


1,435,037 




ASIA. 




Danish Col., 


.... 


411,037 


Philippines, 


25,229,166 


7,631,364 


French Col., 


.... 


16,000 


English Pos., 


6,506 


2,101,264 


English Col., 


13,323,623 


5,068,840 


2^nzibar, . 


872.726 




Total, . 


342,535,251 


292,453,034 


Total, . 


26,108,398 


9,732,628 


Total, reals, 


813,485,244 


993,502,783 






ENTE 


KED. 


CLEABED, 




Vessels. 


Tons. 


Vessels. 


Tons. 


.Q„3 Loaded 
^^^^ \ In balli 


1 ' ' 


6,698 


795,140 


5,787 


629,681 


ist, . 


2,068 


189,837 


1,041 


158,130 


Total, . 


. 


8,766 


984,977 


6,828 


787,811 


i«"lL°S 


, . 


6,473 


756,525 


7,376 


828,897 


ist, . . 


2,974 


306,809 


696 


95,326 


Total, . 


. 


9,447 


1,063,334 


8,072 


924,223 



Spain is rich in minerals, especially mercury, iron, copper, and lead. 
The celebrated gold and silver mines of the time of the Romans, have 
long been abandoned, but mercury is extracted in great abundance from 
the mines of Almaden. Lead forms an important branch of mining in- 
dustry. Coal is found chiefly in the Asturias, copper, tin, zinc, antimony, 
arsenic, and cobalt, are common, and rock salt is abundant in the hills of 
Cardona. 



952 



Spain on the Atla?itic, 



127 



FOREIGN COMlVrERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 

SPAIN ON THE ATLANTIC, 

From October ], 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Ykaes 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS 


Whereof there was 
hi Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


i'OREIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$324,706 


$189,900 


$514,606 


$254,025 


r 


$21,200 


8.604 




1S22 


116,270 


67,742 


184,012 


32 .',535 


$3',636 


8,500 


3;079 


"177 


1823 


130,966 


65.966 


196,932 


503,487 




5,569 


4,628 




1824 


140,436 


866,434 


506,870 


259,560 




91,994 


6,084 




1825 


73,515 


82.722 


156,237 


244,664 


...'. 


800 


2,345 




1826 


71,313 


22,227 


93.540 


832,719 


.... 


2,890 


8,620 


"435 


1827 


74,761 


47,178 


121,939 


154,885 




2,300 


2,245 




1828 


40,946 


199,953 


240,899 


210,684 


33,666 


245 


2,939 


'756 


1829 


545,753 


189,733 


685,485 


827,409 


50,000 


14,450 


12,719 


1,550 


1830 
Total, 


538,956 


61,327 


600,288 


461,267 




25,475 


9,387 




$2,057,622 


1,248,181 


8,300,808 


8,075,735 


86,630 


167,923 


55,650 


2,912 


1881 


235,584 


63,428 


299,012 


566,072 


4,000 


46,439 


4,598 


1,068 


1832 


302,584 


44,681 


847,265 


677,483 


2,050 


9,029 


6,033 


2,093 


1833 


201,619 


24,571 


226,190 


337,794 


1,821 


84,483 


5,723 


1,537 


1834 


202,744 


25,033 


227,777 


640,869 


9,605 


2,491 


6,136 


1,524 


1835 


430,984 


87,280 


518,214 


468,969 


76,412 


2,828 


9,247 


1,411 


1836 


604,929 


46,280 


651,209 


793,708 


26,214 


8,400 


5,971 


4,021 


1837 


230,099 


46,750 


276,849 


465,467 


15,050 


10,428 


2,724 


5,843 


1833 


137,405 


12,470 


149,875 


234,200 


12,239 


78,766 


5,301 


1,537 


1839 


816,144 


82,014 


848,158 


263,193 


3,520 




15,129 


1,617 


1840 
Total, 


137,835 


5,839 


148,674 


220,815 


1,870 


3,767 


11,160 


2,419 


$2,799,927 


888,296 


3,188,223 


4,663,570 


151,781 


191,086 


72,022 


23,070 


1S41 


203,323 


17,822 


221.145 


190,727 


12,020 


8,200 


7.557 


1,474 


1842 


333,222 


1,200 


334;422 


79,735 




1,842 


11,656 


2,398 


1843* 


50,100 


240 


50,340 


49,029 




7,195 


2,298 


802 


1844 


569,631 


23.808 


593.439 


252,127 


17,743 


5,148 


10,427 


135 


1845 


271,283 


550 


271. 7S3 


117,158 




1,876 


6,528 


672 


1846 


345,442 




345,442 


147,363 




4,650 


6,753 


2,871 


1847 


770J4S 


10,ii5 


780,868 


274,703 


9,566 


55,592 


9,585 


1,174 


1848 


597,797 




597,797 


277,105 




55,429 


12,926 


2,209 


1S49 


169,071 


8l',479 


200.550 


313,490 


28^157 


24,418 


17,243 


2,284 


1850 
Total, 


605,659 


23,553 


634,217 


330,181 


27,613 
95,033 




18,706 


10,583 


$3,916,226 


113,772 


4,029,998 


2,031,623 


159,345 


98,684 


24,052 


1851 


958,713 


1,075 


959,788 


451,797 




.... 


14,688 


12,424 


1852 


498,814 


25,208 


526,522 


842,096 


25j66 





10,903 


8,406 


1853 


631,494 


15,551 


647,045 


635,646 


13,531 


2,960 


10,768 


6,229 


1854 


1,890,348 




1,390,848 


533,504 




14,032 


8,940 


3,164 


1855 


1,189,158 


15l"ii7 


1,340,275 


518,140 







22.254 


6,570 


1856 


1,417,949 


10,308 


1,428,255 


582,025 


1 





18,223 


7,897 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PnmCIPAL PORTS. 

Cadiz, the principal commercial city and seaport of Spain, on its south-western 
coast, on the rocky and elevated extremity of a narrow, low peninsula, or tongue 
of land, projecting from the Isla de Leon, N.KW. about 4-^ nautical miles. It is 
surrounded on all sides, except the south, where it joins the land, by the sea, and is 
very strongly fortified. Population in 1837, 58,525. It is well built, and has, at a 
distance, a very striking appearance. The tower or lighthouse of St. Sebastian 
stands on the western side of the city, being in lat. 36° 31' 7'' N., long. 6° 18' 52" 
W. It is a most conspicuous object to vessels approaching from the Atlantic. The 
light, which is 172 feet high, is of great brilliancy, revolves once a minute, and in 
fair weather may be seen more than six leagues off. 

Bay of Cadiz. — The entrance to this noble basin hes between the city and the 
town and promontory of Rota, bearing N."W. by N., distant about If leagues. The 
bay is of very great extent, affording, in most places, good anchorage. The port is 
on the eastern side of the city, where a large mole has been constructed. 



128 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 955 



SPAIN. 

Spanish Commercial Policy. — It is the peculiar misfortune of Spain 
that every part of her political system has been alike vicious and objection- 
able. Had her commercial policy been liberal, it would, in some degree, 
have compensated for the defects in the distribution of property and po- 
litical power, and would, no doubt, have given a powerful stimulus to 
industry. But, unluckily, it has been in perfect harmony with her other 
institutions, and was, in all respects, worthy of the favorite seat and 
stronghold of the Inquisition. From the reign of Ferdinand and Isa- 
bella down almost to yesterday, the grand object of the Spanish gov- 
ernment, next to the extirpation of heresy, has been to exclude foreign 
manufactures from the Peninsula, and to preseiTe a monopoly of its 
markets, as well as of those of the colonies, to the home manufacturers. 
It is, however, almost needless to say, that their efforts to bring about 
this result have been signally unsuccessful. Oppressive taxes, with the 
multiplication of fasts and holy-days, the government monopolies, and the 
badness of the roads and other means of communication, made it impos- 
sible for the Spanish manufacturers, even if they had evinced greater 
enterprise and industry than they have done, to produce manufactured 
articles as cheap as the English, French, and others less unfavorably situ- 
ated. And such being the case, it is plain that the prohibition of certain 
descriptions of commodities, and the oppressive duties laid on others, 
could have no eifect except to suppress the legitimate commerce of the 
country, and to throw it wholly, or almost wholly, into the hands of 
smugglers. Any one who takes up a map of Spain must be satisfied at 
a glance that it would be impossible for an army of customs officers to 
prevent her being deluged with smuggled products, provided they were 
mateiially cheaper than her native products ; for, beside her extensive 
sea frontier, tliey may be introduced by way of France and Portugal, 
and also through the Basque Provinces, which have distinct laws, and 
enjoy an exemption from the commercial code inflicted on the rest of the 
kingdom. We need not, therefore, be surprised that every effort to pre- 
vent the clandestine introduction of foreign products completely failed. 
The severities occasionally inflicted on the smugglers, instead of abating, 
seems really to have increased, the evil. The contraband trade has long 
been a favorite occupation, and has been eagerly followed by the adven- 
turous, the necessitous, and the desperate. It is believed that for nearly 
three centuries from 100,000 to 150,000 individuals have been pretty 
constantly engaged in this occupation ; that is, they have been engaged 
in trampling on the laws, obstructing their officers, and committing acts 
of violence and blood. A few years ago about 3,000 actions were an- 
nually instituted against contrabandistas and others engaged in illicit trade, 
which terminated in the ruin of a vast number of families ; at the same 
time that the courts of law were filled with perjury, and the country with 
bloody conflicts. And yet these atrocities secured no one object that the 
government had in view. 

Notwithstanding their being absolutely prohibited, English and French 
cotton goods might, in 1848, be bought in every shop in Madrid, and 
generally throughout Spain ; the former at from 20 to 30 per cent, above 
their price in Gibraltar, where they are about as cheap as in Manchester. 



954 



Spain on the Mediterranean. 



129 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
SPAIN" ON THE MEDITERRANEAN, 

Erom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 





Years 

ENDING 

Sept, 
30. 


EXPOKTS- 


IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TOJTGE CL'D. 




Domestic. 


'Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 




1821 


$24,225 


$915 


$25,140 


$288,368 




$5,002 


1,174 






1822 


525,200 


1.354 


526,554 


503,656 




2,796 


2,489 


"177 


j 


1S23 


20,876 


19,447 


40,323 


473,539 




8,540 


874 






1824 


9.840 




9,840 


808,657 


* .... 


47,159 


756 


"356 




1825 


18,814 


6,835 


25,149 


332,999 






1,568 






1826 


80.964 


20,046 


101,010 


832,398 




1,466 


1,462 






1827 


62,353 


7,112 


69,465 


460,350 




19,200 


1,912 






1828 


66,844 


51,193 


118,037 


421,476 




1,250 


3,066 


"213 




1829 


185.952 


45,700 


231,652 


474,120 




15,800 


4,516 






1830 
Total, 


145,556 




145,656 


543,271 




18,436 


3,017 






$1,140,624 


152,102 


1,292,726 


4,138,834 




114,583 


20,834 


746 




1831 


75,121 


7,198 


82,319 


709,022 




8,130 


1,905 


536 




1832 


186,864 


1,054 


187,918 


740,701 




430 


3,286 


1,808 




1833 


136,150 


546 


136,696 


806,714 




1,994 


4,845 


2,059 




1834 


187,473 




187,473 


1,112,365 




8,000 


4,625 


2,886 




18:35 


93,949 


43*798 


137,747 


826,709 


$25",566 


31,683 


6,874 


3,204 




1836 


278.523 




278,528 


1,600,731 






6,515 


3.621 




1837 


824,187 


30,246 


354,433 


1,931,689 


21,866 


2,i66 


1,846 


4; 838 




1838 


336,904 


2,595 


339,499 


868,336 


1,866 


11,540 


1,853 


4,736 




1839 


209,724 


19,000 


228,724 


1,597,978 


19,800 


2,800 


5,637 


2,038 




1840 
Total, 


215,584 


3,035 


218,619 


1,468,850 


.... 


8,634 


4,006 






$2,044,484 


107,472 


2,151,956 


11,658,145 


68,966 


70,811 


40,892 


25,726 




1841 


173,633 


9,997 


183,630 


1,119,969 


9,534 


16,184 


4,848 






1842 


221,898 


16,578 


238,476 


1,065,640 






5,319 


"96 




1843* 









415,069 




58,777 


470 






1844 


15',766 


23,340 


89,166 


881,237 


23,340 


80,483 


865 


..'.'. 




1845 


55,700 


28,308 


84.508 


954,628 


28,808 


111,562 


3,909 


l',656 




1846 


82,435 


47,718 


180,153 


864,416 


47,718 


15,406 


5,809 


827 




1847 


1,188,340 


41,063 


1.229,403 


1,016,551 


25,000 


126,642 


7,266 


16,326 




1848 


1,741,474 


6,875 


1,748,349 


919,346 


6,875 


34,039 


9,189 


27,318 




1849 


1,619,423 


19,827 


1,639 250 


1,005,687 


19,827 


112,228 


5,603 


28,073 




1850 
Total, 


3,256,362 


96,855 


8,353;217 


1,702,214 


85,792 


407,188 


9,867 


34,297 




$8,355,031 


291,061 


8,646,092 


9,444,757 


246,894 


912,509 


53,140 


107,482 




1851 


4,457,331 


137,472 


4,594,803 


1,710,776 


107,043 


8,480 


9,576 


44,014 




1852 


2,718,504 


114,237 


2,832,741 


1,443,975 


87,965 


1,500 


6,174 


37,631 




1853 


3,923,656 


34,297 


3,957,953 


1,458,879 


84,297 




7,600 


38,180 




1854 


8,212,863 


31,040 


3 243,408 


1,579,074 


81,040 




12,140 


37,224 




1855 


3.375,680 


203,701 


3,579,381 


1,935,372 


6,126 


26,333 


18,878 


33,777 




1856 


5;948,380 


57,683 


6,006,063 


1,650,441 


29,450 


19,500 


12,135 


60,067 



* 9 months to Jane 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PEINCIPAL PORTS. 

Alicant, a seaport of Spain, in Yalencia, lat. 38° 20' 41" K, long. 0° 30' W. 
The harbor is open and spacious, between cape de la Heurta on the north-east, and. 
Isla Plana on the south, distant from each other about ten miles. Ships of consider- 
able burden moor from one fourth to one mile from shore, in from 30 to 40 feet of 
water; they are exposed to all winds from the E.N.E. to S. by W. ; but the holding- 
ground is good, and there is no instance of a ship having been driven from, her 
moorings in the past twenty years. 

Barcelona, the principal town of Spain on the Mediterranean, in lat. 41° 22' N".^ 
and long. 2° 10' E. The harbor is naturally bad, and is formed by a mole or jetty. 
The depth of water within the mole is from 18 to 20 feet ; but there is a bar between 
the mole and Monjni, and which has frequently not more than ten feet. Yessels 
inside the mole are safe. Large vessels have to anchor outside, and are much 
incommoded by the winds. 

Bilbao, sometimes incorrectly written Belboa, a Sp. seaport in the bay of Biscay. 



130 Foreign Commefrcial Statistics, 957 

CANARY ISLANDS. 

They lie in the North Atlantic Ocean, between the parallels of lati- 
tude 27° 40' and 29° 30' N., and the meridians of longitude 13° 30' and 
18° 20' W. The names of the seven principal islands, their respective 
area in English square miles, and their population in 1835, are given in 
the following table : 

ISLANDS. 

TenerifFe, . 
Grand Canary, . 
Palma, 
Lanzarote, 
Fuerteventura, . 
Gomera, . 
Hierro. 



Area, 


Population. 


%nn-n 


85,000 


•?58-3 


68,000 


V18-5 


33,000 


323-5 


17,400 


326-1 


13,800 


169.7 


11,700 


82-2 


4,400 



Fuerteventura lies nearest to the African coast, the interval being be- 
tween 50 and 60 miles. Besides these, there are many islets, most of 
which are uninhabited. The grape disease made its appearance at the 
Canaries in 1853, and destroyed nearly the whole crop. Previously the 
total annual produce was estimated at about 40,000 pipes, of which 
26,000 pipes were produced in Teneriffe. Between 8,000 and 9,000 
pipes were exported. The price per pipe on board, ranged from £8 to 
£20. Some of the wine is distilled into good brandy. Sumach for the 
tanners, canary-seed, and a little flax, are grown. The gardens produce, 
in addition to the vegetables of the English gardens, pumpkins, gourds, 
yams (taro), garlic, red-pepper, and the castor-oil plant. The fruit-trees 
are badly managed, so that the fruit is generally inferior. Here are found 
fruits from every quarter of the globe, including oranges, figs, bananas, 
dates, pine-apples, pomegranates, papaws, guavas, custard apples, and 
prickly pears (the fruit of the cactus). There are no cocoa-nut-trees or 
bread-fruit-trees, as Humboldt reports. A little oil is obtained from the 
olive, in Grand Canary. The agave is abundant, and supplies a material 
for ropes, girths, etc. The leaves of the date palm are made into hats 
and baskets. A good deal of orchilla lichen is gathered for exportation ; 
and the ice-plant is cultivated for barilla. The sugar manufacture, once 
so largely carried on, has fallen before the American and West Indian 
trade ; the only two existing mills are on Palma. Wine having been for 
some time so little remunerative, other things have received attention, the 
chief of which is the cochineal insect, which feeds on the common cactus 
(Opuntia tund)^ and is now largely produced on all the islands, land 
formerly occupied by grain and vines being devoted to its cultivation. 
The insect has not been long introduced, but the cultivation has rapidly 
extended. In 1849, 800,000 pounds were exported, principally to France 
and England. Since that year, the exports have much increased ; the 
price paid to the Canary exporter, is about one dollar per pound. The 
silkworm is reared to a small extent, chiefly on Palma. Raw silk is ex- 
ported, and some is manufactured on the spot into stockings, ribbons, 
etc. Some linen and woolen stuffs of a coarse kind are made for home 
consumption, but the great bulk of the clothing in use is of foreign manu- 
facture. The chief exports are wine, cochineal, barilla, and orchilla. The 
imports consist of woolen, silk, cotton, and iron manufactures, glass, etc. 



956 



Teneriffe and the Canaries. 



131 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
TENEEIFFE AND THE CANARIES, 

Feom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1855. 



Yeaks 

ENDING 

Sept. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPOETS 

1 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. j 


80. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


Fob. 


1821 


$74,828 


$48,637 


$123,465 


$265,089 


$7,284 




8,003 


92 


1822 


85,937 


29,140 


115,077 


241,195 


3,650 


$470 


2,849 




1823 


58.002 


21,216 


79,218 


203.484 




600 


2,296 




1824 


42,845 


20,144 


62,989 


95,579 


6,767 


8,600 


1,732 


'136 


1825 


70,880 


21,271 


91,651 


165,718 


6,240 




3,067 


119 


1826 


42,761 


21,742 


64,503 


173,399 


4,607 




1,901 




1827 


46,163 


39,817 


85,980 


123,860 


4,316 


4,064 


2,163 




1828 


83,529 


3^^^ 


42,080 


222,740 


2,350 


1,700 


1,516 


.... 


1829 


42,839 


23,317 


66,156 


25,283 


8,108 




1,714 




1830 
Total, 


19,040 


610 


19,650 


99,878 


.... 




796 




$516,324 


234,445 


750,769 


1,615,725 


43,322 


10,434 


21,037 


841 


1831 


34,931 


3,446 


38,377 


125,159 


.... 




1,418 




1832 


14,567 


7,851 


22,418 


154,887 


6,975 


2,160 


925 




1833 


24,313 


15,355 


39,668 


148,090 


8,000 




2,342 


"97 


1834 


20,638 


787 


21,425 


148,130 






1,826 


852 


1885 


40,195 


12,710 


52,905 


196,862 


4*842 


'679 


2,151 


194 


1836 


21,687 


4,264 


25,951 


208,953 


2,661 


670 


1,615 




1837 


27,553 


7,648 


85,201 


255,276 


7,200 


. 


2,157 




1838 


34,619 


18,686 


53,305 


151,866 


12,540 


*533 


2,177 




ia39 


15,572 


11,939 


27,511 


196,755 


11,652 


190 


1,192 




1840 
Total, 


11,816 


11,579 


23,395 


150,522 


9,000 


.... 


713 


"368 


$245,891 


94,265 


340,156 1 


1,730,950 


62,870 


4,232 


16,516 


1,011 


1841 


12,290 


3,499 


15,789 


144,654 






1,200 




1842 


12,723 


518 


13.241 


91,411 




.... 


426 


*473 


1843* 


7,099 


3,925 


11,024 


15,058 






486 




1844 


14,493 


1,042 


15,535 


61,653 




1,966 


861 


"i48 


1845 


5,895 




5,895 


55,032 







467 


387 


1846 


13,072 


4^840 


17,912 


62,095 


.... 




645 


.... 


1847 


15,148 





15,148 


61,864 




.... 


856 




1848 


9,921 


1,229 


11,150 


85,061 






839 


'115 


1849 


17,840 


654 


18,494 


88,919 






912 


235 


1850 
Total, 


20,524 


5,065 


25,589 


85,223 


4,840 
4,840 


1,900 


647 


1,376 


$129,005 


20,772 


149,777 


650,970 


7,339 


2,734 


1851 


13,540 


5,639 


19,179 


27,718 


5,506 


.... 


753 


157 


1852 


16,471 


45 


16,516 


51,615 






793 


1,133 


1853 


28,215 


1,000 


24,215 


84,021 




'466 


1,046 


1,235 


l.So4 


19,316 


804 


20,120 


89,598 







1,046 


.... 


1855 


43,211 


3,086 


46,297 


45,155 


.... 




2,147 


1,356 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



I 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

The ports of Santa Cruz de Teneriflfe, Orotana, Ciudad Real de los Palraas, Ane- 
dffe de Langarole, Puerto de Cabras, and San Sebastian, in the Canary Islands, hav- 
ing been declared free by royal decree, proclaimed on the 10th of October, 1852, and 
vessels of the United States and their cargoes arriving in said ports being thus 
placed on the same footing with those of Spain, no discriminating duty is levied on 
Spanish vessels and their cargoes arriving from those ports in the ports of the 
United States ; provided that on every such arrival the required consular certificate 
be filled with the collector of the port. 

Teiceriffe, the largest island of the group, lies between Canary and Gomera. _ It 
is of an irregular shape, 60 miles in length, with an extreme breadth of 30 miles. 
Not more than one seventh is cultivable. A chain of mountains traverses the island 
in the direction of its greatest length, and in the middle of the broadest part rises the 
celebrated peak locaUy known as the Pico de Teyde, which, with its supports and 
spurs, occupies nearly two thirds of the whole island. 



I 



132 Foreign Commercial Statistics, 969 



MANILLA. 

Manilla, tne capital of Luconia, tlie largest of the Philippine Islands, 
and the principal settlement of the Spaniards in the East, in latitude 
14° 36' 8" N., longitude 120° 53i' E. Population about 100,000, of 
whom from 4,000 to 5,000 may be Europeans. Manilla is built on the 
shore of a spacious bay of the same name, at the mouth of a river, nav- 
igable for small vessels a considerable way into the interior. The 
smaller class of ships anchor in Manilla roads, in 5 fathoms, the north 
bastion bearing N. 37° E., the fishery stakes at the river's mouth N. 18° 
E., distant about a mile ; but large ships anchor at Cavita, about three 
leagues to the southward, where there is a good harbor, well sheltered 
from the W. and S.W. winds. The arsenal is at Cavita, which is de- 
fended by fort St. Philip, the strongest fortress on the islands. The city 
is surrounded by a wall and towers, and some of the bastions are well 
furnished with artillery. 

Though situated within the tropics, the climate of the Philippines is 
sufficiently temperate ; the only considerable disadvantage under which 
they labor in this respect being that the principal part of the group 
comes within the range of the typhoons. The soil is of very different 
qualities ; but for the most part singularly fertile. They are rich in 
mineral, vegetable, and animal productions. It is stated in a statistical 
account of the Philippines, published at Manilla in 1818 and 1819, that 
the entire population of the islands amounted to 2,249,852, of which 
1,376,222 belonged to Luconia. There were, at the period referred to, 
only 2,837 Europeans in the islands, and little more than 6,000 Chinese. 
The natives are said to be the most active, bold, and energetic, of any 
belonging to the eastern Archipelago. " These people," says a most 
intelligent navigator, " appear in no respect inferior to those of Europe. 
They cultivate the earth like men of understanding ; are carpenters, 
joiners, smiths, goldsmiths, weavers, masons, etc. I have walked through 
their villages, and found them kind, hospitable, and communicative ; and 
though the Spaniards speak of and treat them with contempt, I per- 
ceived that the vices they attributed to the Indians, ought rather to be 
imputed to the government they have themselves established." — ( Voyage 
de M. De la Perouse^ c. 15.) 

The principal currency of Manilla consists of Spanish dollars, of 8 
reals and 96 grains ; but South American dollars are also current. The 
weight in use are the Spanish lb., which is nearly 2 per cent, heavier 
than the English; the arroba=25^ English lbs. nearly; the quintals 
102 lbs.; and the pecul of 5 arrobas or \\ cwt. English. The coyan 
is a measure for rice, etc., varying from 96 to 135 lbs. According to 
a recent list, there are in Manilla 47 Spanish merchants and 11 foreign 
firms. The Spanish merchants have a chamber of commerce, and a 
joint-stock insurance society. The United States, France, and Belgium 
have consuls, and each of the Canton marine insurance companies has an 
agent here. There are, however, neither fire nor life offices nor agencies ; 
nor is any newspaper, price-current, or other periodical publication issued 
in Manilla. The important articles of export, are sugar, hemp, indigo, cigars, 
cotton, coffee, rice, mother of pearl, and woods. Imports, clothing, hard- 
ware, furniture, fire-arms, and manufactured articles generally. 



958 



Manilla and Philippine Islands. 



133 



FOREIGN COmiERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
MANILLA AND PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeaes 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


! Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


DOIIKSTIC. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


EXFOET. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$1,359 


$209,964 


$211,323 


$114,861 


$190,000 




632 




1822 




11,799 


11,799 








870 




1823 


6,449 


41,275 


46,724 


158,285 






370 




1824 


8,958 


210,562 


219,520 


153,472 


186,66o 


3,666 


804 




1S25 


23,169 


185,554 


208,723 


229,371 


122,500 


80,500 


8,067 


'ii9 


1826 


14,133 


58,207 


72,340 


348,875 


30,000 


12,215 


724 




1827 






. 


150,813 




26,685 






1828 


19,914 


141,838 


161,752 


60,381 


ioi',66o 




'809 




1829 


10,802 


66,430 


77,232 


209,206 


20,082 




594 




1830 
Total, 


39,129 


54,539 


93,668 


884,887 




16,248 


458 


.... 


$122,913 


980,168 


1,103,081 


1,809,651 


599,582 


88,648 


7,828 


119 


1831 


15,994 


16,810 


32,824 


348,995 


3,000 


1,220 


249 




1832 


20,906 


113,414 


184,320 


382,280 


58,000 


114 


1,286 




1833 


1,021 


8,376 


9,897 


504,498 






994 




1834 


8,662 


12,257 


15,919 


183,685 


'.'.'.'. 




222 




laso 


88,947 


50,152 


89,099 


413,815 


48,000 




1,972 




1836 


7,361 


52,672 


60,083 


803,330 


15,000 


"465 


1,908 




1837 








1,846,435 










1838 


93,214 


149,303 


242",5i7 


386,528 


148",460 




1,780 




1839 


98,553 


38,255 


136,808 


876,477 


86,200 


1,026 


1,674 




1840 
Total, 


90,589 


30,927 


121,516 


450,251 


80,000 


.... 


809 




$370,247 


472.186 


842,433 


5,746,244 


838,660 


2,825 


10,894 




1841 


75,450 


187,336 


262,786 


738,906 


165,344 


.... 


3,794 




1842 


235,732 


100,444 


836,176 


772.372 


94,536 




4,797 




1843* 


57,743 


54,435 


112,178 


409,290 


48,006 




1,401 




1844 


91,769 


131,228 


222,997 


724,811 


129,335 




6,283 




1845 


119,263 


85,315 


154,578 


683,059 


31,200 


.... 


3,230 




1846 


100,954 


9,285 


110,239 


865,866 


9,008 




3,080 




1847 


82,480 


44,760 


77,240 


494,056 


44,760 




3,189 




1848 


36,949 


13,543 


50,492 


1,197,027 


10,332 


8,520 


8,318 




1849 


137,868 


8,669 


146,537 


1,127,114 




5,182 


8,826 




1850 
Total, 


16,817 


1,450 


18,267 


1,836,866 




4,423 


3,165 


2,592 


$905,025 


586,465 


1,491,490 


8,294,367 


532,521 


18,125 


85,983 


2,592 


1851 


125.544 


7,000 


132.544 


1,254,688 


2,200 


192 


15,184 


4,805 


1852 


211,791 


9,927 


221,718 


1,522,646 




523 


11,089 


6,862 


1853 


64,375 


1,000 


65.375 


2,465,083 






20,598 


2,003 


1854 


27,852 


46,650 


74,502 


2,965,282 


42,522 




16,798 


843 


1855 


94,203 


83,708 


177,911 


2,867,441 


123,420 


109,485 


12,480 


600 


1856 


204,668 


64,689 


296,357 


2,926,870 


127,893 




21,586 


363 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL ISLANDS. 
Philippine Islands, a large and important group in the Asiatic Arcliipelago, 
forming its northerly division, and, next to Cuba, the most valuble colonial posses- 
sion of Spain, chiefly between lat. 5° 32' and 19° 38' K, and long. 117° and 127° E., 
having N. and E. the Pacific ocean, W. the China sea, and S. the seas of Sooloo and 
Celebes. There are at least 1,200 islands, great and smaU. Principal islands, Luzon, 
Mindanao, and Palawan, with Mindoro, Panay, Marindique, Negros, Zebu, Bohol, 
Leyte, Samar, Masbate, and many of less size. Total area estimated at 120,000 
square miles. The Spanish dominion is stated to extend over only 52,148 square 
miles. Population, 1850, 3,815,878, consisting of Europeans, native whites, the Pa- 
puan negro race, independent tribes, Malay Indians, half castes, and Chinese. The 
high temperature and abundance of moisture produce a luxuriant vegetation, so that 
they are capable of yieldmg aU kinds of colonial, and probably European produce. 
Rice, millet, maize, sugar, indigo, hemp, tobacco, cofifee, and cotton are raised; and 
eago, cocoa-nuts, bananas, cumamon, betel etc., are among the products. 



134 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 061 



CUBA, 

The largest and richest of the West India islands, and the most im- 
portant colony of Spain, was discovered by Columbus on 28th October, 
1492, during his first voyage. It was first called Juana in honor of Prince 
John, son of Ferdinand and Isabella ; but after Ferdinand's death it re- 
ceived the name of Fernandina. It was subsequently designated San- 
tiago, from the patron saint of Spain ; and still later, Ave Maria, in honor 
of the Virgin. Its present name is that by which it was known among 
the natives at the time of its discovery. It was then divided into nine 
independent principalities, under as many caciques. 

The island of Cuba is long and narrow, somewhat in the form of an 
irregular crescent with its convex side toward the north. It divides the 
entrance to the Gulf of Mexico into two passages, that to the north-west 
being 32i leagues wide at the narrowest part, iDctween the points of 
Hicacos in Cuba and Tancha on the Florida coast ; and the south-west 
passage 38 leagues wide between the Cabo de San Antonio of Cuba, and 
the Cabo de Catoche, the most salient extremity of the peninsula of Yu- 
catan. Cuba lies between 74° and 85° W. longitude, and 19° and 23° 
N. latitude. Its length, following a curved line through its center, is 
790 miles, and its greatest breadth (from Cape Maternillos to Mota Cove) 
is 107 miles. The area is estimated at 31,468 square miles, or including 
the other small islands attached to it, 32,807 square miles. The coast of 
Cuba is generally low and flat, and is surrounded by numerous islands 
and reefs, which render the approach both difficult and dangerous to 
those not acquainted with the proper channels. The low nature of the 
coast subjects it to frequent floods and inundations ; and especially on 
the north side of the island there are many large lagunes from which a 
considerable quantity of salt is obtained. JSTo island, however, in propor- 
tion to its size, has a greater number of excellent harbors, many of them 
accessible even to ships of the line. 

Commerce with Cuba. — The increase of the trade of the United States 
with the port of Havana over that of all other nations, notwithstanding 
the bad feeling that has existed between the two countries, is truly won- 
derful. The Havana Mercantile Report of the 7th of August, 1855, 
gives a statement of the number of vessels, their tonnage, and the nations 
to which they belong, which entered the port of Havana during the first 
six months of the ten years last past. The increase in the total tonnage 
for the first six months of the year, from 1846 to 1855, is a trifle more 
than 100 per cent. While the American tonnage has increased more 
than 200 per cent., the Spanish and British is nearly stationary. For the 
first six months in 1846, the American tonnage employed in this trade 
was 71,722 ; the Spanish, 55,528; and the British, 32,969. The total 
number of vessels which entered that port during the six months ending 
July 1st, 1855, was 1,080, of a tonnage of 364,933 ; and of these, 570, 
of a tonnage of 231,484, were American; 58,338 Spanish; 32,165 
British. The French tonnage has increased from 1,761, in the first six 
months of 1846, to 8,269, for the same period of 1854, and 23,283, more 
than two thirds of the British, in 1855. In the tonnage of other nations, 
Belgian, Dutch, Danish, Bremen, Hamburg, and others, there has been 
no material increase. 



960 



Cuba. 



135 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH CUBA, 

Feom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeaks 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPOETS. 


TMPOETS 


1 Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. IFoeeign. 


Total. 


Total. 


EXPOET. 


LUPOKT. 


Amer. 


Fob. 


1821 


$2,950,055 $1,590,625 


$4,540,680 


$6,584,849 


$265,162 


$1,163,258 


103,822 


3,632 


1S22 


3,201,045 


1,069,573 


4,270,618 


6,967,054 


221,551 


590,169 


99,838 


6,986 


1823 


3,271,270 


2,134,095 


5,405,365 


6,952,381 


853,406 


271.764 


I05,a36 


4,756 


1824 


3,611,693 


2,195,840 


5,807,538 


7,899,826 


262,098 


1,102,746 


124,388 


4,846 


1825 


3,276,556 


1,844,146 


5,120,702 


7,556,412 


147,815 


545,164 


111,203 


1,212 


1826 


3,749.658 


F'!??'I^f 


6,132,432 


7,658,759 


408,928 


410,506 


121,754 


2,134 


1827 


4,160,747 


^'¥'^^ 


6,816,088 


7,241,849 


876,168 


478.590 


139,881 


3,548 


1823 


3,912,997 


2,490,994 


6,403,991 


6,123,135 


787,010 


579;228 


130,618 


3,909 


1829 


3,719,263 


1,859,626 


5,578,889 


4,866,524 


532,144 


368,920 


114,599 


8,120 


1830 
Total, 


3,439,060 


1,477,675 


4,916,735 


5,577,230 


275,687 


362,084 


114,054 


11,356 


$35,292,344 


19,700,689 


54,993,033 


67,427,519 


4,129,969 


5,867,424 


1,165,493 


50,498 


1831 


3,634.144 


1,259,698 


4,893,842 


8,371,797 


300,500 


181,774 


182,222 


17,816 


1832 


3,681,397 


1,630,754 


5,312,151 


7,068,857 


189,152 


91,065 


123,588 


25,632 


1833 


3,966,113 


1,706,587 


5,672,700 


9,754,787 


458,228 


99,853 


133,693 


31,081 


isai 


3,692,980 


1,659,455 


5,352,435 


9,096,002 


143,469 


606,665 


129,524 


29,954 


1835 


3,917.436 


1,589,372 


5,506,808 


11,846,615 


345,175 


266,256 


151,313 


26,783 


1836 


4,601,717 


1,803,772 


6,405,489 


12,784,875 


516,142 


122,518 


166,460 


8,329 


1837 


4.303,783 


2,063,820 


6,367,603 


12,447.922 


507,147 


1,648,110 


175,796 


13,194 


1838 


4,721,433 


1,454,325 


6,175,768 


11,694,812 


285,280 


410,794 


193,746 


10,618 


1839 


5,025,626 


1,091,205 


6,116,831 


12,599,843 


178,497 


321,314 


194,578 


12,805 


1840 
Total, 


5,331,471 


979,044 


6,310,515 


9,835,477 


149,570 


548,163 


192,548 


15,679 


$42,876,100 


15,238,032 


58,114,132 


104,950,987 


3,023,160 


4,296,517 


1,598,473 


191,891 


1841 


5,107,011 


632,071 


5,739,082 


11,567,027 


156,461 


134,909 


194,001 


14,168 


1842 


4,197,468 


572,981 


4770,449 


7,650,429 


100,102 


285,940 


182,456 


9,719 


1843* 


2,926,922 


399,875 


8,326.797 


5,015,933 


128,495 


655,205 


136,388 


4,897 


1844 


4,304,062 


934,533 


5,238,595 


9,980,421 


573,910 


170,927 


224,618 


7,588 


1845 


6.203.808 


360,946 


6,564,754 


6,804,414 


13,699 


528,168 


171,892 


16,193 


1846 


4.713.966 


773,170 


5.487,136 


8,159,6321 


329,801 


509.991 


177,580 


12.838 


1847 


6,005,617 


972,089 


6,977.706 


12,394.867 


615,774 


381,757 


243,515 


18,493 


1848 


6,432,380 


464,383 


6,896,713 


' 12,853,472 


110,049 


768,239 


281,251 


13,4B5 


1849 


4,641,145 


663,068 


5,309,218 


! 10,659,956 


318,800 


442,593 


284,568 


19,564 


1850 
Total, 


4,530,256 


460,041 


4,990,297 


1 10,292,398 


177,355 


286,011 


254,013 


29,703 


$49,062,635 


6,238,107 


55,300,742 


1 95,823,549 


2,524,446 


4,113,790 


2,150,237 


146,098 


1851 


5,239,276 


1,284,847 


6,524,128 


17,046,981 


1,084,064 339,018 


861,732 


29,942 


1852 


5,803,196 


714,355 


6.517,551 


17,861,728 


871,657 276,112 


370,603 


22,780 


1853 


5,773,419 


514,540 


6,287,959 


18,585,755 


128,880 88,092 


365,392 


22,730 


1854 


8,228,116 


323,636 


8.551,752 


17,124,339' 


61,736 


126,558 


393,049 


25,188 


1855 


7,607,119 


397,463 


8.004,532 


18,625,339 


49,372 


183,487 


481,545 


31,190 


1856 


7,199,035 


610,228 


7,809,263 


j 24,4:35,693 


3S4,062 


23,945 


488,796 


13,386 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 

PRINCIPAL PORT. 
Havana, or Havannah, on the north coast of the noble island of Cuba, of which 
it is the capital, the Moro castle being, according to Humboldt, in lat. 23° 8' 15" 
K, long. 82° 22' 45" "W. The population of the city and suburbs is said to be 
(1851), little short of 200,000. In 1827, the resident population amounted to 
94,023 ; viz., 46,621 whites, 8,215 free colored, 15,347 free blacks, 1,010 colored 
slaves, and 22,830 black slaves. The port of Havana is the finest in the West In- 
dies, or perhaps in the world. The entrance is narrow, but the water is deep, 
without bar or obstruction of any sort, and within it expands into a magnificent bay^ 
capable of accommodating 1,000 large ships — vessels of the greatest draught of water 
coming close to the quays. The city lies along the entrance to, and on the west side 
o^ the bay. From its position, which commands both inlets to the gulf of Mexico, 
its great strength, and excellent harbor, Havana is, in a pohtical point of view, by 
far the most important maritime station in the "West Indies. As a commercial city 
it also ranks in the fii'st class. 



136 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 



963 



PORTO-RICO. 

The island of Porto-Rico lies in tlie same latitude as Jamaica. Though 
the smallest of the greater Antilles, it is of very considerable size. Its 
form is that of a parallelogram ; being about 110 miles in length from 
east to west, with a main breadth of about 38, containing an area of 
SjVSO square miles. Surface pleasantly diversified with hills and valleys; 
soil generally fertile. It has, however, suffered much from hurricanes ; 
those of 1742 and 1825 having been particularly destructive. Since the 
breaking up of the old Spanish colonial system, the progress of Porto- 
Rico has hardly been less rapid than that of Cuba. Her population, 
which in 1778 was estimated at 80,650, amounted, according to a census 
taken in 1836, to 357,086, of whom 188,869 were whites, and only 
41,818 slaves. It is obvious from this statement that a large proportion 
of the free inhabitants are colored ; but the law knows no distinction 
between the white and the colored roturier ; and this circumstance, as 
well as the whites being in the habit of freely intermixing with people 
of color, has prevented the growth of those prejudices and deep-rooted 
antipathies that prevail between the white and the black and colored 
population in the United States, and in the English and French islands. 
The population is now (1856), probably above 500,000. 

Trade. — Sugar and coffee are by far the greatest articles of export. 
Next to them are molasses, tobacco, cotton, rum, etc. The imports con- 
sist principally of flour, fish, and other articles of provision ; lumber, etc., 
from the United States ; cotton, hardware, machinery, etc., from En- 
gland ; wines, silks, jewelry, perfumery, etc., from Spain and France ; linen 
from the Hanse Towns ; iron from Sweden, etc. Large quantities of 
rice, maize, etc., are raised in the island. The pasture-lands in the north 
and east are superior to any in the West Indies for breeding and fatten- 
ing cattle. 

Previously to 1815, Porto-Rico being excluded from all direct inter- 
course with other countries, excepting Old Spain, was either stationary or 
but slowly progressive, the entire value of the exports in that year hav- 
ing amounted to only 65,274 dollars ! But at that epoch a royal decree 
appeared, which exempted the trade between Spain and the Spanish col- 
onies and Porto-Rico from all duties for 15 years; and she was then, 
also, permitted to carry on a free trade, under reasonable duties, with other 
countries. 



AOOOITNT OF THE QXTANTITIES OF TUB DIPFEBENT ARTICLES OF COLONIAL PRODITCE EXPORTED 
FROM PORTO-RICO IN 1851. 

Articles. 
Sugar, lbs., 
Coffee, do. 
Tobacco, do. 
Molasses, hhds.. 
Hides, lbs., 
Cotton, do., 
Rum, hhds., 
Oxen, no., 
Horses and mules. 
Bay-water, galls., 
Com, ears, 



do., 



Quantities, 


Articles. 


Quantities. 


118,416,300 


Cocoa-nuts, 


40,363 


12,111,900 


Cocoa^ lbs.. 


9,000 


6,4'78,100 


Ox horns, no., . 


6,925 


45,9'76 


Oranges, M., 


1,669 


632,'700 


Plantains, do., . 


675 


366,600 


Cigars, do., 


34,800 


34t 


Lignum vitse, tons, . 


4 


5,881 


Logwood, do., . 


lis 


112 


Pimento, lbs., . 


6,800 


6,161 


Arnotto, do.. 


. -7,862 


1,429 


Castor Oil, qts., . 


600 



962 



Spanish West Indies, 



137 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
SPANISH WEST INDIES [CUBA EXCEPTED], 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


' TON'GE CL'D. 


DOMFSTIC. 


FORErGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


EXPOET. 


Import 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$175,217 


$33,004 


$208,821 


$626,616 




$12,787 


11,134 




1822 


150,435 


7,606 


158,041 


933,667 




85,629 


10.650 




1823 


256,033 


25.495 


281,528 


813,076 




22,738 


8,409 


1,128 


1824 


306,896 


233,718 


540,614 


856,696 




8,895 


5,068 


180 


1825 


216,102 


22,156 


288,258 


793,627 




5,659 


5,969 


75 


1826 


210,358 


12,603 


223,526 


770,770 




7,841 


6,879 




1827 


218,156 


10,363 


228,619 


969,612 


$2,66o 


13,760 


7,194 


"603 


1828 


222,191 


15.677 


287,868 


1,129,130 


1,950 


3,446 


7,843 


823 


1829 


209,780 


saooo 


243,680 


898,832 


31,505 


8,664 


11,051 


216 


1830 
Total, 


245,636 


27,523 


273,159 


1,307,148 


21,650 


7,718 


8,734 


489 


$2,211,804 


427,710 


2,639,014 


9,099,174 


57,105 


127,137 


82,931 


3,014 


1831 


261,801 


53,245 


315,046 


1,580,156 


85,683 


16,173 


8,272 


1,051 


1832 


322,559 


72,552 


895,111 


1,889,182 


42,360 


9,127 


9,348 


717 


1833 


393,992 


27,398 


421,890 


1,879,324 


7,080 


8.992 


13,869 


219 


1834 


431,805 


59,722 


491,527 


2,246,413 


11,050 


11,160 


15,769 


741 


1835 


586,035 


91,622 


677,657 


2,364,170 


70,950 


15,256 


21,140 


172 


1836 


594,559 


65,899 


660,458 


3,209,048 


47,086 


8,600 


22,079 


423 


1837 


517,778 


52,138 


569,916 


2,481,082 


42,823 


58,725 


17,071 


1,155 


1833 


692,568 


30,484 


723,052 


2,636,152 


80,493 


86,783 


19,538 


2,406 


1839 


779,049 


87,848 


866,397 


8,742,549 


115,207 


23,144 


22,547 


1,160 


1840 
Total, 


770,420 


29,208 


799,628 


1,898,782 


81,272 


46,695 


22,559 


952 


$5,350,566 


569,616 


5,920,182 


23,926,808 


484,004 


234,655 


172,187 


8,996 


1841 


721,845 


28,087 


749,982 


2,560,020 


28,923 


17,799 


80,129 


730 


1842 


610,813 


19,718 


680,531 


2,517,001 


12,757 


63,457 


29,565 


1,134 


1843* 


442,0:34 


11,321 


453,355 


1,076,125 


1,872 


47,943 


18,861 


840 


1844 


636,962 


5,177 


642,139 


2,425,202 


4,088 


27,021 


28,148 


688 


1845 


688,149 


20,775 


708,924 


2,026,253 


11,608 


53,458 


28,575 


622 


1846 


675,441 


25,905 


701,346 


2,277,110 


15,054 


62,679 


80,056 


1,878 


1847 


825,079 


33,985 


859,064 


2,141,929 


21,394 


14,157 


26.767 


1,879 


1848 


801,722 


87,012 


838,784 


2,106,296 


21,556 


29,919 


35/241 


1,150 


1849 


528,292 


38,234 


556,526 


1,964,861 


28,005 


27.664 


25,870 


3,898 


1850 
Total, 


816,062 


93,591 


909,653 


2,067,866 
21,162,663 


88,758 


2,600 


30,744 


3,108 


$6,741,399 


308,805 


7,050,204 


234,015 


346,692 


288,451 


14,917 ^ 


1851 


961.410 


57.200 


1,018,610 


2,480,329 


99,900 


845 


86,320 


6,018 


1852 


1,015,563 


89,542 


1,055,105 


8,001,223 


51,806 


26,277 


85,010 


5,544 


1853 


810,411 


54,143 


864,554 


2,800,936 


47.957 


18,016 


30,815 


9,429 


1854 


990,886 


60,997 


1,051,883 


2,850,853 


183,790 


19,179 


31,014 


8,528 


1855 


1,144,581 


38,937 


1,183,518 


2,475,998 


16,000 


28,625 


34,190 


5,592 


1856 


1,099,599 


43,125 


1,142,724 


8,870,963 


23,250 


14,700 


83,964 


1,990 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
Porto Rico, the capital of the valuable Spanish island of the same name, on the 
north side of the island, on a peninsula joined to the main land by a narrow isthmus, 
lat. 18° 29' 10'' K, long. 66° 7' 2" W. The fortifications are very strong. The 
town, which stands on a pretty steep declivity, is well built, clean, and contains 
about 12,000 inhabitants. The harbor of Porto Rico has a striking resemblance 
to that of Havana, to which it is but httle inferior. The entrance to it, about 300 
fathoms in width, has the Moro castle on its east side, and is defended on the west 
side by forts erected on two smaU islands. Within, the harbor expands into a capa- 
cious basin, the depth of water varying from five to six and seven fathoms. On the 
side opposite to the town there are extensive sand banks ; but the entrance to the port, 
as well as the port itself, is unobstructed by any bar or shallow. Long-voyage ves- 
sels, which, either for convenience or otherwise, shall pass from one port of the island 
to another, after being furnished with the requisite permission, must pay at every 
port they enter the same dues as for a fresh arrival 



138 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 



965 



PORTUGAL. 

Spain and Portugal, thougli they be two distinct and separately inde- 
pendent kingdoms, form, nevertheless, only one geographical region, em- 
phatically called "the Peninsula." The country, above the maritime 
lowlands, generally consists of high valleys and table-lands, separated by 
long ranges of rugged mountains, which extend in an easterly and west- 
erly direction, and terminate with promontories in the Atlantic Ocean, 
while they are connected in the east by their diverging ofishoots. The 
climate and natural productions are consequently very various. The 
maritime lowlands on the Mediterranean, and the south-western portion 
of the Atlantic shores, are almost tropical in respect of climate and vege- 
table productions ; but the temperature of the inland regions is cool and 
mild, and generally dry, though the extremes of summer and winter are 
excessive. At Madrid, for example, the summer-heat is always so great 
that, according to the Spanish proverb, that city has " nine months of 
winter and three of hell !" In addition to silk, tobacco, vines, olives, and 
all the productions of France and Germany, the Peninsula produces the 
orange, citron, sugar-cane, cork-tree, dates, figs, and cotton. Wheat is 
the grain most generally cultivated ; barley and rye are next in quan- 
tity ; considerable quantities of maize and rice are also raised, but little 
of oats and potatoes. "Wine, brandy, and wool, are the principal and 
most valuable articles of export. Both kingdoms, however, are in a very 
low estate, in respect of material, commercial, and social well-being. 
Since 1807, they have been undergoing continual political changes and 
revolutions, which seem not yet to have reached their consummation, 
though Portugal is somewhat more settled than Spain. In such circum- 
stances their political importance is almost null, and, in relation to the 
vast natural resources of the country, the population is very small. 

NAVIGATION, 1852, 



VESSELS. 


Imports. 


Tonnage. Crew. Exports. 


Tonnage. 


Crew. 


Portugal, . 


5,447 


315,708 45.349 5,777 


319,834 


45,752 


Foreign, . 


2,891 
8,338 


327,675 26,211 3,010 


365,658 
085,492 


28,448 


Total, . 


643,383 71,560 8,787 


74,200 


C0UNTEIE8. 










Portugal, . 


5,447 


315,708 45,349 5,777 


319,834 


45,752 


England, . 


1,145 


159,537 11,255 1,223 


196,074 


13,863 


Spain, 


917 


11.306 5,287 952 


10,695 


5,381 


Sweden, . 


219 


40,328 2,107 217 


42,446 


2,088 


United States, . 


136 


37,647 2,699 125 


34,925 


2,532 


France, . 


98 


11,741 791 95 


11.684 


780 


Netherlands, . 


90 


9,840 621 88 


8i709 


610 


Austria, . 


286 


57,246 3,391 310 


60,125 


3,194 




COMMERCE IN 1852 AND 1853. 






Year. 




Imports, Francs. 


Exports, : 


Francs. 


1852, 


. 


33,200,570 


13,179,375 


1853, 


. 


36,346,560 


21,902,862 



The wines which, at the exportation of 1853, were valued at 6,186,680 
francs, were not put in the account of the crop of 1852. The imports of 
wine from Madeira into the United States for the fiscal year ending June 
30, 1856, were 23,649 gallons; and from Portugal, 62,533 gallons. 



064 



Portugal, 



139 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH PORTUGAL, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Teaks 

ENDING 

Sept, 
80. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPOETS 


"Whereof the-ro was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total, 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


Fob, 


1821 


$147,726 


$66 


$147,792 


$356,116 


.... 


$140 7T5 


5,106 




1822 


102,935 


18,555 


121,490 


422,666 


$i4,6b6 


800 


3,489 


. . , . 


1823 


fM 


300 


48,377 


181,094 




18,087 


1,470 


i',68i 


1824 


77,255 


5,168 


82,423 


242,304 


'm 


23,745 


3,441 


152 


1825 


110,015 


2,824 


112,839 


221,072 




15,160 


3,241 


723 


1826 


99,945 


538 


100,483 


349,989 




39,605 


6,436 


.... 


1827 


116,103 


220 


116,323 


263,091 


14,000 


31,554 


4,138 




1828 


77,010 


1,161 


78,174 


112,559 




2,600 


3,453 


'617 


1829 


42,088 


628 


42,716 


237,351 




13,985 


2,897 




1830 
Total, 


43,408 


1,803 


45,211 


165,321 




8,154 


2,243 


"184 


$864,562 


31,266 


895,828 


2,556,563 


28,190 


289,465 


35,423 


2,75T 


1831 


39,149 


2,356 


41,505 


124,446 


.... 


4,746 


1,598 




1832 


28,262 


300 


28,562 


123,816 


.... 


1,600 


1,177 


"m 


1833 


78,313 


5,830 


78.643 


170,189 


4,100 


4,005 


2,138 


1,026 


1834 


42,542 


16,583 


59,125 


215,309 




11,013 


2,928 


556 


1835 


162,703 


107,602 


270,305 


547,974 


18,260 


27,895 


5,627 


659 


ia36 


33,335 


13,247 


51,582 


275,273 


3,531 


990 


1,434 


1,290 


1837 


124,337 


17,072 


141,409 


187,643 




15,440 


3,226 


10,407 


1838 


67,970 


8,093 


76,063 


296,864 


9,6o6 


22,577 


2,922 


1,041 


1839 


59,711 


6,093 


65,804 


587,778 


6,000 


17.767 


3,061 


2,085 


1840 
Total, 


97,341 


5,724 


103,065 


222,884 




8;053 


3,851 


587 


$733,663 


182,400 


916,063 


2,752,176 


40,891 


109,086 


27,962 


18,251 


1841 


114,443 


7,321 


121,764 


286,568 




25,567 


4,801 


728 


1842 


72,723 


1,388 


74,111 


142,587 




5.546 


3,805 


787 


1843* 


59,096 


1,533 


60,634 


46,718 




512 


2,557 


543 


1844 


99,553 


3,565 


103,118 


199,705 




8,880 


5,743 


172 


1845 


124,3.50 


5,419 


129,769 


296,908 




7,216 


5,803 


990 


1846 


96,316 


8,453 


104,769 


378,250 


2,566 




4,815 


1,874 


1847 


56,893 


1,335 


58,228 


283,330 




2*372 


2,537 


1,883 


1848 


112,260 


2,984 


115,244 


214,782 




3,944 


5,842 


5,418 


1849 


169,721 


6,273 


175,994 


322,220 




510 


4,837 


5,023 


1850 
Total, 


172,978 


5,236 


178,214 


839,763 






2,976 


7,531 


$1,078,333 


43,512 


1,121,845 


2,510,826 


2,500 


49,547 


43,216 


24,949 


1851 


167,342 


4,996 


172,388 


367,548 






2,470 


5,176 


1852 


234,064 


4,129 


238,193 


266,864 




'850 


6,307 


6,833 


1853 


223,651 


26,552 


250,203 


411,155 


2,666 




5,476 


8,696 


1854 


127,150 


23,715 


150,865 


243,592 


200 




2,866 


5,094 


1855 


270,716 


24,867 


295,588 


186,067 






5,670 


9,503 


1856 


344,098 


34,101 


378,199 


287,166 


'830 


.... 


6,232 


5,743 

1 



* 9 mouths to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, situated on the north bank of the river Tagus, the 
observatory of the fort being m lat. 38° 42 24" E"., long. 9° 5' 50'" W. Popula- 
tion about 240,000. The harbor, or rather road, of Lisbon is one of the finest in the 
world, and the quays are at once convenient and beautiful. Fort St. JuUan marks 
the northern entrance of the Tagus. It is built on a steep, projecting rock. There 
is a hghthouse in the center, 120 feet above the level of the sea. At the mouth of 
the Tagus are two large banks, called the North and South Cachops. There are two 
channels for entering the river : the north or little, and the south or great channel. 
On the middle of the South Cachop, about 1^ miles from Port St. Juhan, is the Bugio 
fort and lighthouse, the latter being 66 feet in height. The least depth of water in 
the north channel, on the bar, is four fathoms, and in the south, six. The only dan- 
ger in entering the port arises from the strength of the tide, the ebb running down 
at the rate of seven miles an hour ; and after heavy rains, the difficulty of entering 
is considerably augmented. 



140 Foreign Commercial Statistics, 967 



MADEIRA ISLES. 

Madeira Isles, a group in the Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Por- 
tugal, from the S. W. coast of which they are distant 660 miles to S.W. 
They consist of the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo, and the islets 
called the Desertas, situated between 32° 23' 15" and 33° V 50" N. 
latitude, and 16° 13' 30" and 16° 38' W. longitude. The largest 
island, Madeira, is 31 miles long and 12 miles broad. Population, 1850, 
108,464. Capital, Funchal. It consists of a mass of volcanic rocks, 
which in Pico Ruivo rise to 6,056 feet in elevation. From > the central 
mass steep ridges extend to the coast, where they form precipices of 
1,000 to 2,000 feet in height. The only plains are a small portion of 
the W. coast, and the table-land of Paul de Serra in the interior. The 
roads are very steep, and unfit for carriages. Oxen are the only beasts 
of draught, and ponies are used in traveling. Climate remarkably 
equable, and celebrated for its salubrity, on which account numerous 
visitors, afflicted with disease of the lungs, constantly resort to Madeira. 
The soil, which on the S. side extends two miles and a half inland, is 
well watered, and extremely productive. Sugar, once extensively cul- 
tivated, is now neglected. -Coffee is grown of superior quality, and the 
arrow-root is excellent. The orange, banana, and guava, are abundant. 
Wheat, maize, beans, and barley, are cultivated to a small extent, but 
quite insufficient for home consumption. The failure of the potato, 
formerly the chief support of the population of the villages and remote 
districts, has added to the existing distress, and the condition of the 
lower orders is that of squalid poverty. Madeira was settled by the 
Portuguese in 1431. 

It is said that plants of the vine were conveyed from Crete to Ma- 
deira in 1421, and have since succeeded extremely well. There is con- 
siderable difference in the flavor and other quahties of the wines of 
Madeira ; the best are produced on the south side of the island. The 
method of cultivation most generally followed is to trench the ground 
from three to seven and seven to nine feet deep, according to the nature 
of the soil, and lay a quantity of loose and stony earth at the bottom, 
to prevent the roots from reaching the clayey soil beneath, which would 
otherwise oppose their growth. The ground is watered three times if 
the summer has been very dry, the sluices being left open until the 
ground is pretty well saturated ; the less the ground is watered, the 
stronger the wine, but the quantity is diminished in proportion. The 
vines are found to bear fruit as high as 2,700 feet, but no wine can be 
made from it. 

Adjacent to Madeira is the island of Porto Santo, about six miles long, 
and two and a half broad. It is high and rocky, composed principally 
of sand-stone, and a calcareous tuffa of a greenish gray color. The 
vine is cultivated in considerable quantities, and the soil yields good 
crops of wheat, Indian corn, barley, and beans. The population is es- 
timated at 1,400, and there are 300 militia. It possesses a good road- 
stead, but the landing-place is bad. The Desertas are small, uninhabited 
islands, which, with Madeira and Porto Santo, form the group called the 
Madeiras. 



966 



Madeira. 



141 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH MADEIRA, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Bbpt, 

80. 


EXPORTS. 


impoktsI 

1 


Whereof there was' 
In Bullion & Specie. | 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total, 


Export. 


Import. 1 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$193,414 


$26,667 


$220,081 


$190,289 


$2,000 


$10,236 


8,082 




1822 


186,952 


4.662 


191,614 


188,757 




5,600 j 


5,699 


*iii 


1823 


117,685 


8,976 


121,661 


244,263 


*485 


12,363 I 


4,973 




1824 


815,896 


26,347 


842,243 


247,510 1 




22,271 ! 


8.059 




1825 


122,840 


55,326 


178,166 


861,018 1 


53,050 


850 1 


5,861 


"135 


1826 


119,058 


25,549 


144,607 


224,883 1 


12,150 


5,200 


4,220 




182T 


100,153 


18,281 


118,434 


229,282 1 




21,424 


4,033 




1828 


101,948 


9,985 


111.933 


168,610 


1,167 


7,791 


4,387 


"211 


1829 


175,074 


15,089 


190,163 


403,056 


500 


9,660 


6,091 


669 


1830 
Total, 


155,719 


12,358 


168,077 


239,652 


1,638 


5,000 


6,080 




$1,588,739 


198,240 


1,786,979 


2,497,263 


70,990 


100,395 


57,485 


1,126 


1831 


171,563 


5,728 


177,291 


177,369 




8,667 


5,163 




1832 


145,667 


929 


146,596 


228,318 




5,136 


4,623 


'124 


1833 


119,341 


15,642 


134,983 


319.849 


5,482 





3,801 


869 


1834 


100,910 


48,595 


144,505 


424,699 




2,000 


4,089 


693 


1835 


73,893 


23,595 


102,488 


531,266 


5,674 


2,595 


3,700 


241 


1836 


38,945 


17,893 


56,838 


366,210 


4,011 


95 


2,414 




183T 


82,747 


18,522 


101,269 


672.782 


14,493 




4,250 




1838 


86,422 


4,585 


40,957 


366,274 


3,166 




8,464 




1839 


64,082 


15,046 


79,123 


539.800 


14.14:3 





4,278 




1840 
Total, 


93,819 


22,858 


116,677 


309,524 


14,612 


3,695 


3,963 




$927,389 


172,843 


1,100,232 


3,935,591 


61,531 


22,188 


39,740 


1,427 


1841 


107,905 


20,370 


128,275 


229,519 


19.920 


5,200 


4,626 


327 


1842 


43,054 


1,930 


44,984 


146,182 


i;822 


100 


2.253 




1843* 


37,649 


8,856 


41,505 


7,160 


2,606 




1,657 




1844 


44,763 


7,523 


52,286 


22,904 


8,625 




2,404 


"122 


1845 


59.312 


1.784 


61.096 


163,674 


2,000 




2,081 


491 


1846 


60,943 


3,257 


64,200 


127,070 


1,600 




3,535 


477 


1847 


105,031 


1,389 


106,420 


95,857 







3,348 


1,046 


1848 


110,842 


7,407 


118,249 


9,482 


592 




4,524 


1,444 


1849 


117,878 


759 


118,637 


73,759 


4,300 




3,744 


1,673 


1850 
Total, 


136,874 


6,527 


148,401 


114,729 


868 


.... 


4,182 


1,379 


$824,251 


54,802 


879,053 


995,286 


42,333 


5,300 


82,304 


6,959 


1851 


94,589 


7,176 


101,765 


102,448 


9,626 




8.379 


1,314 


1852 


87,932 


7,4S0 


95,412 


90,003 


7,000 




4,171 


596 


1853 


101,524 


15,574 


117,093 


77,598 


15.902 




3,707 


348 


1854 


47,708 




47,708 


30,007 


2,000 




821 


286 


1855 


48,502 


5,261 


53,763 


25,933 


2,286 


'250 


1,894 


811 


1856 


27,655 


932 


28,587 


19,783 


.... 




390 


370 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH PORTUGAL AND MADEIRA. 

VESSELS entered. VESSELS CLEARED. 

National Character. 

From Portugal. 
Portuguese, 
British, 
Swedish, 
Danish, 
Prussian, 
Bremen, 
United States, 

From Madeira: 
Portuguese, , 
United States, 



'No. 


Tonnage. 


ko. 


Tonnage. 


18 


3,^27 


15 


3,393 


8 


2,420 


1 


291 


1 


330 


4 


1,249 


1 


309 


2 


524 






1 


286 


1 


648 






•• 


10,819 


•• 


6,232 


2 


284 


3 


310 




. . 


1 


390 



142 Foreign GomTnercial Statistics. 969 

AZORES. 

Azores, or Western Islands. — These form a range, situated in the 
Atlantic Ocean, extending in an oblique line from N.W. to S.E., between 
37° and 40° N. latitude, and 25° and 32° W. longitude. It has been a 
subject of some controversy among geographers, to what division of the 
globe they ought to be referred ; but they are now generally considered 
as pertaining to Europe. 

It does not appear that the ancients had any knowledge of the Azores, 
or any group in this sea, except the Canaries, to which they finally ap- 
plied the celebrated appellation of the Fortunate Islands. But the 
Arabian geographers, Edrisi and Ibn al Vardi, describe, after the Ca- 
naries, nine other islands in the Western Ocean. That these were the 
Azores is highly probable, since their number is exactly nine ; and be- 
cause a species of hawk is specially noticed by these writers as existing 
there in great abundance — a circumstance that afterward appeared to 
the Portuguese so remarkable, that they gave them the name of Azores, 
or Hawk Islands. The climate in which they are placed also makes 
them north of the Canaries. Some other coincidences also might be 
pointed out ; and, upon the whole, there appears no reason to doubt 
that the Azores are really the nine islands enumerated by the Arabians. 
The Arabian writers represent them as ha^ang been populous, and as 
having contained cities of some magnitude ; but they state that the in- 
habitants had been greatly reduced by intestine warfare. At the time 
of their discovery, they were uninhabited, and covered with forests and 
underwood, which have now entirely disappeared. 

The first European discovery of this group is claimed by the Flemings. 
A Flemish merchant named Van der Berg, is reported, in sailing from 
Lisbon, to have been driven upon these shores in the year 1439. The 
intelligence soon reached the court of Lisbon, where it excited con- 
siderable interest ; and the navigator Cabral was sent to prosecute the 
discovery. In 1459 the islands began to be planted and colonized, and 
in so fertile a soil the inhabitants rapidly multiplied. In 1580 they fell, 
with the other Portuguese territories, under the dominion of Spain. At 
this time the Azores were the grand rendezvous in the voyage home- 
ward of the fleets, which came laden with the wealth of both the In- 
dies. Hence they became a theater of that maritime warfare which was 
carried on with such spirit by the English under Queen Elizabeth against 
the peninsular powers. In 1586 Sir Walter Raleigh equipped two pin- 
naces of 35 and 40 tons, the command of which he gave to Captain 
Whiddon. Having taken two or three pi-izes, they fell in, off" St. Michael, 
with the great fleet of Spanish galleons, consisting of 24 sail, two of them 
caracks of 1,000 or 1,200 tons. They attacked them, however, without 
hesitation, hoping to cut off* some straggling member of this great body, 
but were unable to make any impression upon it. In 1587 Sir Francis 
Drake, after having swept the harbor of Cadiz, sailed for the Azores, 
where he took an East India catack, richly laden, and the first that had 
ever fallen into the hands of the English. In 1589 the Earl of Cumber- 
land fitted out a squadron, sailed for the Azores, and made numerous 
prizes. 



968 



Fayal and other Azores. 



lid 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
FAYAL AND OTHER AZORES, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof 
in Bullion 

Export. 


there was 
& Specie. 

Import. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$26,837 


$11,158 


$37,995 


$137,982 




$1,070 


2,638 




1822 


33,160 


10,454 


43,614 


202,445 







2,558 


'124 


1823 


27,841 


15,704 


43,545 


41,429 


$8,566 


l",22i 


1,562 


261 


1824 


17,463 


4,023 


21,486 


45,103 




4,978 


939 


805 


1825 


38,421 


4,695 


38,116 


61,763 


.... 


3,407 


1,751 


266 


1826 


16,976 


2,495 


19,471 


86,261 




5,766 


753 





1827 


13,487 


4,861 


18,348 


84,203 


8,666 


21,299 


839 


.... 


1828 


19,559 


4,719 


24,278 


70,328 




12,773 


1,934 





1829 


7,949 


78 


8,027 


21,302 




3,000 


672 


"137 


1830 
Total, 


6,649 


1,524 


8,173 


32,912 


...'. 


11,340 


244 


137 


$203,342 


59,711 


263,053 


783,723 


16,500 


64,854 


13,890 


1,730 


1S31 


10,549 


6,049 


16,598 


32,092 




3,200 


475 


251 


1832 


23,402 


11,363 


34,765 


45,424 


.... 


7,334 


812 


.... 


1833 


18,387 


3,528 


21,915 


26,281 




3,250 


910 




1834 


9,558 


3,911 


13,469 


18,481 




2,707 


760 




1835 


12,033 


6,400 


18,433 


26,678 


5,666 


4,736 


1,179 




1836 


7,181 


450 


7,631 


17,374 





432 


691 




1837 


13,408 


3,531 


16,939 


29,023 




2,364 


486 




1838 


7,556 


1,681 


9,237 


32,746 






509 


"68 


1839 


9,130 


4,739 


13,869 


15,222 






819 




1840 
Total, 


10,471 


5,623 


16,094 


33,133 






1,089 




$121,675 


47,275 


168,950 


281,459 


5,000 


24,073 


7,730 


319 


1841 


13,137 


5,785 


18,922 


16,093 


2,000 




1,068 




1842 


49,183 


19,600 


68,783 


41,049 




i",666 


1,622 


*i66 


1843* 


8,569 


621 


9.190 


12,783 






742 


.... 


1844 


19,246 


6,983 


26,229 


29,570 


2,266 


1,515 


1,115 


.... 


1845 


2,831 


61 


2,882 


28,573 




.... 


184 




1846 


4,225 


.... 


4,225 


41,297 




1,000 


152 


'i5i 


1847 


9,4rt6 


525 


^.991 


34,564 




10,500 


1,108 




1848 


3,660 




3,660 


11,438 






315 




1849 


14,204 


1,839 


16,043 


17,052 




3,566 


1.284 




1850 
Total, 


14,421 


2,152 


16.573 


16,328 


.... 


.... 1 


908 


'iei 


$138,942 


37,556 


176,493 


248,747 


4,200 


17,515 i 


8,498 


412 


1851 


20,240 


1,045 


21,285 


32,852 




4,357 


1,532 


723 


1852 


17,766 


1,386 


19,152 


29,;346 




1,332 


1,447 


636 


1853 


21,307 


4,440 


25,747 


10,892 







1,777 




1854 


10,030 


440 


10,470 


21,584 





.... 


560 


■463 


1855 


13,972 


593 


14,565 


199,111 




.... i 


1,552 


1,380 


1856 


15,959 


490 


16,449 


22,383 




.... 1 


1,713 





* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL ISLANDS. 

Fayal is the most frequented of all the islands after St. Michael, as it has one of 
the best harbors in the Azores, and Ues directly in the track of vessels that are 
crossing the Atlantic in any direction. Its principal town is Villa de Horta. Cap- 
tain Cook found that all sorts of fresh provisions might be obtained there ; the bul- 
locks and hogs are good, but the sheep small and poor. The town is defended by 
two castles and a wall, both in decay, and serving rather for show than strength. 
The city contains two convents for monks and three for nuns, with eight churches. 
These are the only good buildings in it, no other having glass windows. The bay 
is two miles in length and three quarters of a mile in breadth, and the depth of water 
from 6 to 20 fathoms. Though a good road, it is not altogether free from danger in 
S.S.W. and S.E. wmds. Population, 23,000. 

Pico. — A considerable quantity of wine is exported from Fayal, under the appel- 
lation of Fayal wine, but really the produce of Pico, one of the most remarkable of 
the Azores. Population, 26,000. 



144 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 971 

LIBERIA. 

The treaty concluded in 1852 between France and the Republic of 
Liberia was finally ratified in the year 1856. The independence of 
the Republic was recognized successively by the United States, England, 
Belgium, Prussia, and Brazil, from 184Y to 1854. To this list France 
has at last added her name by the late treaty. 

The original colony of Liberia was founded by the American Colon- 
ization Society, under the direction of its first president, Mr. Finley. It 
is situated at the northern extremity of the coast of Guinea, and is about 
370 miles in length. Its capital, Monrovia, is on the former site of the 
principal slave market on this part of the African coast, and stands as a 
living protest against the slave-trade, in the abolition of which the colony 
has been largely instrumental. 

In February, 1820, the first shipload of emigrants left New York for 
the coast of Guinea. They were eighty in number — forming twenty- 
five families — under the care of three citizens of the United States, a 
clergyman, a lawyer, and a physician. In 1847, Liberia emerged from 
its dependent colonial condition, and became an independent State. In 
1854, it contained a population of about twelve thousand black colonists, 
chiefly Americans, and from one hundred and forty to one hundred and 
fifty thousand natives, whose social and religious condition is far in ad- 
vance of that of their blood-thirsty and idolatrous ancestors. 

The capital is now a flourishing maritime city, having a fort, a light- 
house, a commercial market, a small marine, and schools, churches, 
newspapers, charitable associations, and other institutions similar to those 
in the United States. The sixth article of the Constitution of the Re- 
public declares that, inasmuch as the essential object of its foundation 
w^as to open an asylum for the scattered and oppressed children of 
Africa, and, at the same time, to regenerate the people of the vast con- 
tinent of Africa, yet enveloped in the darkness of ignorance, none but 
persons of color will be allowed to become citizens of the Republic. 

The exports of Liberia, consisting chiefly of palm-oil, logwood and 
other dye-woods, which are transported to England and the United 
States, amount to about a million dollars annually. Beside all the usual 
tropical productions, it produces Indian com, rice, the potato, sugar, 
cofiee, and cotton. Gold is also found in considerable quantities. The 
cotton of Liberia, which has been highly approved in the Manchester 
market, has lately attracted much attention, and its probably successful 
cultivation promises to exert a most important influence on the future of 
the Republic. A communication from a highly respectable and reliable 
source recently appeared in the National Intelligencer^ the writer of 
which gave a decided preference to the cotton of Liberia over that of 
Brazil, in point of quality, cheapness of production, and facihty of trans- 
portation to market. The subject deserves further and full investigation. 

Considered simply as an experiment in practical benevolence, Liberia 
deserves and will receive the protection of the great Powers of the 
world. Whether or not it be destined, as some have thought, to work 
out the solution of the vexed question of slavery in the United States, 
it will yet gain the great glory of redeeming from barbarism and idol- 
atry many millions of the human race. 



970 



Cape de Verd Islands. 



146 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE 

CAPE DE VERD ISLANDS, 

Feom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPOETS 


"Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


.$22,176 


1 $7,656 


$29,832 


$64,036 




$3,200 


825 




1822 


34,941 


35,832 


70,773 


47,422 


$97,525 


17,078 


1,049 




1823 


22,055 


11,010 


33,065 


56,849 




17,412 


6S9 




1824 


51,019 


21,665 


72,684 


66,805 


2,277 


30,142 


1,781 


67 


1825 


60.072 


18.967 


79,039 


89.592 




32,650 


2,680 




1826 


39,693 


9,299 


48,992 


104,120 


.... 


21,448 


754 


134 


1827 


80,010 


24,155 


104,165 


77,425 




24,600 


2,129 




1828 


67,502 


9,727 


77,229 


82,058 




17,545 


2,433 




1829 


63,528 


13,477 


82,005 


26,460 




7,068 


3,268 


"83 


1830 
Total, 


50,560 


7,778 


58,338 


33,758 




15,457 


2,628 




$496,556 


159,566 


656,122 


648,525 


99,802 


215,400 


18,236 


284 


1831 


45,432 


13,557 


58,989 


63,643 




32,827 


1,200 


236 


1832 


66,858 


19,437 


86,295 


87,706 


'm 


27,631 


2,643 


162 


1833 


162,033 


44.987 


207,020 


39,318 


1,453 


11,570 


5,944 


816 


1834 


79.511 


25,886 


105,397 


40,633 


1,250 


20,028 


3,391 




1835 


102,440 


27,747 


130,187 


19,795 


975 


9,987 


2,643 


.... 


1836 


67,210 


8,246 


75,456 


13,813 


4,100 


5,422 


2,987 




ia37 


136,201 


27,887 


164,088 


38,843 


8,635 


15,673 


3,725 


2,148 


1838 


96,941 


8,933 


105,874 


29,174 


800 


9,396 


3,224 


568 


1839 


77,133 


8,415 


85,553 


39,523 


680 


4,160 


3,336 




1840 
Total, 


82,611 


2,809 


85,420 


29,348 






2,262 


"946 


$916,375 


187,904 


1,104,279 


401,796 


18,293 


136,194 


31,855 


4,876 


1841 


66,926 


13,226 


80,152 


42,661 


8,603 


9,360 


1,996 




1842 


103,557 


11,529 


115,086 


17,866 


300 


3,704 


3,210 




1843* 


52,227 


4,973 


57,205 


4,713 




3.200 


1,802 


'167 


1844 


65.233 


5,299 


70,537 


4,836 




3,000 


1,697 


882 


1345 


50.599 


2,8:34 


53,433 


7,579 






4,256 


170 


1846 


31,097 


685 


31,782 


857 






1,004 


548 


1847 


71,084 


17,843 


83,932 


2,399 


10,666 


2,266 


1,798 


240 


1848 


101,723 


6.849 


108,572 


225 


1,900 





4,084 


2,088 


1849 


62,647 


3,815 


66,462 


1,853 


1,575 





2,714 


4773 


1850 
Total, 


47,043 


2,167 


49,210 


.... 


.... 




1,886 


611 


$652,141 


69,230 


721,371 


82,989 


22,378 


21,484 


23,947 


8,929, 


1851 


57,476 


2,437 


59.913 


1,850 






1,505 


Tao 


1852 


54.425 


9,651 


64,076 


18,129 


4,i66 




1,623 


xm 


1853 


23,275 


1,604 


24,879 


41,053 





13,957 


2,181 




1854 


30.037 


2,208 


32,245 


8,985 


810 


1.500 


4,891 




1855 


66,496 


3,120 


59,616 


24,300 


3,443 


7,000 


5,74a 


'243 


1856 


51,415 


2,294 


53,709 


86,910 


480 


12,05,8 


3,188 


" 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1, 

PRINCIPAL ISLANDS, 
Cape Verd Islands are situated 329 miles west of Cape Yerd, between lat. 
14° 45' and 17° 13' K, and long. 22° 45' and 25° 25' W. The Archipelago con- 
sists of the following ten islands: Sal, Boavista, Mayo, Santiago (St. James), the 
largest, Forgo, Brava, Grande, Rombo, St. Nicolao, and St. Luzia, and four islets, 
Branco, Razo, St. Vicente, and St. Antao. Area estimated at 1,680 square miles. 
Population in 1850, 86,138. The white population, in the whole Archipelago is to 
the colored as one to twenty. The surface of the islands is in general mountain- 
ous, and some of their peaks have a considerable elevation. The volcano of Togo is 
9,151 feet in height. The soU is extremely various, but mostly fertile; the absence 
of trees and the scarcity of water, are the causes of frequent and severe distress. 
Chief vegetable products, maize, rice, and French beans. Coffee, introduced in 
1790, has completely succeeded; the cotton shrub is indigenous; indigo grows wild, 
and tobacco is cultivated in some of the islands ; little sugar is grown, aad wine 
of inferior quality ; tropical fruits are abundant. 



146 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 973 



ITALY. 

The Italian peninsula possesses a remarkably well defined boundary, 
not merely in its long line of sea coasts, but also in the Alps, which 
separate its northern provinces from France, Switzerland, and Germany ; 
not forming, however, such an impassable frontier as to have saved the 
country from the invasion and domination of the northern races. In the 
north, the Alps and the Apennines inclose between them the rich plains 
of Lombardy, drained by the Po and its numerous tributaries. Further 
south, the peninsula consists of a long hill country traversed by the 
Apennines, and bordered by mai'itime valleys and plains, which are gen- 
erally more extensive toward the Tuscan than toward the Adriatic Sea. 
The south-western portions of Tuscany and the Roman States, called the 
Maremma, are rendered almost uninhabitable in summer by the preval- 
ence of malaria. They are likewise marshy, and in consequence left 
almost uncultivated ; they feed, nevertheless, large herds of beeves and 
buffaloes. The climate of Italy is humid and not generally salubrious, 
for while the northern regions are exposed to frequent piercingly-cold 
blasts from the snow-capped mountains, the southern provinces are op- 
pressed by sultry winds that seem to blow from the African deserts, and 
are often loaded with an impalpable dust. The natural productions are, 
however, rich and various. Every thing that grows in France and Spain 
grows at least equally well in Italy, and the people of the northern prov- 
inces, especially Lombardy, are sufficiently industrious. The country 
has long been divided among a number of petty princes, and oppressed 
by the heavy weight of both spiritual and political despotism. The peo- 
ple, nevertheless, by their talent and industry, have kept their country in 
a relatively more respectable position than those of the Spanish penin- 
sula ; and the example set by the introduction of liberal principles and 
practices in the States of the King of Sardinia is not likely to remain 
long without effect on the other States. 

The commerce of Italy has suffered from the derangement of the gov- 
ernment ; and although favorably situated for a large trade, the merchant 
marine is small, and confined almost entirely to coasting vessels. 

The value of the imports in 1852, was, . . . . 10,218,426 scudo. 

" " exports «« " .... 10,474,013 " 

The Scudo==--$1.08 of United States currency. 

VALUE OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OP LEGHORN. 
Year ending October, Imports, Francs. Exports, Francs, 

1852, 85,520,000 54,300,000 

1853, 115,400,000 71,220,000 

1855, 142,260,000 

NAVIGATION OF THE PORTS OF CIVITA-VECCHIA, AND OF ANCONA (1852). 
VESSELS. Entered. Tonnage. Crew. Cleared. Tonnage. Crew. 

Eoman, . . ],080 67,096 7,439 1,082 66,679 7,393 

Foreign, . . 1,231 187,728 20,117 1,210 185,313 19,729 

Total, . . 2,311 254,824 27,556 2,292 251,992 27,122 

The mercantile marine numbered at the close of the year 1854, 1,893 
vessels (of which 210 were vessels of war), having a total tonnage of 
31,63'7, with 9,'711 men. 



912 



Italy. 



147 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 

ITALY (INCLUDING MALTA TO OCT. 1, 1833), 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1855. 



I Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
SO. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


! Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


1 
TON'GE CUD. 


Domestic, 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export, i I.mpokt. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$410,171 


$689,496 


$1,099,667 


$973,463 


.... i $355,211 


8,802 




1S22 


560,714 


889,470 


1,450,184 


1,562,083 


.... 1 211,944 


10,056 


.... 


1823 


115,994 


951,911 


1,067,905 


1,369,440 


215,197 


6,057 




1824 


76,868 


587,480 


664,348 


1,029,439 


70,893 


5,111 


"461 


1825 


66,605 


578,434 


645,089 


1,454,022 


100.034 


7,015 


.... I 


1826 


81,622 


448,599 


530,221 


1,120,749 




74,259 


5,208 


1 


1827 


74,417 


535,804 


610,221 


1,013,126 




102,592 


5,391 




1828 


279,520 


641,230 


920,750 


1,607,417 


■ $25,666 


67,532 


6,515 


'767 


1829 


289,755 


611,257 


901,012 


1,409,588 


i 33,592 


1,200 


7,031 




1830 
Total, 


826,239 


414,121 


740,360 


940,254 


1 


2,570 


6,626 


"4i8 


$2,281,905 


6,347,802 


8,629,707 


12,479,531 


58,592 

i 


1,201,432 


67,812 


1,646 


1831 


371,515 


823,010 


694,525 


1,704,264 




37,938 


9,120 




1832 


178,507 


509,056 


687,563 


1,619,795 


1 '600 


4,400 


6,042 




1833 


70,364 


301,822 


372,186 


999,134 




1.200 


6,055 


'832 


1834 


105,786 


387,771 


493,557 


1,422,063 




18,305 


4,482 


426 


1835 


178,545 


107,396 


285,941 


1,457,977 




14,004 


4,544 


206 


1836 


139,473 


524,586 


664,059 


1,970,246 




2,514 


5,863 


258 


1837 


205,268 


418,409 


628,677 


1,827,181 






2,637 


3,581 


1838 


318.536 


141,357 


459,893 


944,238 




38,013 


3,041 


1,310 


1839 


315,399 


122,758 


438,152 


1,182,297 


! 


6,723 


1,016 


1,835 


1840 
Total, 


1,189,838 


283,347 


1,473,185 


1,157,200 


: 


57,672 


8,071 


2,602 


$3,073,231 


3,119,507 


6,192,738 


14,284,395 


660 


180,769 


50,871 


11,000 


1841 


731,411 


180,907 


912,318 


1,151,286 


3,750 


8,841 


6,282 


1,267 


1842 


515,577 


804,940 


820,517 


987,528 


16,000 


1,414 


7,367 


1,402 


1843* 


541,500 


186,721 


728,221 


394,564 






8,350 


1,117 


1844 


818.566 


258,257 


576,823 


1,096,926 


.... 


l',36i 


2,340 


941 


]&45 


687,569 


230,352 


817,921 


1,801,577 




2,400 


5,984 


914 


1846 


942,263 


424,652 


1,866,915 


1,189,786 






1,196 




1847 


1,056,022 


93,333 


1,149,355 


1,279,936 


.... 


13,475 


.... 




1S4S 


1,101,113 


159,488 


1,260,601 


1,616,100 


.... 


7,719 






1849 


811,450 


293,419 


1,104,809 


1,550,896 




8,000 




.... 


1850 
Total, 


1,567,166 


239,904 


1,807,070 


2,105,077 




4,028 






$8,172,637 


2,371,973 


10,544,610 


12,673,626 


19,750 


42,238 


26,519 


5,641 


1851 


1.736,884 


127,406 


1,804,240 


2,051,897 


.... 








1852 


1,573,852 


205,342 


1,779,194 


1,234.905 







.... 





1853 


2,173,745 


159,833 


2,333,578 


9.53,714 







.... 


.... 


1S54 


1,586,327 


165,439 


1,751,766 


971,728 








.... 


18;55 


506,657 


42,736 


549,393 


1,773,488 




.... 


2,898 


237 


1856 


457,437 


5,583 


463,020 


1,635,865 






4,179 


763 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRmCIPAL PORTS. 

Genoa, a maritime city of Italy. It is situated at the bottom of the extensive gulf 
to which it gives its name, the lighthouse being in lat. 44° 24' W N., long. 8° 25' 
ho" E. The harbor is semicircular, the diameter being about 6,000 feet. It is 
formed of two gigantic moles, having opposite directions. There is no difficulty in 
entering the harbor, the ground being clean, and plenty of water. Ships sometimes 
anchor without the harbor, in 60 to 100 feet of water. The south-west winds occa- 
sion heavy swells, but the bottom is clay, and holds well. 

Leghorn, a seaport of Italy, in Tuscany, lat 43° 33' 5" K, long. 10° 16' 45'' B. 
Leghorn has an outer harbor, protected by a fine mole, running upward of half a 
mile into the sea, and a small inner harbor or basin. The water in the harbor is 
rather shallow, varying from 8 feet in the inner basin to 18 or 19 feet at the end of 
the mole. Rise of the tide about 14 inches. The roadstead outside has more water 
and good holding-ground. 

Naples, a city of Italy, lat. 40° 50' 12" N., long. 14° 14' 15'' E. 



148 Foreign Commercial Statistics, 975 



SARDINIA. 

Almost all the trade of Sardinia is carried on by strangers ; and even 
the fish on its coast and in its harbors is caught by Sicihans, Neapolitans, 
Tuscans, and Genoese. Corn is the principal article of export In good 
years, the exports from the whole island may amount to 400,000 starelli, 
or about 500,000 bushels of wheat, 200,000 stareUi of barley, 6,000 ditto 
of maize, 100,000 ditto of beans, 200,000 ditto of peas, and 1,000 ditto 
of lentils. The culture of vines is gradually becoming of more import- 
ance ; and about 3,500 Catalan pipes are exported, principally from 
Alghero and Ogliastro. Cheese is an important object in the rural econ- 
omy of Sardinia, and considerable quantities are exported. Salt is a royal 
monopoly and affords a considerable revenue. Until recently, Sweden 
drew almost all her supplies of this important necessary from Sardinia, 
and it continues to be exported in considerable quantities. Flax, linseed, 
hides, oil, saffron, rags, alquifoux, etc., are among the articles of export. 
The tunny and coral fisheries employ a good many hands ; but, as already 
observed, they are almost wholly managed by foreigners. 

Almost every article of dress, whether for the gentry or the peasantry, 
is imported. Soap, stationery, glass, earthenware, and furniture, as well 
as sugar, coffee, drugs, etc., are also supplied by foreigners ; and not- 
withstanding the Sards possess many rich mines, several of which were 
successfully wrought in antiquity, they import all their iron and steel. 
The only manufactures carried on in the island are those of gunpowder, 
salt, tobacco, and woolen caps. 

ACCOUNT OF THE QUANTITIES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM 
THE ISLAND OF SARDINIA TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN 1849, 1850, AND 1851. 

QUANTITIES. 

ABTiCLES. 1849. 1850. 1851. 

Barilla, cwts., . . . .... 862 427 2 

Bones, cwts., 8,636 9,253 5,855 

Bullocks, no., 2,753 1,430 211 

Calves, no., 70 93 19 

Cheese, cwts, 29,880 25,606 24,986 

Cork-wood, cwts., 2,158 6,782 3,819 

Cows, steers, and bulls, no., .... 674 456 394 

Firewood, cwts., 3,788 1,508 577 

Fruit, fresh, cwts., 732 858 79 

Goats, sheep, and lambs, no., .... 232 594 237 

Grain, cwts., 1,723 567 2,494 

Lead ore, cwts., 8,701 4,296 16,497 

Olive oil, imperial gallons, . . . . 5,390 49 

Skins, cwts., 17,664 41,097 1,530 

Timber, oak, val. lire, 10,220 668 67,712 

Tunny fish, cwts., 2,339 2,547 2,839 

Wine, imperial gallons, 47,761 269,402 19,743 

But salt, of which the export may be estimated at 14,000 or 15,000 
tons a year, is excluded from this table, on which, indeed, but little reli- 
ance can be placed. 

These statements sufficiently show that the commerce of Sardinia is 
very far from being what might naturally be expected from her extent, 
fertility, admirable situation, and the excellence of her many harbors. 



974 



Sardinia. 



149 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH SARDINIA, 

From October 1, 1840, to July 1, 1856. 



Tears 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


i Whereof there was 
in Builion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


DOSTESTIC. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


AilER. 


For. 


1841 

1842 

1843* 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

Total, 

1851 
1852 
1853 
1854 
1855 
1856 


$47,000 
40.208 
108,091 
92,522 
162,827 
283,283 
630,232 
175,583 
460,950 
170,764 


$32,970 
976 
16,870 
18,389 
21,414 
86,136 


$47,000 
40,208 
108,091 
92,522 
195,797 
284,259 
647,102 
193,972 
482,364 
256,900 


$19,859 

'287 

42,538 
205 




$1,200 
42',276 


l',i53 
1,951 
4,395 
4.332 
9,865 

10,235 
9,162 

12.397 
7,791 


"776 
260 
1,581 
1,411 
1,191 
3,313 
1,988 
4,843 
6,300 


$2,171,460 

810,888 
769,209 
195,380 
188,305 
1,838,186 
2,143,977 


176,755 

19,401 
42,286 
27,926 
2,020 
143,844 
60,961 


2,348,215 

830,289 
811,495 
22-3,306 
190,325 
1,982,030 
2,204,938 


62,889 

2,802 

74,901 

171,583 

85,676 

217,282 

317,179 




43,470 
2,666 


61,281 

6,741 
13,443 
11,821 
10,688 
16,754 
17,958 


21,663 

8,479 
6,669 
7,018 
2,246 
4,597 
3,501 



months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 

Cagliari, the capital of Sardinia, on the north-east shore of a spacious bay on 
the south coast of the island, lat. 39° 12' 13" K, Ion. 9° 7' 44" E. Population in 
1850, 30,000 (?) The city stands on a rising ground, and has an imposing effect 
from the sea. The public buildings and churches are numerous, and some of them 
splendid; but the streets are, for the most part, narrow, steep, and filthy. The 
Gulf of Caghari extends from Pula on the west, to Cape Carbonara on the east, a 
distance of about 24 miles across, and about 12 in depth, with good anchorage 
everywhere after getting into soundings. A mole projects from the Pratique office, 
and ships usually he about 1 mile south-west by south from it, in 6 or 8 fathoms 
water, on an excellent bottom of mud. There is a very convenient pier harbor at 
the south angle of the tower wall, capable of containing 14 or 16 vessels of a 
tolerable size, beside smaU craft. Altogether Caghari is one of the best and safest 
ports in the Mediterranean. Vessels belonging to Sardinia are admitted by treaty 
into the ports of the United States on the same terms as American vessels, with the 
produce or manufactures of their own or any other country. 

Within the last few years some very important changes for the better have been 
introduced into the island, and some of the worst of the abuses generally noticed 
have been obviated. In 1836, in pursuance of inquiries previously commenced, 
feudal jurisdictions were completely abohshed ; and since then the feudal system has 
been wholly subverted. And if, as is to be hoped, government foUow up the en- 
lightened course of pohcy on which it has entered, by giving freedom to commerce, 
the probabihty is, that the island will, at no very remote period, recover a large 
share of its ancient prosperity. According to a law passed in 1839, aU lands were 
declared to be the property of individuals, communes, or the crown ; the latter be- 
coming the possessor of all waste lands, or those to which neither private parties nor 
communes could show any title. Lands which had been cultivated or applied to 
use, whether inclosed or not, were assigned in perpetuity to the occupiers, undis- 
turbed possession bemg held to confer a sufficient right to the property in the 
absence of any other title ; those whose interests were at all affected by the new- 
changes received compensation in money or lands, or by an assignment of public 
funded property. The king substituted himself in the place of the barons ; he took 
all the feudal rents into his own hands ; and their value being estimated at twenty 
years' purchase, pubhc securities to that amount, bearing five per cent, interest, 
were made over to the nobles in exchange for their deprived privileges. 



150 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 



19 



SICILY. 

Trinacria and Sicilia, tlie largest and finest island in tlie Mediter- 
ranean, between latitude 36° 38' and 38° 18' N., and longitude 12° 25' 
and 15° 40' E., separated on tlie N.E, from south Italy by the Straits of 
Messina, 2 miles broad, and forming the Dominii al-di-la di Faro^ or 
the territory " beyond the strait" of the kingdom of the " Two Sicihes." 
Shape, triangular; length, E. to W., 185 miles; greatest breedth N. to 
S. along its E. coast 120 miles. The papyrus, sugar-cane, date, palm, 
and other tropical products ripen at a height of 600 feet ; evergreens 
flourish at 2,000 feet ; oak and chestnut woods cover the mountain sides 
to the height of 4,000 feet ; wheat thrives at 4,500 feet, and beech woods 
prevail to 6,000 feet in elevation. Under the Romans, Sicily was con- 
sidered the granary of Italy, but owing to oppressive exactions and re- 
strictions, there are few countries in which agriculture is so ill conducted ; 
and it is stated that instead of corn, nearly one third of the population 
derive their subsistence mainly from the fruit of the Indian fig, a species 
of cactus, which grows wild in profusion. Other chief crops are beans, 
pulse, maize, rice, olive oil, oranges, lemons, almonds, and other fruits, 
potatoes, tobacco, flax, hemp, sumach, liquorice, and manna. 

Vessels belonging to the Two Sicilies, are admitted into the ports of 
the United States on the same terms as American vessels, only when 
laden with the home produce or home manufactures. 



COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION V^TII FOREiaN COUNTRIES. 





Imports. 


Exports. 


ENTEEED. 


CLEARED. 

>■ 


OOTmXKIES. 


Vessels. 


Tons. 


Vessels. 


Tons. 


Austria, . 


5,206,304 


488,866 


960 


69,504 


859 


59,309 


Denmark, . 


.... 


.... 


6 


1,308 


1 


163 


Modena, . 




.... 


3 


161 


3 


267 


Eoman States, . 


•74,608 


600,167 


545 


22,787 


577 


23,422 


Spain, 


3,734,826 


.... 


12 


2,160 


6 


868 


United States, . 


1,283,216 


547,477 


8 


2,807 


17 


5,153 


France, 


10,283,455 


14,752,017 


383 


101,886 


395 


103,759 


Great Britain, . 


19,144,604 


12,607,584 


279 


53,943 


200 


43,430 


Greece, 


1,069,304 


79,695 


21 


1,703 


12 


1,239 


Holland, . 


4,276,207 


256,171 


27 


6,242 


14 


2,727 


Ionian Islands, . 


.... 


.... 


91 


4,781 


61 


3,213 


Sweden & Norway, 540,000 


.... 


14 


2,950 


6 


1,525 


Russia, 


26,282,407 


275,738 


9 


2,727 


12 


3,214 


Tuscany, . 


3,023,807 


3,899,936 


123 


12,091 


65 


5,300 


Turkey, . 


2,768,260 


136,702 


7 


1,441 


20 


5,577 


Sardinia, . 


2,460,871 


3,006,882 


210 


31,188 


254 


36,651 


Prussia 


.... 


.... 


3 


1,146 


2 


778 


Tunis, 




.... 


11 


1,263 


10 


1,036 


All others, 


122*609 


66,504 
36,717,739 


2,712 


.... 


2,514 


.... 


Total, francs. 


80,270,478 


320,088 


297,631 






SHIPPINO IN 1854. 














Vessels. 






Tons. 


Continent, 


. 


. 


10,863 






202,318 


Two Sicilies, 


• 


• 


2,031 






47,438 



249,756 



18 



Sicily, 



151 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH SICILY, 

From October 1, 1830, to July 1, 1856. 



1 Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 

1831 
1832 
1883 
1884 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 
1889 
1840 

Total, 

1841 

1842 

1843* 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

Total, 

1851 
1852 
1853 
1254 
1855 
1856 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Impokt. 


Amer. 


For. 


$2,369 

3,088 

6,123 

4,060 

17,373 

146,183 

18,620 

25,532 

192,462 

303,217 


$2,940 

10,884 
49,714 
5,877 
21,813 
84,607 
33,923 


$2,369 

3,088 

9,063 

4,060 

28,257 

195,897 

24,497 

47,345 

277,069 

337,140 


$156,617 
165,714 
254,966 
274,548 
642,090 
411,959 
345,362 
592,951 
649,525 


.... 


$608 

20*666 
"566 


378 

1,204 
1,457 
1,230 
1,012 
2,233 
1,006 


'432 
876 
311 

1,228 
3,148 
2,105 
1,824 
2,298 
3,176 


$719,027 

474,470 
237,861 
32,558 
75,624 
70.625 
319,441 
56,899 
17,754 
24,359 
50,577 


209,758 

11,592 

195,797 

51,871 

278,692 

334,667 

298,391 

7,218 

9,075 

4,854 

13,024 


928,785 

486,062 

433,658 

84,429 

354,316 

405,292 

617,832 

64,117 

26,829 

29,213 

63,601 


3,493,732 

588,057 
539,419 
169,664 
462,773 
529,493 
513,235 
550,988 
618,029 
530,244 
822,629 

5,324,531 

825,924 
606,541 
863.351 
959,300 
1,718,949 
1,488,526 


:::: 


21,708 

14,300 

654 

4,706 

4,526 
22,625 


8,520 

1,913 
1,272 

565 
1,045 

445 

767 
1,423 

924 
1,853 
3,326 


14,898 

3,566 

3,016 

680 

3,286 

3,628 

4,318 

649 

399 

232 

1,633 


$1,360,168 

41,743 
55,649 
130,337 
246,1.51 
207,790 
303,576 


1,205,181 

8,193 
10,890 
24.818 
13,900 
443.686 
75,195 


2,565,349 

49,936 
66,539 
155,155 
260,051 
651,476 
378,771 




46,811 

20',666 
4^870 


13,533 

2,848 
6,609 

3',862 
4,509 
1,642 


21,407 

1,916 

3,427 

8,713 
3,444 
1,621 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 

Palermo, anciently Paxormus, a large city and seaport, the capital of the noble 
island of Sicily, on the north coast of which it is situated, the lighthouse being in 
lat. 38° 8' la" N., long. 13° 21' 56// E. Population, 170,000. The bay of Palermo 
is about five miles in deptli, the city being situated on its south-west shore. A fine 
mole, fully one quarter of a mile in length, having a lighthouse and battery at its 
extremity, projecting in a southerly direction from the arsenal into nine or ten fath- 
oms of water, forming a convenient port, capable of containing a great number of 
vessels. This immense work cost about £1,000,000 sterling in its construction; but 
the lighthouse, though a splendid structure, is said to be very ill lighted. There is 
an inner port, which is reserved for the use of the arsenal. Ships that do not mean 
to go within the mole may anchor about half a mile from it, in from 16 to 23 fathoms, 
mole light bearing N.W. f TV. A heavy sea sometimes rolls into the bay, but no 
danger need be apprehended by ships properly found in anchors and chain cables. 
In going into the bay, it is necessary to keep clear of the nets of the tunny fishery, for 
these are so strong and well moored, as to be capable of arresting a ship under sail. 

Money. — Since 1818, the coins of Sicily have been the same as those of Naples, their 
names only differing. Tlie ducat == 3s. 5-2d. sterhng, is subdivided into 100 ba- 
jocchi and 10 piccioli; but accounts are still generally kept in oncie, tarie, and 
grani: 20 grani == 1 tare; 30 tari = 1 oncia; the oncia = 3 ducats; and 1 car- 
lino of Naples == 1 taro of Sicily. The Spanish dollar is current at 12 tari 8 grani. 

Weights. — 100 Sicilian pounds of 12 ounces = 10 lbs. avoirdupois = 85"11 lbs. 
Troy= 31-76 kilog.= 64-23 lbs. of Amsterdam = 65-58 lbs. of Hamburg. 

Measures. — The salma grossa = 9-48 Winchester bushels; the salma generale =« 
7-62 "Winchester bushels. 



152 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 



21 



AUSTRIA. 

Trieste, a city and seaport of the Austrian dominions, the capital of a 
district of Illyria, situated near the N. E. extremity of the Gulf of 
Venice, latitude of lighthouse 45° 38' Q" N., longitude 13° 46' b" 
E. Population, in 1850-1, of the city only, 50,000, and including the 
district comprised within the limits of the free port, 82,596. It is di- 
vided into the old and new towns. The former is built upon elevated 
ground ; the latter, which is lower _ down, is laid out with great regu- 
larity, and is partly intersected by a canal, into which vessels not drawing 
more than 9 or 10 feet water enter to load and unload. 

Harbor. — The harbor of Trieste, though rather limited in size, is easy 
of access and convenient. It is protected from the southerly gales by the 
Molo Teresiano, so called from the Empress Maria Theresa, at the ex- 
tremity of which the new lighthouse, mentioned above, has been con- 
structed. The port, with a mole, forms a crescent, li miles in length, 
being a continued quay, faced with hewn stone, with stairs and jetties for 
the convenience of embarkation. On the north side of the port is a dock 
or harbor, appropriated exclusively for vessels performing quarantine. 
It is walled round, and is furnished with hotels, warehouses, and every 
sort of accommodation required for the use of passengers and goods. 
Ships under 300 tons burden lie close to the quays ; those of greater 
size mooring a httle further out. 

The principal defects of the port are, its limited size, and its being ex- 
posed to the JST. W. winds, which sometimes blow with much violence, 
and throw in a heavy sea. 



COMMERCE OF TEIESTE AND VENICE FOR THE YEAR 1851 







TEIESTE. 






VENICE. 






ENTERED. 


CLEARED. 


1 

ENTEKBD. 


CLEAEED. 


COUNTEIE8. 


Vessels 


Tons. 


Vessels 


. Tons. 


Vessels 


, Tons. 


Vessels. Tons. 


American, . 


55 


26,007 


56 


28,981 


8 


2,749 


7 


2,445 


Hanse Towns, 


29 


5,753 


30 


6,733 


13 


2,319 


19 


1,967 


Belgian, 


4 


673 


5 


729 


1 


155 


1 


155 


Brazilian, 


2 


830 


3 


990 






, . 




Danish, 


16 


2,079 


16 


2,910 


4 


622 


2 


354 


French, 


16 


2,268 


14 


2,080 


15 


1,757 


15 


1,757 


Greek and Ionian, 


443 


60,818 


452 


62,302 


127 


17,641 


150 


20,090 


English, 


. 86 


22,438 


87 


24,230 


86 


20,156 


96 


22,657 


Neapolitan, . 


. 447 


41,544 


440 


36,603 


191 


18,009 


205 


22,411 


Holland, 


. 62 


9,663 


61 


9,535 


13 


1,974 


13 


1,958 


Turkey, 


191 


21,538 


234 


27,724 


41 


5,083 


59 


7,055 


Pontifical States, 


397 


23,319 


681 


37,245 


13 


2,074 


12 


1,820 


Portuguese, . 


5 


1,116 


5 


1,234 


1 


100 


1 


100 


Prussian, 


10 


2,194 


8 


2,010 






. , 




Eussian, 


2 


260 














Sardinian, . 


19 


3,677 


20 


3,986 


13 


2,104 


13 


2,104 


Spanish, 


23 


4,955 


24 


5,721 


4 


1,227 


4 


1,227 


Swed. and Nor., 


37 


7,487 


37 


9,227 


26 


5,033 


26 


4,502 


Tuscan, 


8 

1,852 


1,559 


8 
2,181 


1,363 


10 

566 


1,945 
82,948 


9 
632 


1,783 


Total, . 


238,078 


263,603 


92,385 


Austrian, 


Ll,410 


624,625 11,112 


604,433 


4,871 


388,628 


4,655 


383,903 



General total, 13,262 862,703 13,293 868,036 5,437 471,576 5,287 476,288 



20 Trieste and other Austrian Ports on the Adriatic, 153 

FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 

TRIESTE, AND OTHER AUSTRIAN PORTS 

ON THE ADRIATIC, 

From Octobee 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



-Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$31,781 


$308,580 


$840,861 


$229,792 


.... 


$98,189 


1.895 




1822 


38,752 


436,968 


475,720 


274,375 




9,200 


2.351 




1823 


25,697 


919,618 


945,315 


189,187 


.... 


13,288 


3,818 


'...'. 


1824 


6,596 


518,057 


524,653 


268,867 


.... 


157,717 


2,185 




1825 


8,834 


643,568 


652,402 


105,889 




2,038 


8,246 




1826 


13,387 


278,933 


287,320 


193,152 




4,000 


1,879 




1827 


42,671 


234,122 


276,793 


- 163,546 





10,804 


2,090 




1828 


119,233 


205.255 


824,488 


287,878 







3,068 




1829 


409,288 


280,200 


689,488 


191,896 


.... 


"460 


6,384 


"129 


1830 
Total, 


300,859 


298,261 


594,120 


132,093 


.... 


912 


4,662 


282 


$997,098 


4,113,562 


5,110,660 


1,986,075 


.... 


296,053 


31,578 


411 


1831 


276,561 


262,808 


539,869 


161,062 


.... 


1,900 


4,215 




1832 


199,911 


986,775 


1,136,686 


362,027 


.... 


.... 


6,497 


l",52i 


1833 


146.517 


408.447 


554,964 


314,611 






3,304 


1,701 


1834 


518,609 


954,728 


1,473,387 


580,614 




22,666 


7,530 


3,897 


1885 


818,375 


384,038 


1,202,413 


492,567 


.... 


4,477 


6,592 


2,618 


1836 


1,138,431 


829,674 


1,968,105 


1,020,099 


$2,300 


2,800 


8,944 


4,931 


1837 


1,238,370 


878,221 


1,611,591 


629,465 


44,150 




2,179 


12,919 


1838 


643,223 


125,740 


768,963 


372,878 




7,919 


4,974 


2,703 


1839 


429,578 


162,671 


592,249 


477,539 




1,500 


8,069 


2,874 


1840 
Total, 


1,590,356 


196,264 


1,786,620 


873,365 






11,828 


6,081 


$6,994,931 


4,639,866 


11,634,297 


4,783,727 


46,460 


40,596 


59,132 


38,745 


1841 


1,258,776 


52,980 


1,311,756 


418,606 






10,350 


1,201 


1842 


748,179 


186,526 


884,705 


418,210 







10,520 


361 


1843* 


460,240 


118,988 


579,178 


72,957 







8,679 


1,782 


1844 


1,257,285 


168,785 


1,426,020 


282,089 




8,038 


10,597 


8,918 


1845 


1,483,103 


368,775 


1,801,878 


321,550 






15,470 


9,198 


1846 


1,104,468 


366,143 


1,470,611 


379,719 


.... 





12,852 


3,341 


1847 


1,175,375 


73,348 


1,248.723 


187,841 


.... 


7,583 


7,861 


5,279 


1848 


1,701,495 


107,727 


1,809,222 


385,813 




1,287 


16,229 


4,693 


1849 


942,489 


464,376 


1,406,865 


409,178 


.... 


3,900 


11,176 


5,753 


1850 
Total, 


1,179,893 


312,111 


1,492,004 


467,601 


.... 





5,968 


6,889 


$11,261,303 


2,169,659 


13,430,962 


3,288,064 




15,808 


109,702 


42,415 


1851 


2,265,573 


230,894 


2,496,467 


730,788 






10,179 


13,371 


1852 


2,403,530 


829,889 


2,783,419 


308,749 







14,024 


13,400 


1853 


2,062,484 


171,804 


2,284,288 


528,567 






11,735 


9,244 


1854 


1,697,319 


206,290 


1,903,609 


741,919 




147,736 


13,015 


5,401 


1855 


1,277,527 122,274 


1,399,801 


496,283 






9,517 


7,029 


1856 


2,238,783 206,065 


2,444,848 


476,541 







16,916 


5,552 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



STEAM COMMUNICATION. 

Commerce of the Mediterranean. — The United States Consul at Trieste communi- 
cates to the Department of State the following details as to increased steamnavigation 
with the southern ports of the Mediterranean : 

Steam Communication. — The project of establishing steam communication with 
the Mediterranean has long been a favorite one with a respectable class of mer- 
chants in the Atlantic States ; and, if we are not mistaken, the experiment of a line 
to Genoa was tried some years ago, but without success. There is every prospect 
of the accompMshment of this important object, under the immediate patronage of 
tho Austrian government. It is, in fact, proposed to construct three first-class 
steamships of 3,200 tons, buUder's measurement, and 1,000 horse power, to run be- 
tween Trieste and New York, makmg fifteen trips each way per annum, and 
touching at Corfu, Malta, Algiers, Cadiz, and Lisbon. 



164 Foreign Commercial Statistics, 23 



TURKEY AND GREECE. 

The south-eastern peninsula of Europe is occupied by Turkey and 
Greece, both of which may be described as mountainous countries, in- 
cluding within their ridges numerous fertile valleys, and in some places 
extensive, lowland plains. The climate and productions of the country 
are generally the same as those of Italy. The two governments that 
possess it are equally ineflBcient for good, though the one be that of a great 
and powerful empire, apparently in the last stage of decay, and the other a 
newly-established kingdom. The dominant people of Turkey are the 
Osmanlee or Ottoman Turks, a branch of the great Toorkee family of 
Central Asia. There are, however, various other races, some of them 
more numerous than the Turks, as the Roumi or Greeks, Arnauts or Al- 
banians, Bulgarians, and other Slavonians, Vallachians, Jews, Gypsies, and 
Franks. Greece is now possessed almost exclusively by a people who 
boast of their descent from the ancient Hellenes, and speak a language 
not very much altered from the classic form ; but they are not the less 
evidently much mixed with Slavonic and other barbarian blood. Their 
independence was estabhshed in 182'7, but as yet it has been unproduc- 
tive of any good. 

Under the existing treaty between the United States and Turkey, our 
commerce is placed on the footing of the most favored nations ; thus 
securing to our merchant-vessels the privilege of trading to all the points 
of Turkey in Europe, Asia, and Africa, on the same conditions as those 
granted to the most favored nations. Thus our vessels may now trade 
to the ports of Egypt and Asia Minor, to the Turkish islands of the 
Archipelago, and to the Ottoman ports of Europe, and on the Asiatic 
shore of the Black sea. This is at once an immense field for the enter- 
prise of our merchants and seamen. Many facilities are thus offered for 
the extension of our commerce with the nations of the East ; and con- 
sular officers may render important services to their countrymen by col- 
lecting all the information in their power in regard to the productions 
and commerce of these countries, and transmitting it to the State Depart- 
ment, by which it will be published from time to time for the general 
advantage of American citizens. 

Galatz, a town of Moldavia, Turkey, on the left bank of the Danube, 
in latitude 45° 25' N"., longitude 28° E. Though at some distance inland 
Galatz may be said to be the port of the Danube. Of the three principal 
mouths of the river, the Souhneh (or middle) mouth, in latitude 45° 10' 
30" N., and longitude 29° 41' 20" E., is the only one accessible by ves- 
sels of large burden. The depth of water at its entrance, varies from 10 
to 14 feet ; from the bar up to Galatz, there is nowhere less than 18 feet. 
Lighters are stationed without the bar to partially unload large vessels. 
Vessels of 300 tons burden can lie at the quays. 

COMMERCE OF MOLDAVIA IN 1855. 

Imports. Exports. 

Port of Galatz, 1,377,638,00 126,451,025,22 

By Austria, 42,277,577,20 37,014,262,90 



Total, (Piasters) .... 43,655,315,20 163,465,288,12 



22 



Turkey^ the Levant^ etc. 



155 



FOREIGN COM]\IER0E OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
TURKEY, THE LEVANT, ETC., 

FEOii October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeabs 

ENDING 


EXPORTS. 




IMPOETS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Sept. 
30. 


















Domestic. 


i'OREIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. ] 


i^O-R. 


1821 


$30,SS3 


.?406,997 


$437,880 


$395,680 




$91,878 


1,393 




1822 


6,124 


405,197 


411,321 


364,677 


$157,006 


13,870 


1,418 


... 


1823 


4,877 


559,783 


564,660 


703,761 


68,000 


79,381 


1,876 




1824 


25.171 


384,257 


409,428 


471,238 




48,530 


2,153 




1825 


84;373 


364,591 


398,964 


840,799 




22,600 


1,817 




1826 


46,897 


271,438 


318,335 


421,932 




4,901 


1,328 




1827 


131,784 


470,825 


602,059 


7a3,123 


50,66o 


11,587 


8,109 


... 


1828 


78.374 


124,567 


202,941 


498,533 




11,405 


603 




1829 


27,600 


47.384 


74.984 


293,237 




488 


687 




1830 
Total, 


75,801 


337,539 


413,340 


417,392 




45,018 


2,887 




$461,8^4 


3,372,078 


3,833,912 


5,190,377 


275,006 


829,158 


17,266 




1831 


38,503 


298,304 


336,807 


521,598 


29,500 


6,368 


2,935 




1832 


64,722 


681,886 


746,608 


923,629 


2,100 


4,319 


4,805 




1833 


167,208 


518,471 


685,679 


786,044 


26,451 


3.674 


4,514 


263 


1834 


62,458 


321.221 


883,679 


569,511 


26,840 


821 


2,246 




1835 


63,302 


216;822 


280,024 


887,553 


2,752 


7,360 


3,010 




1836 


99,085 


534,949 


634,034 


975,371 


23,000 




8,531 




1837 


36.659 


74,653 


111.312 


693,161 




2,700 


484 1 


,759 


1838 


142,448 


115,461 


257,909 


296,533 


'360 


4,282 


1,293 




1839 


83,320 


266,054 


349,874 


629,190 




2,530 


2,282 




1840 
Total, 


119,745 


156,873 


276,618 


563,476 


1,928 


.... 


2,187 




$877,350 


3,184,094 


4,062,044 


6,346,066 


112,871 


31,554 


27,237 1 


,962 


1841 


200,934 


179,612 


880,546 


614,872 


900 




2,819 




1842 


125,521 


76,515 


202,036 


370,248 






1,815 




1843* 


108,405 


68,014 


176,479 


182,854 




2,800 


1,583 




18-44 


186,139 


97,245 


283,884 


885,866 




23 


2,773 




1845 


115,553 


49,546 


165,099 


781,517 






1,897 




1846 


126,193 


78,910 


200,103 


760,998 






8,208 


... 


1847 


61,570 


65,672 


127,242 


577,710 




2,666 


1,118 


.. 


1848 


114,830 


110,321 


225,151 


406,028 


85,275 




1,966 


280 


1849 


193,876 


85,120 


278,996 


874,064 


.... 




1,912 


800 


1850 
Total, 


204,397 


58,344 


257,741 


801,023 


.... 


.... 


2,689 


... 


$1,437,478 


859,299 


2,296,777 


5,255,180 


- 36,175 


4,823 


21,730 


580 


1851 


162,20i 


65,529 


227,733 


901,236 






4,268 




1852 


265,825 


50,871 


316,196 


556,100 






3,909 


"322 


1853 


207,358 


79,981 


287,389 


1 727,516 






4,865 




1854 


219.496 


105,702 


825,198 


' 803,114 





.... 


8,948 


"569 


1855 


794.259 


163,780 


958,039 


' 790,889 




.... 


8,452 


902 


1856 


1,404,768 


100.657 


1,511,425 


741,871 






18,409 1 


,845 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 

PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

CoxsTANTiNOPLE, in Turkey, situated on a triangular point of land, on the Euro- 
pean side of the sea of Marmora, at the point where it imites with the Bosphorus, 
the channel leading to the Black sea, lat. 41° 0' 12" N., long. 28° 59' 2" E. The 
harbor is excellent, consisting of an arm of the sea, stretching along the north-east 
side of the city. It has sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels, and can ac- 
commodate 1,000 sail. The quays are good, and ships are moored close alongside. 
The Bosphorus, or channel of Constantinople, runs in a N.E. by N. direction, about 
fifteen miles, varying in breadth from one half to one and a quarter miles. It has a 
rapid current and a great depth of water. 

Salonica, a large seaport of European Turkey, at the north-east extremity of the 
gulf of the same name, in lat. 40° 38' 47'' N., long. 22° 57' 13" E. There is no port 
at Salonica, but an excellent roadstead opposite the town. Vessels of 800 to 1,000 
tons find no difficulty. 

Smyrna, a large seaport of Asiatic Turkey, on the western side of Asia Minor. 



156 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 25 



HAYTI. 

Hayti, though applicable to the whole island, is, under the present ar- 
rangement, applied to that portion in the possession of the empire, ex- 
tending from Lasabon, on the Massacre river in the north, to the Rio 
Pedernales, in the south. Its area is estimated at 11,400 square miles. 
Capital, Cape Haytien. 

The government, first a kingdom under Christophe, and afterward a 
republic under Boyer, etc., was transformed into an empire on the 26th 
of August, 1849, when the present Emperor, Faustin Soulouque, was 
dignified by a servile legislature with the title of Faustin L, with heredi- 
tary succession. Otherwise the form of government adopted by the Re- 
public, was not materially changed. The present population is approxi- 
mately stated at 700,000, composed chiefly of blacks , mulattoes, and 
other mixed races. 

The principal staples of Hayti cultivated for export, are coffee and 
cotton. Formerly, under the French, it was one of the most productive 
colonies of the West Indies ; but at the present it affords one of the most 
abject pictures of human degradation. The exports of the principal pro- 
ducts of the colony in 1789, the last year of French dominion, were — 
clayed sugars, 47,516,531 pounds ; muscovado sugar, 93,573,300 pounds ; 
coff*ee, 76^^,835,219 pounds; and cotton, 7,004,274 pounds. In 1841, the 
total export of sugar amounted to 1,363 pounds; of coffee, 34,114,717, 
and of cotton, 1,591,451 pounds. Thus it will be seen that the cultiva- 
tion of sugar has been abandoned, that that of coffee has decreased one 
half, and that of cotton four fifths. These statistics are not as recent as 
desirable, but they are the latest of which we have any knowledge. 

The commercial statistics of the Empire and Republic, as supplied by 
the Register of the United States Treasury are not separated, and hence 
the commerce of the island with the United States, must be considered 
in the aggregate. The extent and value of the commerce of the United 
States with the island of San Domingo, in the year ending 30th of June, 
1856, was as follows : 

Imports into the United States, $1,924,259 

Exports from the United States, 

Domestic produce and manufacture, .... $1,862,823 

Foreign produce and manufacture, .... 263,621 — 2,126,454 



Total value of commerce, . . . . . . . . $4,050,713 

A GENERAL TABLE OF EXPORTS FROM HAYTI, DURING THE YEARS 1789, 1801, 
AND FROM 1818 TO 1826, BOTH INCLUSIVE. 



Years, Mus. Sugar. 


Coffee. 


Cotton. 


Cacao. : 


Dye-woods. 


Tobacco. 


Mahogany. 


Cigars. 


Lbs. 


Us. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Feet. 




1T89, . 93,573,300 


76,885,219 


7,004,274 












1801, . 18,518,572 


43,420,270 


2,480,340 


648,518 


6,768;634 


.... 


5,',2i7 


.... 


1818, . 5,443,567 


26,065,200 


474,118 


484,368 


6,819,800 


19,140 


129,962 


.... 


1819, . 3,790,143 


29,240,919 


216,103 


870,439 


3,094,409 


39,698 


141,577 


.... 


1820, . 2,514,502 


35,137,759 


346,839 


556,424 


1,919,748 


97,600 


129,509 


.... 


1821, , 600,934 


29,925,951 


820,563 


264,792 


3,728,186 


76,400 


65,005 




1822, . 200,454 


24,235,872 


592,368 


464,154 


8,295,080 


58P.,957 


2,622,277 


279,66o 


1823, . 14,920 


38,802,837 


332,256 


335,540 


6,607,808 


387,014 


2,869.047 


898,800 


1824, . 5,106 


44,269,084 


1,028,045 


461,694 


3,858,161 


718,679 


2,181.747 


176,000 


1826, . 2,020 


86,034,300 


815,697 


839,987 


3,948,190 


508,425 


2,986;469 




1826, . 82,864 


32,189,784 


620,972 


467,592 


5,307,746 


340,588 


2,136,984 


179,50(1 



Gum Guaiacum, in 1822, 7,338 pounds— 1823, 13,056 pounds— 1824, 68,692 pounds. 



24 



HaytL 



157 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH HAYTI, 

Feom October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Teaks 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPOKTS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


DoMESTia 


rOP.EIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


Foe. 


1821 


$1,740,383 


$530,218 


$2,270,601 


$2,246,257 


$60,164 


$504,409 


46,171 


547 


1822 


1,746,107 


373,704 


2,119,811 


2,341,817 


1,525 


229,439 


43,167 


946 


1823 


1,670,140 


708,642 


2,378,782 


2,352,733 


104,697 


55,502 


37,480 


830 


1824 


1,901,926 


463,229 


2,365,155 


2,247,235 


51,462 


169,027 


46,267 


489 


1825 


1,648,055 


406,560 


2,054,615 


2,065,829 


21,100 


61,235 


89,866 


465 


1826 


1,252,910 


166,584 


1,414,494 


1,511,836 




126,945 


32,'209 


1,468 


182T 


1,162,473 


169,436 


1,831,909 


1,781,309 




47,182 


25,720 


8,774 


1828 


1,123,405 


209,806 


1,832,711 


2.163,585 


20,553 


69,703 


24,727 


5,863 


1829 


814,987 


160,171 


975,158 


1,799,809 


8,433 


46,033 


18,164 


2,988 


1830 
Total, 


714,791 


108,387 


823,178 


1,597,140 


.... 


31,718 


19,395 


1,748 


$13,775,177 


3,291,237 


17,066,414 


20,107,050 


267,939 


1,341,143 


383,166 


19,118 


1831 


1,126,698 


191,677 


1,318,375 


1,580,578 


11,032 


35,714 


27,807 


1,006 


1832 


1,243,510 


425,493 


1,669,003 


2,053,386 


800 


16,150 


29,990 


1,279 


1833 


1,147,809 


280,154 


1,427,963 


1,740,058 


6,395 


22,073 


23,425 


656 


1834 


1,244,424 


192,528 


1,436,952 


2,113,717 


6,965 


13,609 


32,682 


517 


1835 


1,538,475 


277,337 


1,815,812 


2,347,556 




11,270 


88,274 


847 


1836 


1,054,974 


185,065 


1,240,039 


1,828,019 


53,544 


67,299 


24,263 


848 


1837 


871,938 


140,043 


1,011,981 


1,440,856 


38.247 


9,940 


17,642 


1.832 


1838 


814,421 


95,834 


910,255 


1,275,762 


83.373 


6,408 


15,066 


2,914 


1839 


991,265 


131,294 


1,122,559 


1,377,989 


216,458 


3,102 


21,081 


2,047 


1840 
Total, 


945,365 


81,849 


1,027,214 


1,252,824 


163,510 


16,488 


20,663 


2,818 


$10,978,879 


2,001,274 


12,980,153 


17,010,745 


580,324 


202,053 


255,843 


14,264 


1841 


1,093,634 


61,923 


1,155,557 


1,809,684 


187,167 


10,900 


26,904 


763 


1842 


844,452 


55,514 


899,966 


1,266.997 


68,148 


36,264 


21,115 


363 


1843* 


610,796 


42,574 


653,370 


898;447 


37,898 


87,138 


16,606 


717 


1844 


1,082,807 


45,549 


1,128,356 


1.441,244 


63,016 


90,468 


26,710 


649 


1845 


1,327,891 


77,849 


1,405,740 


i;3S6,367 


55,544 


237,617 


27,919 


534 


1846 


1,114,013 


43,129 


1.157,142 


1,542.962 


90.001 


260,272 


23,425 


1,642 


1847 


1,187,017 


111,756 


1,298,773 


1,891,580 


89,062 


217,725 


27,959 


2,500 


1848 


937,586 


156,229 


1,093,815 


1,367,174 


13,787 


42,955 


23,340 


2,649 


1849 


582,577 


70,015 


602,592 


901,7^ 


37,776 


42,174 


16,556 


4,552 


1850 
Total, 


1,211,007 


139,181 


1,350,188 


1,544,771 


164,687 


13,123 


29,981 


8,127 


$9,941,780 


803,719 


10,745,499 


13,550,950 


757,086 


1,038,636 


240,515 


22,496 


1851 


1,679.372 


167,918 


1,847,290 


1,889,968 


181,494 


111,183 


33,152 


7,586 


1852 


1,479,326 


239,577 


1,718,903 


1,870,672 


90,098 


37,125 


32.865 


7,820 


1853 


1,738,413 


260,520 


1.998,933 


1,985.624 


134,609 


84,734 


31,369 


6,124 


1854 


1,880.187 


329,538 


2,209,725 


2,357/252 


45,6:34 


23,845 


38,^45 


4,797 


1855 


1,929,334 


315,718 


2,245,052 


2,615,525 


60,373 


10,956 


37,193 


9,051 


1856 


1,862,823 


263,631 


2,126,454 


1,924,259 


104,095 


16,949 


34,260 


4,750 



months to June 30, and the fiscal year fi-om this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
Port-au-Prince, the capital of Hayti, or St. Domingo, in lat. 18° 33' 42" K, 
long., 72° 21' 11" W. Population variously estimated, probably from 18,000 to 
20,000. It is situated on the west coast of the island, at the bottom of a large and 
deep gulf. It was founded in 1749, since when, with few intervals, it has been the 
capital of French St. Domingo, as it is now of the entire island. It is partially fort- 
ified; the harbor being protected by a battery on a small island, at a little distance 
from the shore. The country round is low and marshy ; and the heat in the sum- 
mer months being excessive, the chmate is then exceedingly unhealthy. The build- 
ings are principally of wood, and seldom exceed two stories in height. The entrance 
to the harbor is between White island and the southern shore. The depth of water 
varies from about 18 feet at ebb-tide to about 21 feet at full tide. It is customary, 
but not compulsory, to employ a pilot in entering the harbor. They are always on 
the look-out. Ships moor head and stern, at from 100 to 500 yards from shore, 
loading and unloading by means of boats. 



168 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 21 



SPANISH COLONIES. 

The Spaniards who first resorted to America after its discovery had 
no intention of settling in the country, or of colonizing it. The idea 
that gold and silver alone constituted wealth was then universally prev- 
alent ; and the bold and enterprising companions and followers of Co- 
lumbus, instead of engaging in industrious undertakings, which they 
neither understood nor relished, sought only to enrich themselves by 
plundering the feeble and defenseless natives of the gold and silver in 
their possession, and of the abundance of which the most exaggerated 
accounts were immediately spread throughout Europe. When new ad- 
venturers arrived on an unknown coast, their single inquiry was, whether 
it abounded in gold. If it did, they remained, for some time at least, 
in the country ; if not, they immediately set sail for some other quarter. 
Au7'i rahida sitis a cultura Hispanos divertit, is the expressive statement 
of a cotemporary writer (Petrus Martyrus, in the Novus Orhis of Gry- 
nseus, p. 511). The slow progress of the Spanish colonies after their first 
discovery must principally be ascribed to this cause. The gold and 
silver accumulated by the natives were very soon exhausted ; and the 
skill and energy of the successive swarms of adventurers, who continued 
to pour into the country, were principally directed to the unproductive 
and generally ruinous trade of mining. The few large fortunes that were 
made in this way, like the large prizes in a lottery, inflamed the cu- 
pidity of the multitude, and gave an appearance of credibihty to tlie 
fabulous accounts of the excessive productiveness of the mines. After 
the gambling spirit which had exclusively actuated the early adven- 
turers had begun to subside, the colonists gradually betook themselves 
to agricultural and commercial pursuits ; and the vast variety of valuable 
productions with which Mexico and the other Spanish colonies abounded, 
the extreme richness of the soil, and their advantageous situations, 
would, had they been only tolerably well governed, have occasioned 
their rapid increase in wealth and civilization. But a blind and in- 
tolerant despotism paralyzed their energies, and fettered and retarded 
their progress. All the abuses and defects of the government of Old 
Spain were transferred to, and multiplied in, the colonies. The whole 
property of those vast regions was considered as vested in the crown of 
Spain ; and every law or regulation, whether of a local or general nature, 
atfecting their government, emanated from the council of the Indies, in 
which it was supposed the king was always present. We can not stop 
to describe the sort of regulations to which the colonists were subjected 
with any degree of minuteness ; but we may notice a few of them, to 
furnish the means of judging of their general spirit and probable effect. 
It was, for example, made a capital offense to carry on any intercourse 
with foreigners ; and the inhabitants of the different colonies were even 
forbidden any intercourse with each other, unless under the strictest and 
most vexatious regulations. There were several articles, such as flax, 
hemp, and wine, which they were not permitted to cultivate ; at the 
same time that the crown reserved to itself the monopoly of salt, to- 
bacco, gunpowder, and some other less important articles. Under such 
circumstances, we can not be surprised that these colonies should have 
languished for above two centuries in a state of sluggish inactivity. 



26 



Spanish Ame/i^ican Colonies. — Texas. 



159 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 

SPANISH AMERICAN COLONIES* (INCLUDING MEXICO), 

Feom October 1, 1820, to September 30, 1824. 



Yeaks 

ENDINO 

Sept, 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOPwTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


E'OREIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


FOK. 


1821 

1822 
1823 
1824 

Total, 


$508,176 
1,592,767 
1,372,526 
2,827,521 


$529,559 
1,828,286 
3.229,347 
5,040,966 


$1,087,735 
8,421,053 
4,601,873 

7,868,487 


$1,114,117 
2,522,988 
4,842,503 
6,786,769 


$54,893 
57,698 


$129,462 

661,117 

1,950,416 

3,674,800 


13,208 
31,747 
83,112 
61,651 


282 
364 

1,554 


$6,300,990 


10,628,158 


16,929,148 


15,266,377 


112,591 


6,415,795 


139,718 


2,200 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 

WITH TEXAS, 

From October 1, 1836, to July 1, 1846. 



1837 


797,312 


210,616 


1,007,928 


163,384 


1,700 




12,939 


1,092 


1833 


1,028,818 


219,062 


1,247,880 


165,718 


825 




28,195 


397 


1839 


1,379,065 


308,017 


1,687,082 


318,116 




17,409 


48,503 


1,008 


1840 


937,072 


281,199 


1,218,271 


303,84 r 




55,062 


41,177 


630 


1841 


516,255 


292,041 


808,296 


895,026 




65,688 


32,838 


13 


1842 


278,978 


127,951 


406,929 


480,892 




25,510 


24,816 


1,869 


1843t 


105,240 


37,713 


142,953 


445,899 




17,174 


16,185 


927 


1844 


196,447 


81,101 


277,548 


678,551 




10,114 


20,065 


1,779 


1845 


210,736 


153,056 


363,792 


755,324 




46,427 


18,930 


2,221 


1846 
Total, 


250,240 


223,363 


473,603 


1^3,058 




10,699 


28,204 


8,245 


$5,700,163 


1,934,119 


7,634,282 


8,889,315 


2,525 


248,083 


271,852 


12,581 



* The commerce of Texas from 1846, when it became one of the United States, may be found 
under the head of Texas; and the commerce of Mexico since its Independence under the head 
of Mexico. 

t 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



SPANISH COLOmES. 

Owing chiefly to the total incapacity of old Spain to furnish her transatlantic 
provinces with a sufficient supply of the articles she had forced them to import from 
Eturope, and the consequent extension of the contraband trade carried on with them 
by the other European nations, she had been compelled gradually to relax the sever- 
ity of her commercial monopoly. A new impulse was thus given to the spirit of 
industry. The colonists began to be more sensible of the natural advantages of their 
situation, and less inclined to submit to the blind and bigoted policy of the Spanish 
court. In 1781, a rebeUion broke out in Peru, in consequence of an attempt made 
by the government to estabhsh a new monopoly in that province, which threatened 
to end in the total dissolution of the connection between Spain and South America, 
and was not quelled without great difficulty and much bloodshed. But the spirit 
of liberty, when once excited, could not be suppressed. It continued to gain ground 
progressively, until the commencement of the last contest between France and Spain 
interrupted the communication with the mother-country, and gave the colonists an 
opportunity of proclaiming that independence which, after a lengthened and bloody 
struggle, they happily succeeded in achieving. 

There is not at this time, nor has there ever been, a commercial treaty between 
the government of the United States and that of Spain. But two treaties of any 
kind have been negotiated between the two governments — one purporting to be " A 
treaty of friendship, Mmits, and navigation," signed October 27, 1795; the other, 
"A treaty of amity, settlement, and limits," February 22, 1821. 



X60 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 29 



MEXICO 

Mexico extends from 15° 37' to 32° 22' N. latitude, and 86° 42' to 
11 7° 13' W. longitude. Area, 855,965 square miles. Length (average) 
about 1,100 miles, and breadth (average) about 600 miles. 

Mexico is bounded on the N. by California, IS'ew Mexico, and Texas, 
the Rio Gila, and the Rio Grande demarking the greater part of the 
boundary ; on the E. by the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea ; on the 
S. by British Honduras and Guatemala, and on the S.W. and W. by the 
Pacific Ocean. The entire length of its sea-coast is 6,248 miles. Cap- 
ital, Mexico. 

The following account of the trade and commerce of the Republic for 
the year 1851-52 is compiled from the official returns : 



Ports. 


Total 


Passengers 


Passengers 


Tonnage. 


Arrived. 


Departed. 


Vera Cruz, 


. 28,203 


1,429 


1,346 


Tarapico, . 


. 7,704 


178 


126 


Metamoras, 


.... 


.... 


.... 


Campeachy, 


. 6,992 


4,975 


1 


Sisal, 


. 4,239 


43 


95 


Tabasco, . 


. 3,739 


81 


21 


Huatulco, 




.... 


.... 


Acapulco, 


*. 13l',330 


31,242 


28,540 


Manzanilla, 


. 1,402 


11 


.... 


San Bias, 


. 30,321 


4,863 


4.920 


Mazatlan, 


. 30,762 


6,095 


5,000 


Altata, 


. 1,158 


81 


9 


Guayamas, 


. 4,835 


718 


35 



Total, . 256,692 43,816 40,153 

Of the vessels arriving, 68 belonged to Mexico, 435 to the United 
States, 108 to England, 69 to France, 60 to Spain, 13 to Hamburg, 24 
to Peru, 5 to Belgium, 8 to Bremen, and one each to Portugal, Nicar- 
agua, Sweden, Hanover and Venezuela. Among the arrivals were 219 
steamers, viz., 145 at Acapulco, 7 at Vera Cruz, 4 at Tampico, 27 at San 
Bias, 35 at Mazatlan, and 1 at Guayamas. Of these 145 were United 
States vessels. Of the classes of vessels, besides steamers, there were 55 
frigates (vessels of war), 114 barks, 165 brigs, 63 hermaphrodite brigs, 
155 schooners, and 68 pilot-boats. 

An official letter to the Department of State, Washington city, dated 
October 10, 1855, at Vera Cruz, remarks as follows upon the Mexican 
tariif: 

" Nothing can be more corrupt, false, unjust, unequal, and generally 
pernicious, than the entire Mexican commercial system. There are now 
no less than four distinct tariffs in operation and counter-operation here ; 
not to mention concessions and special privileges granted to certain 
places and favored individuals — all to the great prejudice of the regular 
American merchant transacting business under the protection guarantied 
by solemn treaties. Merchants are even now continually imposed on, and 
openly robbed, under one or the other of them ; the custom-house electing 
the tariff under which any given importation shall be entered to suit its 
own convenience ; for come what may in the shape of reform the un- 
lucky foreigner has to pay for it." 



28 



Mexico, 



161 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH MEXICO, 

From October 1, 1824, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


"Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CLT), 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 
$4,044,647 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1825 


$951,040 


$5,519,104 


$6,470,144 


$199,946 


$2,603,108 


20,487 


2,018 


1826 


1,024,275 


5,256,775 


6,281,050 


3,916,198 


1,500 


2,860,409 


28,526 


2,452 


1827 


886,907 


3,286,350 


4,173,257 


5,231,867 


800 


4,005,255 


23,494 


2,123 


1828 


522,016 


2,364,468 


2,886,484 


4,814,258 


4,850 


3,853,880 


26,870 


3,181 


1829 


495,626 


1,835,525 


2,331,151 


5,026,761 


4,040 


4,844,946 


21,682 


4,719 


1830 
Total, 


985,764 


3,851,694 


4,837,458 


5,235,241 




4,703,716 


27,295 


3,551 


$4,865,628 


22,113,916 


26,979,544 


28,268,972 


211,736 


22,371,314 


143,354 


18,644 


1S31 


1,091,489 


5,086,729 


6,178,218 


5,166,745 


24,210 


4,464,184 


22,303 


10,019 


1882 


845,777 


2,621,764 


3,467,541 


4,293,954 


1,600 


8,626,704 


24,111 


9,364 


1833 


1,649,314 


3,758,777 


5,408,091 


5,452,818 


1,410 


4,592,892 


30,548 


4,359 


1834 


1,192,646 


4,072,407 


5,265,053 


8,066,068 




7,204,517 


25,504 


6,082 


1835 


3,016,612 


6,012,609 


9,029,221 


9,490,446 


8,395 


8,343,181 


44,453 


11,169 


1836 


1,500,639 


4,540,996 


6,041,635 


5,615,819 





4,537,418 


27,273 


4,583 


1837 


939,613 


2,940,710 


3,880,323 


5,654,002 




4,650,978 


17,502 


4,018 


1838 


1,040,906 


1,123,191 


2,164,097 


3,500,709 


22,732 


2,689,426 


11,338 


2,725 


1839 


816,660 


1,970,702 


2,787,362 


3,127,153 


4,200 


2,273,548 


17,816 


5,620 


1840 
Total, 


969,938 


1,545,403 


2,515,341 


4,175,001 


.... 


8,458,892 


18,848 


8,025 


$13,063,594 


33,673,288 


46,736,882 


54,542,715 


62,547 


45,841,690 


234,196 


60,914 


1841 


886,513 


1,150,107 


2,086,620 


3,284,957 


6,204 


1,938,088 


14,018 


4,985 


1842 


969,371 


564,862 


1,534,233 


1,995,696 


8,680 


1,342,817 


15,912 


1,226 


1843* 


907,745 


564,192 


1,471,937 


2,782,406 


11,825 


2,176,663 


22,727 


2,860 


1844 


1,292,752 


502,081 


1,794,833 


2,387,002 


6,000 


1,780,267 


22,636 


1,804 


1845 


784,154 


368,177 


1,152,331 


1,702,936 




956,407 


16,952 


4,500 


1846 


901,383 


629,847 


1,531,180 


1,836,621 


1*440 


698,553 


14,224 


8,964 


1847 


536.641 


155,787 


692,428 


746,818 




828,008 


10,716 


2,155 


1848 


2,095,485 


1,962,951 


4,058,436 


1,581,247 




850,146 


62,083 


4,526 


1849 


1,047,999 


1,042,869 


2,090,868 


2,216,719 


6,290 


1,528,225 


29,820 


10,140 


1850 
Total, 


1,498,791 


514,036 


2,012,827 


2,135,366 




1,560,166 


24,518 


30,104 


$10,920,784 


7,454,909 


18,375,693 


20,669,768 


40,439 


13,159,385 


233,606 


65,714 


1851 


1,014,690 


567,093 


1,581,783 


1,804,779 




1,083,993 


31,019 


20.145, 


1852 


1,406,372 


878,557 


2,284,929 


1,649,506 




1,093,942 


22,719 


11,974 


1863 


2,529,770 


1,029,054 


3,558,824 


2,167,985 




1,411,885 


30,810 


15,804 


1854 


2,091,870 


1,04;3,616 


3,135,486 


3,463,190 




2,52.5,334 


29,758 


15,173 


1855 


2,253,368 


669,486 


2,922,804 


2,882,830 


i/ioo 


1,978,080 


41,45S 


10,423 


1S56 


2,464,942 


1,237,297 


8,702,239 


3,568,681 


450 


2,714,923 


4T,r39 


7,106 




* 9 montl 


IS to June 


30, aud the 


fiscal year fr 


om this tir 


qe begins i 


ruly 1. 





PEmCIPAL PORTS, 

AcAPULCO, lat. 16^ 50' 30'' N., long. 90° 46' W,, .the best seaport on the western 
coast of Mexico, and is capable of containing a large navy with perfect safety. 

Tampico, a considerable commercial port on the eastern coast of Mexico, in lat. 
22° 15' 30" N., long. 97° 52' W. The shifting of the bar at the mouth of the river, 
and the shallowness of the water on it, which is sometimes under 8 feet and rarely- 
above 15 feet, are serious obstacles to the growth of the port. Vessels that can not 
enter the port load and unload by means of lighters, mooring outside of the bar, so 
that in event of a gale from the north, they can readily get to sea. 

Yera Cruz, the principal seaport on the eastern coast of Mexico, lat. 19° 11' 52" 
N., long. 96° 8' 45" "W. The harbor hes between the town and the island of San 
Juan d'Ulloa, about 2,400 feet wide; it is insecure, the anchorage being very bad, 
and no vessel is safe, unless made fast to iron rings fixed into the wall of the castle, 
on the island, and even then accidents sometimes occur. 

GuATMAS, a seaport town of Sonora, Mexico, on the gulf of California, at the 
mouth of a considerable river, lat. 27° 55' IST., long. 110° 16' W. It is neither large 
nor well built, but its harbor is the best on the western coast of Mexico, and it has 
an active and increasing trade. 



162 Foreign Commercial Statistics, 31 



MONTEVIDEO, 

A seaport, and the capital of the Republic of Uruguay, on the north 
bank of the Rio de la Plata, latitude 34° 54' 11" S., longitude 56° 13' 
18" W. The population, which is variously estimated, may probably be 
about 12,000. The town is built in the form of an amphitheater, on a 
regular plan, and is well fortified. It has suffered much from the various 
revolutions to which it has been subject during the last thirty years. 

Montevideo is situated 2° 3' 33" W. of Cape St. Mary, the northern 
limit of the embouchure of the La Plata. Vessels from the north bound 
to Montevideo generally make this cape, entering the river between it 
and the small island of Lobos, in from 14 to 17 fathoms. The course is 
thence nearly west to the Isle of Flores, on which is a lighthouse 112 
feet above the level of the sea, with a revolving light. From Flores to 
Montevideo is 16 miles in a direct line, and the course W, by S. by com- 
pass. A lighthouse, 475 feet above the level of the sea, has been erected 
on the summit of the Montevideo, whence the town has its name. The 
latter is built on a projecting tongue of land, the port being on its south 
side. This, which is the best on the La Plata, is a large circular basin 
open to the S.W. ; generally the water is shallow, not exceeding from 14 
to 19 feet, but the bottom being soft mud, vessels are seldom damaged 
by grounding. It should, however, be observed that the depth of water 
in the harbor, as well as throughout the whole of the Rio de la Plata, de- 
pends very much on the direction and strength of the winds. The S.W. 
wind, called pamperos^ blows right into the Bay of Montevideo with much 
force, not unfrequently causing a rise of a fathom or more in the depth 
of water. But it rarely occasions much damage to vessels properly moored 
with anchors to the S.W., S.E., and one to the N. — (Blunfs American 
Pilot, pp. 542-555 ; Coulier sur les Pkares, etc.) 

Montevideo has a considerable commerce. The great articles of export 
consist of animal products, or of hides, beef, tallow, hair, bones, grease, 
wool, etc. The imports principally consist of British cottons, woolens, 
and hardware, flour, wine and spirits, linens, sugar, tobacco, boots and 
shoes, salt, etc. 

Vessels belonging to Uruguay are admitted into the ports of the 
United States on same terms as respects tonnage and navigation duties, 
as American vessels, with the produce or manufactures of her own, or any 
other country. And by a law of Uruguay, passed June 17, 3 854, sim- 
ilar privileges are granted to vessels belonging to the United States. 

National vessels, and vessels belonging to the provinces of Buenos 
Ayres, employed within the river Plata, called coasting, pay a license for 
each voyage. 

Hospital Dues. — National and foreign vessels, sailing for a foreign 
port beyond sea, or in the river Plata, pay two dollars for the vessel, four 
reals for the captain, two reals for each seaman, one dollar for each pas- 
senger. 

Money, Weights, and Measures. — Paper money there is none. Current 
money, the Brazilian patacon and Spanish dollar; they pass for 960 con- 
tesimo. 100 cents make a real. 800 cents, or 8 reals, make a dollar. 
960 cents, or 9 reals 60 cents, make li current dollar, or 1 hard dollar 
or patacon. Weights and measures same as those of Spain. 



30 



Uruguay. 



163 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH URUGUAY 

(Formerly Cisplatine Republic)^ 
From October 1, 1830, to July 1, 1856. 



Tears 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS 


1 Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amee. 


For. 


1831 




.... 










356 




1832 


$3,325 


.... 


$3',825 








879 




1833 













.... 


1,129 




1834 















4,774 




1835 















6,391 


'349 


1836 















5,784 




1837 


7',8W 




7,864 


$io,5i6 







3,562 


'435 


1838 


85,762 


$24,567 


60,329 


18,631 


$650 




3,112 


170 


1839 


50,998 


38,302 


89,300 


625,432 


7,875 




8,536 


262 


1840 
Total, 


82,102 


67,623 


149,730 


494,402 


31,667 


$7,397 


8,197 


230 


$180,051 


130,497 


310,548 


1,148,975 


40,192 


7,397 


42,170 


1,446 


1841 


140,031 


16,193 


156,224 


345,234 




600 


10,107 




1842 


201,999 


67,968 


269.967 


581,918 


10',432 


4,697 


14,215 


"812 


1843* 


219,576 


75,549 


295.125 


121.753 


7,803 




6,858 


393 


1844 


394,266 


67,910 


462,176 


144,763 


25,674 


22,088 


12,519 


1,159 


1845 


140,986 


16,150 


157,136 


20,573 


23,964 




8,252 


614 


1846 


210,406 


15,498 


225,904 


26,472 


5,516 


3.606 


5,599 


803 


1847 


180,536 


56.303 


236,839 


112,810 


33,300 


1,806 


3,536 


786 


1848 


839,859 


43,869 


383,728 


523,064 


2,692 


400 


11.949 


4,413 


1849 


184,638 


13,089 


147,727 


79,924 


8,600 




2,345 


2,635 


1850 
Total, 


60,024 


1,518 


61,542 








867 


1,167 


$2,022,321 


374,047 


2,396,363 


1,956,511 1 


117,981 


32,591 


71,247 


12,282 


1851 


32,711 


13,078 


45,789 


19,114 


12,500 




1.320 


Ut 


1852 


181,156 


11,917 


193,073 


49,707 






2,906 


3,587 


1853 


296,088 


12,358 


308,446 


802,980 






8,700 


1,356 


1854 


450,855 


62.102 


512,957 


457,179 






17,892 


1,751 


1855 


394,657 


27,615 


422.172 


242,709 


3,266 




16,556 


8,165 


1856 


517,849 


33,480 


551,329 


361,036 


4,333 




12,784 


535 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



EEPUBLIC OF URUQAT. 
Uruguay, otherwise known as the Banda Oriental, or the Cisplatine Republic, lies 
on the northern coast of the estuary of the Rio de la Plata, and is bounded W. by 
the river Uruguay, and S.E. by the Atlantic ocean. Lat. 30° 21' and 34° 53' S., 
long. 52° 31' and 57° 47' W. Area, 120,000 square miles. Length, N. and S., 
about 280 miles, breadth, E. and W., about 250 miles. On the KE. and K its 
limits are co-terminous with those of Brazil. Capital, Montevideo. The population 
in 1850 was variously estimated at 40,000 or 50,000, of which about one fourth are 
found in Montevideo. The other inhabited places are Maldonado, Colonia, Santa 
Lucia, Camelones, San Jose, San Carlos, Soriano, and Cen-o Largo, which are all 
towns ; and the villages are Toledo, Pando, Rocha, Penarol, Piedras, San Salvador, 
Minas, Florida, Porongas, Colla, Bucas, Nevoras, Espenella, Mercedes, Paisanda, 
and Heroidera. In 1810 this country, then a province of the viceroyalty of Buenos 
Ayres, contained from 60,000 to 70,000 inhabitants. The decrease in population is 
ascribed to the revolution against Spain, to civil wars, and to the occupation of the 
country by the Portuguese or Brazilians, which nations being universally detested by 
the natives caused great numbers to leave the country. The country is highly 
favored by nature. It is everywhere weU watered by fine rivers. Its soils, fertUe 
even to the hill-tops, are peculiarly adapted to agriculture and grazing, and animal 
products have ever been the staple material of the commerce of Montevideo. Nearly 
the whole country abounds in pastures of excellent quahty, and the scenery pre- 
sents a constant succession of hills, eminences, meadows, wilds, rugged defiles, and 
mountams. 



164 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 33 



COLOMBIA- 
COLOMBIA, an extensive region of South America, formerly under the 
Spanish government. The independent republic of Colombia was es- 
tablished by Bolivar in December, 1819, comprising the then republics 
of Venezuela and New Granada. 

Colombia, so named in honor of Columbus, comprised, under the 
Spanish government, the ancient vice- royalty of New Granada and 
Quito, and the capitania general of Venezuela. The Republic was 
bounded E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and extended from Cape Nassau at 
the mouth of the Essequibo (N. latitude 1° 39', W. longitude 53° 47') 
to Cape Gracias-a-Dios, in the province of Honduras (N. latitude 15° 1', 
W. longitude 82° 46'), including the islands of Margarita, St. Andi'ews, 
and others. On the Pacific, the western boundary commenced at Golfo 
Dulce (N. latitude 8° 20', W. longitude 83°), and extended along the 
Pacific, comprehending the adjacent islands, as far as the river Tumbes 
(S. latitude 3° 34', W. longitude 86° 30'). On the south it was sep- 
arated by the Tumbes and a lofty mountain ridge from Peru, Brazil, and 
the British possessions on the Essequibo. The boundary line between 
Colombia and Guatemala on the north, although hia'hly important to 
both countries on account of the proposed water communication between 
the Atlantic and the Pacific at lake Nicaragua, was not accurately de- 
fined. The extent of territory comprised within these limits has been 
estimated at 92,000 square leagues, of which 58,000 belonged to New 
Granada and Quito, and 33,700 to Venezuela. 

The llanos of Colombia are extensive plains, about 200 or 300 feet 
above the level of the sea ; which are watered by the Caqueta, Meta, 
Guaviare, Casanare, Apure, and other tributaries of the Orinoco. Their 
area is estimated at 17,000 square leagues, and their climate is hotter 
and less healthy than that of the mountains. Toward the south they 
are covered with immense forests ; their vegetation throughout is ex- 
tremely luxuriant ; and they teem with an endless variety of animals, 
birds, reptiles, and insects. The river Meta, in connection with the 
Orinoco, affords water communication from the Atlantic to within a 
few leagues of Bogota, a distance of 1,500 miles. By means of the 
Cassiquiari, a branch of the Orinoco, this river is connected with the 
Rio Negro, a tributary of the Maranon, and thus a water communication 
is established between two of the largest rivers of the world. In addi- 
tion to these, the Magdalena, which is navigable to within a short dis- 
tance of Bogota ; the Guayaquil, important as furnishing an outlet to 
the commerce of Quito ; and the extensive lake of Maracaybo, with its 
large tributaries, afford great facihties for internal communication. 

Colombia, embracing in climate all the gradations of temperature 
from extreme heat to extreme cold, would long before this have become 
one of the most prosperous countries of the world, had not its political 
condition under Spanish rule greatly retarded the development of its 
natural resources. The cultivation of the vine and olive, the breeding 
of the silk-worm, and the working of the iron mines were prohibited by 
the Spaniards in South America under severe penalties, lest they should 
interfere with the industry of Spain. The natural productions of Colum- 
bia are oacoa, coffee, cotton, sugar, cinchona bark, dyewoods, etc. 



32 



Colombia, 



165 



FOREIGN COMJ^IERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
COLOMBIA, 

From October 1, 1824, to October 1, 1838. 



Yeaks 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


"Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 

1 


Domestic. [ Foeeign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


Fob. 


1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 

Total, 

1881 
1832 
1833 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 

Total, 


$1,118,280 $1,120,975 
946,014. 1,006,658 
611,312' 833,222 
560,846' 323,678 
525,783^ 241,565 
316,732; 180,258 


$2,239,255 
1,952,672 
944,534 
884,524 
767,348 
496,990 


$1,837,050 
2.079,724 
1,550,248 
1,484,856 
1,255,310 
1,120,095 


$18,400 
10,500 
84,571 
29,200 
880 


$199,459 
462,617 
565,881 
420,524 
222,337 
414,996 


25,923 
19,776 
13,042 
10,365 
8,490 
5,955 


1,858 

2,089 

602 

88 

138 

62 


$4,078,967; 3,206,356 

375,3191 282,830 
406,857( 710,167 
439,9841 517,559 
420,7581 874,809 
458,0681 605,948 
893,6871 435,568 
540,150 539,959 
406,564: 818,175 


7,285,323 

658,149 
1,117,024 

957,543 

795,567 
1,064,016 

829,255 
1,080,109 

724,739 


9,327,283 

1,207,154 
1,439,182 
1,524,622 
1,727,188 
1,662,764 
1,696,650 
1,567,345 
1,615,249 


$143,551 

58,792 
78,454 
26,977 
175,716 
161,989 
100,681 
114,117 


$2,285,814 

284,903 
289,386 
209,166 
246,103 
186,253 
156,243 
144,053 
226,515 


83,551 

7,188 
9,443 
9,467 
8,773 
10,180 
8,358 
7,815 
6,823 


4,787 

"269 
1,014 
866 
059 
1,252 
1,893 
1,917 


$3,441,387 8,785,015 


7,226,402 


12,440,154 


716,726 1,742,622 


68,047 


7,870 



For the commerce of the United States with Colombia subsequently to the year 1838, see 
Venezuela and New Geanada. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 

Guayaquil, a city and port of Colombia, on the western coast of South America, 
lat. 2° 11' Ti." S., long. 79° A3,' W. Population, 20,000. The town is situated on 
the banks of the river of the same name, about six or seven leagues from the Isla 
Verde, or nine leagues from the Isla Puna, in the gulf of Guyaquil, opposite to the 
mouth of the river. SMps bound for Guyaquil generally caU at the Isla Puna, 
where expert pilots may be had, who carry them up to the town by night or by day, 
according to the state of the tides. The town is old, but as the houses are of wood, 
and it has frequently suffered from fires, much of it is comparatively modem, and has 
a good appearance. There is a dry-dock on the south bank of the river, where sev- 
eral ships of a superior construction have been built. The district in which Guyaquil 
is situated has for a considerable period formed a part of Ecuador or -^Equator. Its 
principal article of export is cocoa, of which large quantities are shipped ; and next 
to it are straw hats, timber, tobacco, hides, bark, etc. The piincipal articles of im- 
port are manufactured cottons and hardware, silks, wine, flour, etc. 



ACCOUNT OP THE QUANTITIES AND VALUES OF THE PEINCIPAL AETICLES OF 
PRODUCE EXPORTED FROM GUAYAQUIL, IN 1849, 1850, AND 1851. 



1849. 



1850. 



1851. 



ABTICLES. 


Quantities. 


Values. 


Quantities. 


Values. 


Quantities. 


Values. 


Cocoa, . . lbs. 


14,020,446 


£189,408 


11,171,318 


£111,713 


9,567,068 


£100,000 


straw hats , doz. 


21,101 


78,856 


26,336 


95,800 


?^\^^ 


107,700 


Tanned hides, . sides 


22,367 


5,871 


26,400 


8,400 


17,113 


5,100 


Tobacco, . quintals 


2,123 


9,289 


1,622 


8,300 


2,808 


12,400 


Timber, . . lo2;s 


3,243 


1,418 


7,571 ) 
3,458 f 


8,510 1 


19.^ 


^^'^^^ 


Mangles, . . poles 


1,419 


62 


^^^tll 


700 


Flax,. . . lbs. 


17,156 


563 


7,558 


200 


860 


50 


Orchilla . quintals 


706 


1,236 


1,240 


2,400 


H^^ 


2'000 


Tamarinds. " 


180 


229 


175 


200 


367 


600 


Bark, . . " 


714 


1,499 


1,045 


6,500 
£278,626 


2,688 


14,000 


Total Value, 


£284,020 


£287,800 



166 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 35 

CENTRAL AMERICA. 



states. 


Pop. 


Capitals. 


Guatemala, 


. 600,000 


Guatemala, 50,000 inhabitants. 


Honduras, 


. 230,000 


Comayagua. 


St. Salvador, . 


. 280,000 


San Salvador, 5,000 " 


Nicaragua, 


. 264,000 


Leon, 80,000 


Costa Rica, 


. 100,000 


St. Jose, 18,000 " 



The above is probably not accurate, but as nearly so as is known. 
Guatemala has the largest territory, and San Salvador has the smallest. 
Costa Rica has the Gulf of Nicoya on the Pacific, latitude nine and a 
half north. San Salvador and Honduras have the bay of Fonseca, also 
on the Pacific, latitude 13 degrees. In this bay is Tiger island, on which 
is a mountain over 4,000 feet high. 

The city of Guatemala is 4,950 feet above the ocean. It is thirty 
leagues from the Pacific. The State has only one seaport, or rather 
roadstead, on the Pacific — the small town of San Jose, eight miles west 
of Istapa, which is closed. A high surf makes it dangerous to land. In 
this State is a volcano 14,000 feet high. — W. JVeilson, of Panama. 

San Salvador was destroyed by an earthquake, April, 1854. Santa 
Tecla is the new capital, 12 miles distant from the city. — JVeilson. 

Punta Arenas, in the Gulf of ISTicoya, is the only port open to foreign 
commerce in Costa Rica. Cofiee is the principal production. A good 
many Germans are settled in the country. — JVeilson. 

Cartago, the former capital, with about 25,000 inhabitants, was en- 
tirely destroyed by an earthquake in September, 1841. The volcano of. 
Catago is about 11,000 feet high. It was ascended by Mr. Stephens in 
January, 1840. 

La Union, or Conchagua bay, St. Salvador, C. A., is a fine sheet of 
water, forms a part of the Bay Fonseca, possessing an anchorage of from 
3 to 12 fathoms, free from shoals, and well protected from all winds, 
being a near approach to a circle, and about 10 miles in diameter. It 
is surrounded on three sides by high land, and the entrance is protected 
by a number of islands, with many deep and safe channels, only one of 
which is at present used by ships entering and leaving, although many 
of the others are, no doubt, equally good, and would be quite as avail- 
able, if surveyed. The port of the Union is by far the best in the State 
of San Salvador. On the opposite side of the Gulf of Fonseca, is the 
port of San Lorenzo, in Honduras, the above State being here bounded, 
for a short distance, by the waters of the Pacific ocean. The port is 
safe and convenient, and of easy access ; but as nearly all the commerce 
of this State is carried on by the Atlantic coast, it is but little resorted 
to by vessels. 

Po7'ts on the Pacific side. — Commencing at the most northerly part 
of the S.W. coast, the first of the ports upon the Pacific is Jacos, which 
is the only place in the province of the Altos ever visited by vessels. It 
is an open roadstead, where a landing is always effected with some dif- 
ficulty, on account of the continual heavy surf breaking upon the shore. 
Iztapa, the port of Guatemala, and Acajuntla^ the port of San Salvador, 
are the next in rank. Port of Realejo in Nicaraugua, is said to be one 
of the best ports on the Pacific. 



34 



Central Mepublic of South America. 



167 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH THE 
CENTRAL REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AMERICA, 

From October 1, 1824, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeaes 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETS 
Total. 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


I'OREIGN, 


Total. 


Export. 


Imfout. 


Amer. 


For. 


1825 


$40,377 


$59,145 


$99,522 


$56,789 


$3,200 




8,123 




1826 


79,294 


40,480 


119,774 


204,270 




$43',6i3 


2,598 




1827 


147,574 


77,198 


224,772 


251,342 




106,609 


5,015 




1828 


106,773 


52,499 


159,272 


204,770 


.... 


56,487 


3,390 


"'56 


1829 


123,681 


116,223 


239,854 


811,931 





139,872 


3,820 




1830 
Total, 


138,456 


111,662 


250,118 


302,833 


.... 


181,672 


3,044 


.... 


$636,105 


457,207 


1,093,312 


1,331,935 


3,200 


477,653 


20,490 


56 


1831 


141,179 


165,318 


806,497 


198,504 




88,810 


8,815 




1832 


139,206 


196,101 


335,307 


288,316 


5l',990 


94,525 


4,389 


'lie 


1833 


267,760 


307,256 


575,016 


267,740 


31,500 


84,529 


2,933 




1834 


111,616 


72,533 


184.149 


170,968 




26,801 


1,975 




1835 


111,624 


72,169 


183;793. 


215.450 


4,700 


32,813 


1,851 




1836 


86,349 


103,169 


189,518' 


195;804 


20,900 


31,911 


1,144 


'..'.'. 


1837 


82,314 


75.349 


157,663 


163,402 




14,625 


1,083 


.... 


1838 


111,910 


131,139 


243,049 


155,614 


21,050 


50,304 


1,843 


.... 


1839 


111,752 


104,490 


216,242 


192,845 


54,303 


35,671 


471 




1840 
Total, 


130,661 


87,285 


217,946 


189,021 


10,600 


26,582 


721 




$1,294,371 


1,314,809 


2,609,180 


2,037,164 


195,043 


485,571 


19,725 


116 


1841 


78,616 


71,297 


149,918 


186,911 


2,601 


19,241 


1,178 


145 


1842 


46,649 


22,817 


69,466 


124,994 


9,015 


10,895 


638 


165 


1843* 


34,469 


18,497 


52,966 


132,167 


800 


11,818 


1,802 





1844 


103,377 


46,899 


150,276 


223,408 


10,000 


14,187 


2,251 


120 


1845 


41,548 


26,101 


67,649 


65,269 


2,967 


8,411 


1,049 


187 


1846 


75,136 


45,117 


120,253 


116,733 


4,375 


12,123 


957 


214 


1847 


73,322 


23,246 


96,568 


80,581 





5,139 


1,345 





1848 


34,940 


15,438 


50,878 


18,272 


2,000 




808 


700 


1849 


112,480 


23,739 


136,219 


56,017 




5.907 


5,203 


78 


1850 
Total, 


57,225 


12,967 


70,192 


261,459 


16,196 


16,691 


2,290 


1,722 


$657,762 


306,118 


963,880 


1,265,811 


47,948 


99,412 


17,021 


3,831 


1851 


223,302 


39,089 


262,391 


149,856 


14,194 


17,670 


27,565 


4,400 


1852 


386,136 


87,382 


473,518 


368,355 


7,400 


207,495 


54,586 


5,8as 


1853 


225,856 


120,474 


846.330 


590,987 




498,598 


80,737 


8,172 


1854 


250,539 


58,345 


308,884 


2,360,422 




2,283,100 


85,314 


3,499 


1855 


1,210,584 


51,586 


1,262,170 


286,409 


1,000,666 


121,452 


90,943 


1,111 


1856 


347,265 


49,356 


396,621 


246,858 


20,000 


60,579 


84,321 


903 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
San Juan de Nicaragua, a seaport town at the mouth of the river of the samo 
name, state of Costa Rica, on the western shore of the Caribbean sea, lat. 10° 55' IST., 
long. 38° 43' W. The port is excellent, and is considered tlie best on this part of the 
coast. Tni lately the town was quite inconsiderable, and consisted of little else 
than a cluster of huts ; but latterly it has no doubt been improved. This place has 
risen into importance from its being at the western extremity of a proposed line of 
water communication between the Caribbean sea and the Pacific ocean. This line 
is to consist partly of the river San Juan, flowing from the lake of Nicaragua east to 
the sea at San Juan, partly of the lake, and partly of a canal to be constructed from 
the latter to the Pacific ocean. This project has been often mooted ; but the dis- 
covery of the extraordinary mineral riches of Cahfornia, and the consequent emi- 
gration to and intercourse with that country, have given it an incomparably greater 
interest than it formerly possessed. The country appears to present greater facilities 
for effecting this great work than any other part of Central America^ except the 
Isthmus of Darien or Panama. The river San Juan, about 90 miles in length, is 
said to have been occasionally navigable throughout its entire course, for sea-going 
vessels. 



168 



Foreign Commercial Statistics. 



37 



NEW GRANADA. 

New Granada, 12° 30' N., and 3° 35' S. latitude, and 65° 51' and 
83° 5' W. longitude. Area, 521,948 square miles. Length, about 
1,000 miles, and breadth, about 520 miles. New Granada occupies the 
north-west portion of South America; and is bounded north by the 
Caribbean sea and Costa Rica, east by Venezuela and Brazil, south by 
Ecuador, and west by the Pacific ocean. Capital, Santa Fe de Bogota. 

Christopher Columbus discovered terra firma in 1498, and, during 
his fourth voyage, on the 2d of November, 1502, found Chagres and 
the bay of Limones, called also Navy bay. Different governments 
have been established throughout the Granadan territory, while Spanish 
colonies ; a vice-royalty was at length formed in 1732, of what are now 
the Republics of New Granada and Ecuador. In 1810, New Granada 
separated herself from the Spanish monarchy, and maintained a con- 
stant war until 1824, when the Spanish army was conquered by the 
Republican, of which two thirds consisted of Colombians. Bolivar, the 
most distinguished leader of the Spanish- American revolution, was the 
first proposer of the union of Venezuela and New Granada, in 1818 ; 
and when the Congress of Angostura met, early in 1819, the fund- 
amental law was enacted which established Colombia, on the l7th of 
December of that year, Venezuela separated herself in November, 1829, 
and Ecuador in May, 1830 ; and the central part of Colombia instituted 
itself the republic of New Granada on the 21st of November, 1831. In 
1832, the Constitution of the State was sanctioned, under the form of 
a Democratic Republican government, by dividing the supreme power 
into the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial, under a central regimen, 
but giving to the provinces a municipal corporation, that each section 
might legislate in its local affairs. The Republic was divided into prov- 
inces, these into cantons, and the cantons into parochial districts. The 
State recognized no national religion ; but has declared that it will pay 
for the Catholic worship, and protect Granadans in its exercise. The 
law of Colombia, which attributed to itself the law of patronage exer- 
cised by Spain, has continued in vigor to the present time. The Re- 
public was first divided into eighteen provinces ; and they have since 
been increased to thirty-five. The Constitution of 1832 was reformed 
in 1843, without any variation in the form of government. 



Principal Ports. 
Carthagena, . 
St. Martha, . 
Panama, 

Total, 



COMMERCE OF NEW GRANADA, 1852. 

ENTEEED. CLEAEED. 



Ships. 

114 

59 

312 

485 



Tons. 
14,3n 
4,151 
143,899 

162,427 



Ships. 

109 

48 

297 



Tods. 
13,734 
4,127 
133,836 



454 151,697 



Value. Entered. 

Carthagena, 381,946 livr. sterling. 

St. Martha, . 84,734 

Panama^ . 802,368,000 frcs. 



Cleared. 

99,207 livr. sterling. 
15,993 " 

2,476,009 frcs. 



New Granada, 



169 



FOREIGN COMAIERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH NEW GRANADA, 

From October 1, 1838, to July 1, 1856. 



Tears 

ENDING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPORTS 

1 


"Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total, 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1839 


$35,219 


$29,585 


$64,804 


$90,514 




$42,303 


1,262 


1,367 


1840 
Total, 


5T,922 


77,329 


135,251 


217,382 


$704 


128,168 


1.000 


'882 


$ 93,141 


106,914 


200,055 


307,896 


704 


170,470 


2,262 


2,249 


1841 


60,562 


59,873 


110,435 


144,117 


14,153 


42,432 


533 


722 


1842 


57,363 


46,361 


103,724 


176,216 




41,584 


1,615 


161 


1843* 


72,009 


89,944 


161,953 


115,733 


2,480 


39,714 


1,245 




1844 


75,621 


49,225 


124,846 


189,616 




62,605 


1,691 




1845 


48,717 


30,260 


78,977 


171 921 


.... 


47,389 


1,562 




1846 


51,849 


24,095 


75,944 


67,043 


.... 


32,100 


1,069 


293 


1847 


53,655 


19,405 


73,060 


156,654 




75,179 


565 


734 


1848 


79,165 


45,438 


124,603 


213,296 


19,000 


77,500 


733 


1,567 


1849 


244,460 


53,324 


297,784 


158,960 


52,077 


62,562 


25,094 


1,354 


1850 
Total, 


970,619 


285,600 


1,256,219 


591,992 


273,000 


430,039 


121,753 


6,237 


$1,704,020 


703,525 


2,407,545 


1,985,548 


360,710 


911,104 


155,860 


11,068 


1851 


2,507,701 


533,121 


8,040,822 


695,606 


65,395 


495,758 


205,390 


12,585 


1852 


1,298,236 


217,558 


1,515,794 


750,527 


50,461 


456,744 


183,375 


5,158 


1853 


753,391 


103,079 


856,470 


553,528 


3,462 


295,956 


205,602 


8,840 


1854 


855,254 


82,052 


937,306 


1,478,520 


2,017 


885,022 


170,460 


1,164 


1855 


892,245 


169,800 


1,062,045 


1,799,672 


273,864 


478,943 


121.563 


1,658 


1856 


1,444,843 


166,549 


1,611,392 


2,325,019 


257,474 


232,490 


129,518 


1,312 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Chagres, a seaport town of New Granada, Central America, on the northern 
coast of the Isthmus of Panama, at the mouth of the Chagres river, in the Carribean 
sea. Lat. of fort San Lorenzo 9° 18' 6'' N., long. 79° 59' 1" W. It is a mere col- 
lection of huts, with a harbor only for vessels drawing ten or twelve feet of water ; 
but it has frequent traffic with Panama, and is sometimes resorted to by shipping 
from the United States, Carthagena, and the British West Indies. 

Panama, a city and seaport of New Granada, on the Pacific, 38 miles south-east 
of Chagres, lat. 8° 56' N., long. 79° 31' T W. Population estimated at 7,000. It 
stands on a rocky peninsula, projecting into the bay of Panama, and has an imposing 
aspect from the sea. Its streets are well ventilated, and it is said to be cleaner than 
most Spanish American cities. It is encircled by irregular and not very strong fort- 
ifications, constructed at different periods. The houses are partly of wood, straw, 
and other fragile materials. The tides daily rise and fall from 20 to 27 feet, so that 
it is pecuUarly well fitted for the repair and building of ships. The Panama railroad 
has one of its termini here, and another at AspinwaU, on ManzaniUa island, Navy 
bay. Trains take about four hours in passing from sea to sea. 

Cartagena, or Carthagena, a strongly-fortified city and seaport of New Grana- 
da, South America, of which repubhc it is the cliief naval arsenal, capital of the 
province, on a sandy peninsula in the Caribbean sea. Lat. of the dome 10° 25' 36" 
N., long. 75° 34' W. Population, 10,000, nine tenths of whom are a mixed black 
race. Its excellent port is defended by two forts, and is the only harbor on the 
north coast of New Granada adapted for repairing vessels. Cartagena is the prin- 
cipal depot for the produce of the provinces watered by the Cauca and Magdalena 
rivers, and is connected with the Magdalena by a canal. It exports sugar, cotton, 
cofi'ee, tobacco, hides, specie, bullion, etc. Under the Spaniards, this city was the 
seat of a captain-general, and of one of the three tribunals of the Inquisition in Amer- 
ica. It was the first town that proclaimed independence, and in 1815 endured a 
most vigorous siege, and was subdued only by famine. Population of the province, 
103,783. 



170 



Foreign Commercial Statistics, 



39 



VENEZUELA, 

A republic of South America ; its territory lies chiefly between latitude 
2° and 12° K, and longitude 60° and 73° W., having E.British Guiana, 
S. Brazil, W. New Granada, and N. the Caribbean Sea. 

The E. Cordillera of the Andes extends through its N. part from W. 
to E., terminating in the peninsula of Paria. S. of this is a wide plain 
country, traversed by the Orinoco, the whole course of which river is in 
this region. Other principal rivers are the Meta, Apure, Arauca, Carony, 
tributary to the Orinoco ; the Cassiquiare, connecting it with the Am- 
azon, and the Tocuyo, Zulia, and Cuyuni in the N. and E. The lakes 
Maracaibo and Valencia, and islands Margarita and Tortuga, belong to 
this republic. All the finest tropical products grow luxuriantly; the 
principal sources of wealth are cacao, coffee, tobacco, indigo, cotton, sarsa- 
parilla, dyewoods, timber, and especially cattle, and the articles of trade 
which they yield. Total value of exports $6,000,000 annually, mostly 
sent to the West India islands, the United States, Great Britain, and 
Spain. Imports comprise woven fabrics, chiefly cottons and linens, 
flour and provisions, hardwares, soap, wines, and specie. 



COMMEECE IN 1851-2. 



Austria, 

Belgium, . 

BrazU, 

Sardinia, . 

Hanse Towns, . 

Denmark, . 

Spain, 

France, 

United States, . 

Great Britain, 

Hayti and St. Domingo, 

Mexico, 

New Granada, . 

Netherlands, 

Other places, 

Total, 



United States, 
Hanse Towns, 
Great Britain, 
France, 
Denmark, 
Spain, . 
Netherlands, 
Mexico, 
Sardinia, 
Other countries, 



Total, 



( in piasters, 
\ in francs, 



VESSELS. 




TONNAGE. 


Entered. Clearec 


I. Entered. 


Cleared. 


2 


.. 


474 


3 


576 




1 


203 




9 10 


2,015 


1,895 


43 49 


14,257 


11,680 


88 37 


9,621 


3,350 


42 87 


6,059 


11,224 


46 58 


10,112 


10,376 


124 153 


23,777 


31,374 


515 1,073 


23,033 


31,829 


2 




326 


4 


. . 


472 


1 




22 


195 175 


10,307 


10,788 


3 44 


44 


•• 


1,069 1,651 


100,004 


113,810 


RCE IN 1853-4. 






Imports. 


Free. 


Exports. 


. 1,180,445 


313,679 


2,420,936 


783,005 


295,917 


1,197,035 


. 1,649,813 


712,870 


273,212 


632,712 


221,954 


1,077,592 


873,580 


201.630 


498,416 


253,673 


95,278 


1,078,272 


261,559 


76,253 


449,524 


2,682 


9 


106,006 


27,710 


11,340 


36 811 


27,209 


8,013 
1,936,943 





. 5,692,388 


7,139,804 


. 22,769,452 


7,747,772 


28,559,216 



38 



Venezuela. 



Ill 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WTTH 
VENEZUELA, 

Feom October 1, 1838, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENT>ING 

Sept. 
80. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPOETS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. ! 

1 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


EXPOKT. 


Import. 


Ajier. 


For. 


1839 


$413,245 


$272,736 


$685,981 


$1,982,702 


$104,482 


$35,041 


9,241 


1,550 


1840 
Total, 


554,261 


229,605 


783,872 


1,355,166 
3,337,868 


73,957 


27,521 


9,386 


920 


$967,512 


502,341 


1,469,853 


185,192 


62,562 


18,627 


2,470 


1841 


532,419 


230,083 


762,502 


2,012,004 


145,717 


8,168 


9,530 


1,284 


1842 


499,380 


166,832 


666,212 


1,544,342 


71,222 


27,676 


9,742 


3,211 


1843* 


483,077 


100,425 


583,502 


1,191,280 


21,033 


95,816 


8,030 


884 


1844 


442,491 


88,741 


531,232 


1,423,479 


45,333 


5,058 


8,835 


1,839 


1845 


535,545 


189,585 


725.130 


1,268.275 


152,521 


19,448 


10,733 


1,117 


1846 


584,069 


197,478 


781,547 


1,509,000 


154,043 


2,959 


11,125 


1,244 


1847 


571,474 


43,739 


615,213 


1,322,496 


7,945 


42,409 


10,800 


630 


1848 


400,230 


62,798 


463,028 


1,225,611 


38,511 


73,597 


7,631 


1,505 


1849 


431,421 


106,213 


537,634 


1,413,096 


132,382 


65,870 


8,420 


1,157 


1850 
Total, 


678,462 


340,008 


1,018,470 


1,920,247 


490,489 


49,730 


8,509 


2,697 


$5,158,568 


1,525,902 


6,684,470 


14,829,830 


11,259,196 


385,731 


93,355 


15,568 


1851 


a54,779 


189,746 


1,044,525 


2,380,295 


422,075 


36,584 


11,761 


2,891 


1852 


726,024 


67,389 


793,413 


1,121,864 


94,972 


22,521 


11,244 


3,109 


1853 


749,859 


94,668 


844,527 


2,613,780 


257,454 


11,339 


12,001 


1,789 


1854 


1,131,604 


69,279 


1,200,883 


3,072,649 


400,828 


56,861 


12,263 


4,074 


1855 


1,152,604 


70,845 


1,223,449 


3,616,869 


270,464 


9,685 


15,057 


4,369 


1856 


1,643.621 


69,153 


1,712,774 


4,202,692 


566,970 


22,832 


25,615 


1,637 



months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 

La Guayra, the principal seaport of the repubhc of Venezuela, in the province of 
Caraccas, on the Caribbean sea, lat. 10° 36' 19'' N., long. 67° 6' 45" W. Popula- 
tion estimated at 8,000. In 1810, the population is believed to have amounted to 
13,000 — ^the reduction being a consequence of the loss of life caused by the tremen- 
dous earthquake of 1812, and the massacres and proscriptions incident to the revo- 
lutionary war. The population of the city of Caraccas, of which La Gruayra may be 
considered as the port, feU off from the same causes, from 43,000 in 1810, to 23,000 
in 1830 ; but they are now both increasing. There is neither quay nor mole at La 
Guayra. Ships moor E.iST.E. and W.S.W., with their heads to the north, at from 
one quarter to three quarters of a mile from the land, in from 9 to 18 fathoms. Tho 
holding-ground is good; and notwithstanding the openness of the road, vessels 
properly found m anchors and cables run very little risk of being driven from their 
moorings. The principal articles of export are coffee, cocoa, indigo, hides, sarsapa- 
rilla, etc. La Guayra shares the trade of Venezuela with the ports of Cumaua, 
Puerto Cabello, Maracaibo, etc., having about a half of its entire amount. 

Fo7^t Regulations. — On casting anchor, a visit is paid by the collector of customs, 
or his agent, accompanied by other officers, who take from the master his register, 
manifest, and muster-roll, and an officer is left on board until the cargo is discharged. 
The master must swear to his manifest within 24 hours after his arrival, when the 
permit to discharge is granted, and within three days all invoices must be presented. 
The discharge completed, the same officers repair on board to examine the vessel, 
and all being found in order, the officer is withdrawn. The clearing of a vessel out- 
ward (that has entered with cargo) in ballast is then completed by paying the port 
charges ; proof whereof being produced, the permission to sail is signed by the gov- 
ernor and harbor master. If the vessel take cargo on board, then the same formahty 
as to visiting, is pursued, as on the entry of a vessel. 

Credit. — Goods imported are almost invariably sold upon credit ; those exported 
are, on the other hand, always sold for ready money. The terms of credit vaiy 
from two to six months, or more. Bankruptcy is very rare. 



172 Foreign Commercial Statistics, 41 



BRAZIL. 

Brazil, an extensive empire of South America, occupying a large 
proportion of tlie eastern and central part of that country, extending be- 
tween latitude 4° 28' N., and 32° 45' S., and longitude 34° 55' and 65° 
20' W. Length, fi'om N. to S., about 2,630 miles ; greatest breadth, 
2,540 miles. Its internal boundaries come in contact with all the dif- 
ferent States and territories of South America, with the exception. of 
Chili and Patagonia, while the Atlantic ocean washes its shores from its 
north- east to its southern limits. 

Brazil was discovered by Alvarez de Cabral, a Portuguese, who was 
driven upon its coasts by a tempest in 1500. He called it the land of 
the Holy Cross ; but it was subsequently called Brazil, on account of its 
red wood, and was carefully explored by Amerigo Vespucci about 1504. 
The gold mines were first opened in 1684 ; and the diamond mines 
were discovered in 1*730. The French having seized on Portugal in 
1807, the royal family and nobles embarked for Brazil. A revolution 
took place here in 1821. Brazil was erected into an empire, when Don 
Pedro assumed the title of emperor, November 18, 1825. He abdicated 
the throne of Portugal, May 2, 1826 ; and that of Brazil, in favor of his 
infant son, now (1855) emperor, April 7, 1831, and returned to Por- 
tugal, where a civil war ensued. — Haydn. 

The surface of Brazil is about equally divided into uplands and low- 
lands, or valleys. Two parallel mountain ranges traverse the country 
from ISr. to S., forming elevated ridges of table-land, the greatest height 
of the central range being from 6,000 to 7,000 feet. 







Proportions. 




Prop or ti 


ions. 


Countries. 


Imports. 


1853-^ 


1854^5. 


Exports. 


1853-54. 1854^-55. 


Gt. Brit, and poss., 


$22,775,420 


53.72 


53.59 


$19,687,362 


32.43 


32.32 


France and poss., 


4,989,187 


11.71 


11.67 


4,086,131 


7.95 


9.02 


United States, 


3,995,868 


9.06 


8.25 


11,903,644 


28.35 


26.28 


Portugal and poss., 


3,234,396 


6.83 


7.63 


2,324,889 


4.35 


5.12 


Hanseatic towns, 


2,442,233 


6.25 


5.76 


3,387,579 


8.27 


7.37 


Rio de la Plata, . 


2,108,545 


5.03 


4.97 


2,087,433 


4.25 


4.61 


Belgium, 


885,752 


2.16 


4.97 


1,391,847 


1.78 


3.07 


Spain and poss., . 


665,468 


0.84 


1.45 


488,969 


0.84 


0.96 


CMi, . 


564,133 


0.49 


1.33 


789,558 


1.02 


1.63 


Sardinia, 


377,584 


0.78 


0.89 


608,978 


0.88 


1.34 


Sweden and Norway, 189,774 


0.26 


0.45 


1,254,649 


2.18 


2.77 


Austria, 


130,277 


0.84 


0.31 


812,011 


3.53 


1.79 


Holland and poss.. 


58,750 


0.07 


0.14 


109,611 


0.13 


0.24 


Other countries, . 


322,327 


0.94 


0.76 


687,557 


1.23 


1.47 


Denmark, 


.... 


.... 


.... 


779,938 


2.64 


1.72 


Turkey, 


.... 


.... 


.... 


134,709 


0.15 


0.29 


Re-exportation, . 


300,460 


- 


- 





- 


.... 


Total, 


$43,040,174 


$50,534,865 






NAVIGATION IN 1854 AND 1855. 










ABBIVALS. 




CLEABED. 






Vessels. Tons. 


Vessels. 


Tons. 




Brazilian, . 


. 3,737 277.853 


3,887 


296,015 




Foreign, . 


. 1,112 440,849 


1,067 


440,943 





Total, . 4,849 718,702 4,954 736,958 



40 



Coast of Brazil and Dependencies. 



173 



FOREIGN COM^IERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
COAST OF BRAZIL AND DEPENDENCIES, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Ykaks 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof 
in Bullion 

EXPOET. 


there was 
& Specie. 

Import. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Amer. 


For. 


1821 


$885,348 


$496,412 


$1,381,760 


$605,126 


$156,999 


$19,500 


22,264 


314 


1822 


1,217,411 


246,518 


1,463,929 


1,486,567 




71,803 


28,301 


549 


1823 


1,062,209 


279,181 


1,341,390 


1,214,810 


8,6i5 


46,215 


22,616 




1824 


1,699,754 


602,150 


2,301,904 


2,074,119 


89,219 


218,792 


38,845 


'507 


1825 


1,641,296 


752,458 


2,393,754 


2,156,707 


98,343 


197,188 


38,938 


707 


1826 


1,597,344 


603,005 


2,200,349 


2,156,678 


113,090 


104,771 


34372 


1,034 


1827 


1,486,433 


377,373 


1,863,806 


2,060.971 


1,575 


232,982 


87,709 


381 


1828 


1,505,779 


482,936 


1,988 715 


3,097,752 


135,183 


181,577 


40,114 




1829 


1,510,260 


419,667 


1,929,927 


2,585,467 


78,612 


76,886 


40,978 




1830 
Total, 


1,600,999 


242,239 


1,843,238 


2,491,460 


1,470 


84,695 


44,450 


'eoi 


$14206,833 


4,501,939 


18,708,772 


19,879,057 


678,106 


1,234,309 


843,587 


4,093 


1831 


1,652,193 


423,902 


2,076,095 


2,375,829 


216,875 


23,149 


36,892 


203 


1832 


1,232,077 


822,717 


2,054794 


8,890,845 


381,503 


20,671 


30,439 


356 


1833 


2,474,555 


797,546 


3,272,101 


5,089,693 


156,840 


11,458 


49,735 


1,017 


1834 


1,586,097 


473,254 


2,059,851 


4729,969 


60,084 


31,785 


37,092 


1,977 


1835 


1,810,791 


797,865 


2,608,656 


5,574,466 


348,931 


66,605 


89,269 


2,554 


1836 


1,732,741 


1,362,195 


3,094936 


7,210,190 


900,324 


6,940 


43,533 


3,062 


1837 


1,301,217 


441,992 


1,743,209 


4,991,933 


88,531 


40,617 


19,576 


4,107 


1838 


2,094,957 


562,237 


2,657,194 


8,191,288 


208,706 


123,221 


30,623 


1,601 


1839 


2,133,997 


503,488 


2,637,485 


5,292,955 


184,427 


4,898 


39,431 


8,183 


1840 
Total, 


2,145,803 


360,711 


2,506,574 


4,927,296 


102,174 


14,522 


34,189 


1,764 


$18,164,488 


6,545,907 


24,710,395 


47,274,464 


2,637,895 


843,816 


360,779 


19,824 


1841 


2,941,991 


575,282 


3,517,273 


6,302,653 


255,303 


21,352 


47,634 


3,101 


1842 


2,225,571 


375,931 


2,601,502 


5,948,814 


81,794 


50,345 


38,778 


2,643 


1843* 


1,568,534 


223,704 


1,792,288 


3,947,658 


22,409 


50,349 


32,066 


1,395 


1844 


2,409,418 


408,834 


2,818,252 


6,883,306 


142,695 


28,609 


46,250 


1,816 


1845 


2,413,567 


424383 


2,837.950 


6,084,599 


181,159 


7,477 


40,716 


2,077 


1846 


2,754,012 


389,383 


3,143,395 


7,441,803 


285,091 


2,532 


48,026 


4,682 


1847 


2,566,938 


376,840 


2,943,778 


7,096,160 


149,249 


26,595 


89,281 


3,367 


1848 


8,092,736 


279,693 


3,872,484 


7,992,648 


163,072 


17,503 


57,206 


6,036 


1849 


2.838,380 


264597 


8,102,977 


8,494368 


117,604 


9,361 


56,835 


6,028 


1850 
Total, 


2,723,768 


473,847 


3,197,114 


9,324,429 


279,690 


2,166 


58,113 


3,569 


$25,534,964 


3,791,999 


29,326,968 


69,516,938 


1,628,066 


216,289 


464,405 


34,714 


1851 


3,128,956 


623,960 


3,752,916 


11,525,304 


430,262 


6,511 


63,629 


7,648 


1852 


2,782.179 


238,863 


3,021,042 


12,230.289 


117,466 


94317 


59,454 


5,718 


1853 


3,734190 


260,254 


8,994,444 


14817,961 


399,029 


9,000 


69,735 


5,153 


1854 


4,046,857 


192,384 


4,239,241 


14,110,387 


643,114 


24,400 


60,343 


2,829 


1855 


8,973,219 


288,054 


4,261,273 


15,218,925 


141,525 


1,461 


75,666 


2,674 


1856 


4,858,125 


236,779 


5,094,904 


19,262,657 


283,593 





74,280 


2,890 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil, on the Atlantic, in lat. 22° 54' 15" S., 
long. 43° 15' 50" W. Population 200,000. The harbor of Rio is one of the finest 
in the world, both as respects capaciousness and security for aU sorts of vessels. In 
coming from the north-east it is usual to make Cape Prio, in lat. 23° V 18" S., 
long. 42° 3' 19" W., being about four leagues nearly east of Rico. The entrance to 
the harbor is marked by a remarkable hill in the form of a sugar-loaf, 900 feet high, 
close to its west side ; while on the east or opposite side of the bay, at the distance 
of about 1\ miles, is the fort of Santa Cruz. Yessels bound for Rio, coming from the 
north, should, after rounding Cape Frio, steer due west, keeping about three leagues 
from the coast, until they come within five or sis miles of the Ilha Raza, or Flat 
island, lying almost due south from the mouth of the harbor, at the distance of about 
three leagues. A lighthouse, the lantern of which is said to be elevated nearly 
300 feet above the level of the sea, was erected on this island in 1829. The light 13 
a revolving one, alternately red and white, finishing its revolution in three minutes. 



174 



Foreign Conimercial Statistics. 



43 



ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION. 

Latitude S. 22° 20' and 40° 50', and longitude W. b^"" 20' and 71° 
30'. Length, N. and S., about 1,260 miles, and breadth, E. and W., 
about 720 miles. Area, 926,000 square miles. 

The Argentine Confederation comprises the proAnnces known under 
the Spanish regime as the vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres, with the excep- 
tion of Paraguay and Uruguay, east of the Plata, which have become 
independent States. It is bounded on the N. by Bolivia, on the E. by 
Paraguay and Uruguay, on the S. E. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the S. by 
Patagonia, and on the W. by Chile, from which it is divided by the 
crest of the Andes. Capital : Buenos Ayres. 

The Confederation (bound together, however, by no very stringent ties) 
consists of thirteen States and an extensive unappropriated country : 



states. 


Area. 


Population. Capitals. 


1. Buenos Ayres,. 


m 


230,000 Buenos Ayres (100,000). 


2. Corrientes, 


^ 


45,000 Corrientes (20,000). 


3. Bntre Eios, . 


a 


36,000 Parana (15,000). 


4. Santa F6, 


^ 


22,000 Santa Fe (4,000). 


5. Cordoba, .... 


O 


87,000 Cordoba (14,000). 


6. San Luis de la Punta, 


o 
o 


28,000 San Luis de la Punta (1,500). 


7. Mendoza, 


.s J 


47,000 Mendoz (12,000). 


8. San Juan de la Frontera . 


C5 


28,000 San Juan (8,000). 


9. Rioja, .... 


-g 


23,000 Rioja (3,800). 


10. Catamarca, 


'S 


40,000 Catamarca (4,000). 


11. Santiago del Estero, 


^ 


54,000 Santiago (4,000). 


12. Tucuman, 


g 


51,000 Tucuman (8,000). 


13. Salta, .... 


"■^ 


63,000 Salta (9,000). 


Grand Chaco . 


^ 


(Indian Territory.) 



Total, 



926,000 754,000 



The area and population of the country as given in the above table 
must be taken as a mere approximation. 

The internal commerce of the Confederation is very considerable, as 
almost every State produces something pecuHar, which is in demand in 
the neighboring States. It is also facilitated by the local character of 
the surface and the climate, which is generally dry. The roads are also 
tolerably good. The river navigation is extensive, and by these channels 
the commercial material of the northern States is brought to Buenos 
Ayres, the chief port whence they are exported. The commerce with 
Brazil and the neighboring republics is important. The exports consist 
principally of hides, skins, horse-hair, wood, tallow, ostrich feathers, salted 
meats, horns, bones, etc., to the value of between $8,000,000 and 
$10,000,000 annually. The country is dependent on foreign nations for 
almost every article of manufactures. These are supplied chiefly from 
England and the United States, and consist of calicoes, cottons and wool- 
ens, hardware, and general merchandise. 

The La Plata, the great river of the country, embodies most of the 
interior waters of the country, and is the recipient of the Parana, Par- 
aguay, and numerous large rivers draining three fourths of the Confed- 
eration. This river, since the overthrow of Rosas, has been opened to 
the commerce of the world. 



42 



Argentine Mepublic. 



115 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH 
THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, 

From October 1, 1824, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeaes 

ENDINO 

8bpt. 
30. 


EXPOETS. 


IMPORTS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


I'OKEIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


AilER. 


For. 


1825 


$404,201 


$169,319 


$573,520 


$749,771 


$3,020 


$374,406 


8,336 




1826 


222,832 


156,508 


379,340 


522,769 




81,144 


5,119 




1827 


100,780 


50,424 


151,204 


80,065 




25,575 


717 


*248 


1828 


94,372 


59,856 


154,228 


317,466 




60,563 


2,832 




1829 


444,716 


181,336 


626,052 


912,114 




3,076 


7,422 




1830 
Total, 


425,220 


204,667 


629,887 


1,431,883 




189,210 


9,565 


'lie 


$1,692,121 


822,110 


2,514,231 


4,014,068 


3,020 


683,974 


33,991 


364 


1831 


415,489 


244,290 


659,779 


928,103 


63,648 


3,200 


8,169 




1832 


464,632 


458,408 


923,040 


1,560,171 


73,377 


4,167 


6,987 




1833 


494,391 


205,337 


699,728 


1,377,117 


18,603 


5,785 


7,696 




1834 


671,166 


300,671 


971,837 


1,4;30,118 


5,490 


24,063 


6,379 


"285 


1835 


384,195 


324,723 


708,918 


878,618 


99,676 


84,927 


4,628 




1836 


269,818 


115,115 


384,933 


1,053,503 


10,470 


4,320 


2,817 


'26s 


1837 


137,710 


128,298 


266,008 


989,492 


18,083 




4,372 


951 


1838 


180,832 


56,283 


237,115 


1,010,908 


12,470 


3,060 


3,005 


169 


1839 


233,593 


142,470 


376,063 


525,114 


39,884 


801 


929 




1840 
Total, 


280,144 


89,132 


869,276 


293,562 


38,687 




.... 




$3,531,970 


2,064,727 


5,596,697 


10,046,706 


380,388 


80,268 


44,982 


1,613 


1841 


509,007 


152.939 


661,946 


1,612.513 


57,866 




6,564 




1842 


265,356 


145,905 


411,261 


1,835.623 


75,610 




2,120 




1843* 


163,083 


94,026 


262,109 


793,488 


57,744 




2,144 





1844 


245,339 


258,950 


504,289 


1,421,192 


157,948 




4.833 




1845 


842,575 


160,431 


503,006 


1,750,698 


130,215 




10,667 


'843 


1846 


147,307 


38,118 


185,425 


799.213 


40,822 




4,134 


.... 


1847 


123.9.-)4 


52,135 


176,089 


241.209 


39,215 




2,237 


. 


1848 


20SJ03 


25,225 


283,928 


1,026,097 


8,000 


2'.386 


536 


1*456 


1849 


595,518 


172,076 


767,594 


1,709,827 


69.833 




9,397 


5,492 


1850 
Total, 


718,331 


346,311 


1,064,642 


2,653,877 


237,215 


1,850 


16,107 


9,260 


$3,324,173 


1,446,116 


4,770,259 


13,843,737 


874,468 


4,236 


58,739 


17,045 


1851 


659,852 


414,916 


1,074,768 


3,265,382 


325,681 




11,661 


5,185 


1852 


518,007 


281,110 


799,117 


2.091,097 


256,887 


'425 


13 711 


4,381 


1853 


618.855 


262,611 


881,466 


2,186,641 


197,809 


23,708 


10,749 


4,639 


1854 


658,720 


103,005 


761,725 


2,144,971 


47,718 




8,526 


1,8;30 


1855 


810,756 


158,671 


969.427 


2,545,087 


51.763 




18.584 


2,315 


1856 


1,013,112 


246,751 


1,259,863 


2,322,161 


110,330 




24,804 


873 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
Buenos Ayres, the capital of the Argentine Confederation and of the province of 
Buenos Ayres, is situated on the riglit bank of the estuary of the Plata, in lat. 
34° 39' S., long. 58° 18' W. The river is at this point so wide, that it is quite im- 
possible with the naked eye to distinguish the opposite bank; and at the same time 
so shallow, that sliips drawing 15 or 16 feet of water must anchor seven or eight 
miles from the city. Small craft generally anchor in what are called the inner roads, 
abreast of the city. As the depth of water is never sufficient to admit of their com- 
ing to shore, passengers and goods are landed by means of large-wheeled carts, 
which are either drawn or pushed by the requisite number of horses. The town of 
Buenos Ayres is situated in a vast plain extending westward to the Andes. The 
level uniformity of its outhne is only broken by the sphes of the various churches. 
The Plata is one of the largest rivers in the world, traversing a vast extent of countiy 
of which it is the great outlet. Unluckily, however, its estuary, though broad, is 
in most parts shallow, being also encumbered with sand banks, and infested with 
sudden gusts of wind called pamperos. Its navigation is consequently attended 
with a good deal of difficulty, and ships bo and for Buenos AjTes generally take 
pilots on board. 



176 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 45 

CHILI. 

The republic of Chili occupies that long strip of land which lies ou 
the south-western side of South America, extending from 24° to 55° 59' 
S. latitude ; and from 69° to 72° W. longitude. It is bounded west by 
the Pacific Ocean, and east by the Andes, by which it is separated from 
the Argentine Confederation. On the north, Chili is separated from Bo- 
livia by the extensive desert of Atacama ; and it extends southward to 
the extreme limits of that Archipelago which embraces all the islands 
between Chiloe and the Straits of Mao-ellan. Reckoning its leno^th from 
the desert of Atacama to Cape Horn, it comprehends 36 degrees of lati- 
tude. Its average breadth is only 150, and where greatest not more 
than 210 geographical miles. The superficial area of Chili is computed 
at 218,925 Enghsh square miles, which is about 3,195 miles more exten- 
sive than that of France and Belgium together. Except where the Andes 
are intersected by ravines, which frequently change into vales or plains 
fit for cultivation, these mountains with their parallel ranges and spurs, 
occupy a great part of its area. South of the Cuesta de Chacabuco 
there are extensive plains, broken only by a few ridges of hills ; but the 
highlands are almost continuous from north to south along the coast of 
the Pacific. 

Chili is rich in almost every class of metals ; but the silver mines of 
late years have yielded enormous quantities of ore. The metals at 
present discovered are gold, silver, copper, lead, antimony, cobalt, zinc, 
nickel, bismuth, iron, molybdenum, and quicksilver ; but the only ores 
which are worked are gold, silver, copper, and occasionally quicksilver. 
The latter will now be abandoned in consequence of the low price of 
mercury, caused by the quantity produced in California. The metals are 
found in all the series of rocks between granite and trachyte, in veins 
which generally run from north and north-west to south and south-east ; 
in some phices, however, their course is irregular, or they extend east 
and west. The auriferous veins run nearly parallel to the grain or im- 
perfect cleavage of the surrounding granite rocks. Gold is found most 
abundantly in the beds of detritus, derived from the degradation of the 
upper portion of the rocks. 

A railroad runs from Caldera to Copiapo, a distanee of 54 miles, which 
is to be continued on to Chanarcillo, about 50 miles from the city ; and 
a tram-road is projected to the rich mineral district of Tres Puntas 
(8,400 feet above the sea), which, when completed, will enable the miners 
to send down the poor silver ores which they now throw away. The 
commerce of Chili has vastly increased since the time when the country 
lay torpid under the yoke of Spain. As soon as it had recovered from 
the unsettled condition caused by the revolution, business of all kinds 
acquired new energy, and the trade, freed from its oppressive restrictions, 
extended to the larger ports of the United States and Europe. A few 
years were sufficient to show a large increase in its export and import 
trade, and Valparaiso soon became a flourishing port. 

The precious metals are the most valuable exports from Chili. While 
obtaining annually from her mines metal to the amount of £1,500,000, 
she exported in the year 1851 gold to the value of £59,950, silver to the 
value of £709,467, and copper to the value of £414,503. 



44 



Chili, 



W 



FOREIGIsr COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH CHILI, 

From October 1, 1824, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPOETS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. [Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1825 


$454,254 $467,184 


$921,438 


$229,509 


$88,760 


$46,306 


7,207 




1826 


512,650 934,848 
1,040,748 661,853 


1,447,493 


629,949 


59,100 


251,774 


6,798 




1827 


1,702,601 


184,693 


20,781 


95,502 


12,664 




1828 


1,519,978 i 1,109,424 


2,629,402 


781,863 





880,803 


19,338 




1829 


890,356 


^^'H^ 


1,421,134 


416,118 





153,850 


9,079 




1830 
Total, 


915,718 


620,396 


1,536,114 


182,585 


.... 


1,569 


12,287 




$5,333,704 


4,324,483 


9,658,187 


2,424,717 


168,641 


879,804 


67,373 




1831 


849,493 


518,662 


1,368,155 


413,758 


21.362 


91,694 


11,145 




1832 


579,370 


641,749 


1,221,119 


504,623 


100,762 


87,488 


8,105 




1833 


730,140 


733,800 


1,468,940 


834,130 




97,557 


8,500 




1834 


714,407 


761,948 


1,476,355 


787,409 


'86i 


385,531 


8,550 


"m 


1835 


586,188 


355,696 


941,884 


917,095 





416,150 


6,089 




1836 


582,866 


355,051 


937,917 


811,497 




203,980 


5.837 


"'si 


1837 


1,092,359 


395,440 


1,487,799 


1,180,156 


1,58(3 


550,017 


6,944 




1838 


1,047,572 


322,692 


1,370,264 


942,095 





262,033 


6,235 


.... 


1839 


1,307,143 


487,410 


1,794,553 


1,186,641 




134,603 


8,683 


"24! 


1840 
Total, 


1,372,254 


856,575 


1,728,829 


1,616,859 


.... 


480,536 


7,414 




$8,861,792 


4,929,023 


13,790,815 


8,694,263 


124,065 


2,658,584 


77,502 


963 


1841 


846,410 


256,678 


1,102,988 


1,230,980 




346,496 


5,962 


991 


1842 


1,270,941 


368,735 


1,639,676 


a31,039 


"soo 


89,520 


7,092 


694 


1843* 


869,883 


179,580 


1,049,463 


857,556 




98,680 


5,378 




1844 


856,645 


248,576 


1,105,221 


750,370 








185,817 


7,247 




1845 


1,247,360 


300,831 


1,548,191 


1,123,690 








66,085 


8,273 


.... 


1846 


1,539,136 


229,434 


1,768,570 


1,275,960 








111,929 


8,649 


l",452 


1847 


1,461,347 


210,263 


1,671,610 


1,716,903 








70,112 


7,185 


1,077 


1848 


1,703,625 


220,886 


1,924,511 


1,310,451 








20,593 


10,465 


366 


1849 


1,722,457 


294,643 


2,017,100 


1,817,723 








170,462 


25,936 


1,851 


1850 
Total, 


1,297,133 


125,588 


1,422,721 


1,796,877 








119,057 


41,279 


25,388 


$12,814,937 


2,435,114 


15,250,051 


12,711,549 


800 


1,228,751 


127,466 


31,814 


1851 


1,608,877 


286,428 


1,895,305 


2,734,746 


8,000 


774 


48,140 


41,657 


1852 


2,048,836 


295,297 


2,339,133 


2,062,160 


17,250 


82,723 


21,386 


23,402 


1863 


2,157,320 


169,117 


2,326,437 


2,214,252 


80,000 


12,318 


23,488 


38,665 


1854 


1,942,330 


250,929 


2,193,259 


3,332,167 


6,570 


22,805 


22,371 


22,408 


1855 


2,994,231 


432,026 


3,426,257 


3,518,896 


13,166 


11,708 


21,667 


10,109 


1856 


2,591,354 


276,389 


2,867,743 


2,467,819 


10,000 




22,477 


4,778, 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORT. 
Valparaiso, the principal seaport of Chili, lat. (fort St, Antonio) 33° \''i%i' S:, 
long. n° 41' 5" W. Population perhaps 28,000 or 30,000. The wate? in the bay 
is deep, and it affords secure anchorage, except during northerly gales, to the vio- 
lence of which it is exposed ; but as the holding-ground is good, and the puU of the 
anchor against a steep hill, accidents seldom occur to vessels property found in 
anchors and cables. There is no mole or jetty ; but the water close tp the shore is 
so deep, that it is customary for the smaller class of ships to qarry- out an an-, 
chor to the northward, and to moor the ship with the stern ashore by another cable, 
made fast to the shore. Large ships lie a little further off, an^Jpad ar^di unlQadi by- 
means of lighters. The best shelter is in that part called th^. ]^isherman's. bay, 
lying between the castle and fort St. Antonio, where, close to a clea;*, shingle beach^ 
there is nine fathoms of water. In the very worst weather, a landing may be ef- 
fected in this part of the bay. The harbors of Valdivia and Concepcion are much 
superior to that of Valparaiso, the former being, indeed, not only the best m Chili^ 
but second to few in any part of the world. But Valparaiso being nearth6 capital, 
Santiago, and being the central depot for the resources of the province, is most fre- 
quented. 



118 



Foreign Commerdal Statistics, 



47 



PERU. 

Latitude S. 3° 35' to 21° 48', and longitude W. 70° 40' to 84° 
30'. Length, N. and S., 1,200 miles, and breadth, from 40 to 600 miles. 
Area, 520,000 square miles. 

Peru is bounded N. by Ecuador, E. by Brazil, S. E. and S. by Bolivia, 
and W. by the Pacific Ocean. Its coast reaches from the mouth of the 
Rio Tumbez to that of the Loa, 1,240 miles. Capital : Lima. 

All the mountains of Peru form part of the great chain (cordillera) of 
the Andes. From Porco, in Bolivia, it is separated into two chains : 
that of Ancumar, which runs from the E. between the provinces of 
Carabaya and Azangaro in the department of Puno, and that which runs 
to the W. through Tacua, Moquegua, and Arequipa. Both reunite after- 
ward near the city of Cuzco, and again separate, the one running to the 
E. of the provinces of Huanta and Tarma, and the other to the W. of 
those of Castrovireyna, Huancavelica, and Huarochiri, reuniting them- 
selves again in Pasco. From Pasco three chains detach themselves — the 
eastern between the Rio Guallega and the Pachitea, the central one be- 
tween the Guallega and the Upper Maranon, and the western one between 
the latter and the coast of Trujilio and Paita. These several chains re- 
unite in the province of Loja, in Ecuador. The direction of these chains 
of mountains determines the great valleys of the interior of Peru. 

The mineral resources of Peru, like those of Mexico, are inexhaustible. 
The very name of the country is associated in the mind with ideas of 
gold and silver. Beside the precious metals, however, the country pro- 
duces copper, tin, iron, coal, saltpetre, etc., in abundance — the latter 
under the name of nitrate of soda has become an important export. 
The agricultural staples of the country are sugar, rice, -tobacco, etc., which 
grow in the warmer stuations ; the vine, wheat, etc., in the milder ; po- 
tatoes are cultivated in all parts. Maize is cultivated, and is the common 
diet of the people. Medicinal plants, drugs, and dye-stuffs form a large 
part of the exports, and some of the hard woods abound in the forest. 
The Cinchona, or Peruvian bark is indigenous to the country : it grows 
at the elevation of 10,000 or 12,000 feet, and abounds most in the 
northern provinces. Among the wild animals of Peru are the puma, 
the uturunca (a species of tiger), the acumari (a black bear), and great 
varieties of deer, wild beai-s, armadillos, etc. The llama, alpaca, guanaca, 
vicuna, etc., are the most valuable animals. 









COMMERCE IN 1855. 




OOUNTEY. Imports, 


Exports. 


Great Britain, . . . 23,081,455 


44,093,775 


China, 






. 1,447,480 


.... 


Chili, 






. 3,270,035 


2,487,185 


Spain, . 






811,835 


1,144,970 


Ecuador, . 






984,140 


.... 


United States, 






. 2,930,120 


24,491,890 


Prance, . 






. 9,418,905 


7,208,030 


Hamburg, 






. 2,431,635 


1,074,070 


Antilles, . 






.... 


1,321,200 


Other countries, . . . 1,063,865 


2,580,395 


Total, fran 


cs, 




. 45,439,470 


84,401,516 



46 



Peru. 



179 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH PERU, 

From October 1, 1824, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPOKTS. 


IMPORTS 


"Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 

$ 346,883 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For. 


1825 


$359,854 


$374,944 


$734,798 




$323,157 


2,919 




1826 


278,724 


231.175 


509,899 


795,194 




408,622 


3,171 




182T 


202,944 


70,077 


273,021 


1,035,462 


$5,666 


665,788 


2,454 




1828 


159,389 


100,555 


259,944 


943,199 




629,350 


2,314 




1829 


91,542 


119,615 


211,157 


1,004,458 




602,079 


749 




1880 


82,400 


39,408 


71,808 


972,884 


.... 


591,521 


732 


'.'.'.'. 


Total, 


$1,124,853 


935,774 


2,060,627 


5,098,080 


5,000 


3,220,517 


12,339 




1S31 


8,560 


7,616 


16,176 


917,788 




831,711 


523 




1832 


7,126 


10,834 


17,960 


720,098 


" '. '. '. 


165,122 


72 


...'. 


1833 








654,630 




182,872 


73 




1834 


42,767 


16,096 


58,863 


618,412 




263,231 


685 




1835 








1,118,278 




669,877 






1836 





'gis 


'918 


155,881 




38,203 




'...'. 


1837 


99,757 


11,601 


111,358 


909,418 




440,109 


1,221 


.... 


1838 


163,868 


29,531 


203,399 


633,437 




164,375 


1,674 


.... 


ia39 


.... 







242,813 




87,696 


1,019 





1840 


.... 


.... 


.... 


438,495 




146,521 


667 


.... 


Total, 


$322,078 


86,596 


408,674 


6,409,200 




2,489,717 


5,934 




1841 




.... 




52i,876 




129,161 






1842 









204,768 




14,380 


.... 




1843* 








135,563 




84,441 


446 




1&44 


14,053 


2J54 


16,807 


184,42i 




21,839 


404 


.... 


1845 


83,424 




33,424 


886,112 





18,221 


785 




1846 








252,599 




9,500 


291 




1847 


192,978 


84,559 


227,537 


396,223 


.... 


82,520 


1,208 


"562 


1848 


124,618 


16,731 


141,349 


817,759 


.... 


57,991 


2,732 


1,419 


1849 


93,195 


18,041 


111,236 


446,953 


.... 


17,408 


5,611 


2,291 


1850 


253,939 


16,789 


275,728 


170,753 




3,250 


10,332 


7,340 


Total, 


$717,207 


88,874 


806,081 


2,969,530 


.... 


838,711 


21,759 


11,612 


1861 


249,760 


22,338 


272,098 


94,733 


844 




18,920 


13,519 


1852 


833,794 


22,048 


355,842 


694,892 




*975 


5,179 


11,831 


1853 


657,316 


40,261 


697,577 


173,441 


8,666 


16,679 


63,246 


87,410 


1854 


651,707 


83,448 


685,155 


1,005,406 


5,000 




121,825 


36,685 


1855 


756,323 


114,223 


870,546 


697.618 




.... 


85,151 


25,377 


1856 


1,159,232 


84,991 


1,244,223 


217,759 


7,666 




51,561 


20,107 



* 9 months to June 80, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



PRIi^CIPAL PORTS. 

Callao, a fortified town of Peru, department, and six miles west of Lima, of 
which it is the port, on the Pacific, in lat. 12° S., long. 77° 13' 7'^ W. Population 
perhaps 20,000. It is generally well built ; its castle, formerly very strong, has 
lately been dismantled, and is now used for a custom-house. Its roadstead, shel- 
tered by the island of San Lorenzo, is the best on the Peruvian coast. It has a 
convenient quay, and communicates with Lima by a good carriage road. Customs 
revenue, about $1,000,000. Exports consist chiefly of bulhon, specie, copper, cotton, 
bark, and hides. In 1841, 498 vessels, aggregate burden 101,084 tons, entered, and 
494 vessels, burden 99,944 tons, cleared out of the port. In 1746 the old town of 
CaUao was destroyed by an earthquake. 

Lima, the capital city of Peru, in a fine valley, about six miles from its port Cal- 
lao, on the Pacific, and connected with it by a railroad, lat. 12° 2' 55" S., long. 
77° 5' 30" W. Population 70,000. It was long the grand commercial entrep6t for 
aU the western coast of South America, and it still has a large trade, its exports con- 
sisting of silver, copper ore, bark, soap, vicima wool, chinchilla skins, nitre, sugar, 
etc. ; and imports of manufactured goods, from England, wines, silks, and Israndy, 
from Spain and France, and other produce chiefly fi:om the American continent 



180 Foreign Commercial Statistics, 49 



CHINA. 

The coterminous empires of Russia and China occupy between them 
about one fifth part of the habitable globe, in pretty nearly equal portions ; 
but the population of the latter is about four times greater than that of 
the former, even after including its recent annexation of Poland. We 
can easily trace the boundaries and mark the extreme limits of these two 
great empires, by parallels of latitude and meridional lines of longitude ; 
but when we come to reduce them to square miles, or speak of their con- 
tents in acres, the mind is bewildered by the magnitude of the numbers 
required to express them, and forms but an indistmct idea of their super- 
ficial extent. 

No country in the world is better adapted, from situation, climate, and 
products, for extensive commerce, than China ; yet no civilized country 
has profited less by these advantages. The happy distribution of its 
numerous rivers, aided by artificial canals, affords an almost uninterrupted 
water-communication from the northern to the southern, and from the 
western to the eastern extremities of this grand empire; and thus a 
facility is given for the interchange of the products of one province with 
those of another, unknown in any other country. 

All foreig*n commerce is systematically discouraged. The extent, fertility, 
and variety of their soil and climate, happily situated between the extremes 
of heat and cold, partaking of the advantages of both, without experien- 
cing the inconveniences of either, supply the Chinese with the productions 
of almost all the world besides, whether to minister to the necessities, the 
comforts, or the luxuries of their numerous population ; and leave this 
great empire, as a nation, almost independent of foreign supplies through 
the medium of commerce. Satisfied, or affecting to be satisfied, with the 
prodigal bounty of nature, jealous of strangers, and governed by a grada- 
tion of arbitrary despots, the Chinese long considered it as a favor be- 
stowed on foreigners to open any of their ports for the interchange of 
commodities. The revenue derived from this limited intercourse was of 
little or no importance at the chief seat of government. 

The Chinese levy no specific duties on the articles imported, nor ad 
valorem duties on the cargoes; the only impost is on the ship itself, and 
is estimated by a rule as absurd as it is partial and unequal. They 
measure the length from the center of the foremast to the center of the 
mizzen-mast, and the breadth is taken close abaft the mainmast. The 
length is then multiplied by the breadth, and the product, divided by 
ten, gives the measurement of the ship. All ships, according to this 
measurement, are classed under first, second, or third rates ; all other 
vessels, however small, are classed as third rates. By this rule a ship of 
a hundred tons would pay from $4,000 to |5,000, and a ship of a thous- 
and not above double that sum. 

TEA EXPORTED FROM CHINA TO THE UNITED STATES. 
Year ending June, Pounds. Year ending June, Pounds. 



1849, .... 18,012,000 

1850, .... 31,757,000 

1851, .... 28,100,000 

1852, .... 34,334,000 



1853, . . . . 40,974,000 

1854, .... 27,8G7,O0O 

1855, .... 31,515,000 

1856, .... 40,246,000 



48 



China. 



181 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH CHINA, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Years 

ENDING 

Sept. 
30. 


EXPORTS. 


IxMPOETS 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amek. 


Foe. 


1821 


$388,535 


$3,902,025 


$4,290,560 


$3,111,951 


$8,391,487 




6,040 




1822 


429,230 


5,606,138 


5,935,368 


5,242,536 


5,075,012 


$500 


8,186 




1823 


288,375 


4,347,686 


4,636,061 


6,511,425 


3,684,182 


22,036 


9,478 




1824 


880,466 


4,970,705 


5,301,171 


5,618,502 


4,463,852 




9,663 




1825 


160,059 


6,410,456 


5,570,515 


7,533,115 


4,523,075 




8,667 


.... 


1826 


242,451 


2,324,193 


2,566,644 


7,422,186 


1,651,696 




4,966 




1827 


290,862 


3,573,543 


8,864405 I 


3,617,188 


2,524,818 




8,950 




1828 


230,385 


1,252,417 


1,482,802 


6,839,108 


454,600 


24,390 


8,664 




1829 


260,759 


1,094,108 


1,854,862 


4,680,847 


601,593 




6.351 




1830 
Total, 


156,290 


685,903 


742,193 


3,878,141 


79,984 


9,194 


3,501 




$2,777,412 


32,967,169 


35,744,681 


62,954,994 


26,850,098 


56,120 


69,355 




1831 


244,790 


1,046,045 


1.290,835 


3,088,205 


867,024 




5,061 


.... 


1832 


336,162 


924,360 


1,260,522 


5,344,907 


462,119 


25,932 


7,282 




1833 


537,774 


895,985 


1,433,759 


7,541,570 


290,466 


6,400 


9,808 


.... 


1834 


255,756 


754,727 


1,010,483 


7,892,827 


378,830 




8,123 




1835 


335,868 


1,632,712 


1,868,580 


6,987,187 


1,391,666 


.... 


7,104 




1836 


341,563 


852,701 


1,194,264 


7.324,816 


413,661 


"50 


5,662 


.... 


1837 


318,973 


811,618 


630,591 


8,965,337 


155,000 




8,793 


.... 


1838 


656,581 


861,021 


1,516,602 


4,764,536 


728,661 


4*000 


7,314 


.... 


1839 


430,464 


1,103,137 


1,533,601 


3,678,509 


992,56:3 


.... 


6,419 




1840 
Total, 


469,186 


640,780 


1,009,966 


6,640,829 


477,003 


.... 


8,860 




$3,926,117 


8,823,086 


12,749,203 


61,228,223 


5,646,983 


86,382 


68,376 




1841 


715,322 


485,494 


1,200,816 


3,095,888 


426,592 


485 


4.876 




1842 


737,509 


706,888 


1,444,397 


4,934,645 


606,714 




7,259 


*364 


1843* 


1,755,393 


663.565 


2,418,958 


4,385,566 


571,660 




13,582 




1844 


1,110,023 


646,918 


1,756,941 


4,931,255 


566,965 




15,035 




1845 


2,079,341 


196,654 


2,275,995 


7,285,914 


158,860 


27,107 


17,477 




1&46 


1.178,188 


153,553 


1,831,741 


6,593,881 


112,674 




13,697 




1847 


1,708,655 


1^,229 


1,832,884 


6,5a3,843 


83,308 




12,834 




1848 


2,063,625 


126,388 


2,190,013 


8,088.496 


72,013 





17,150 




1849 


1,460,945 


122,279 


1,683,224 


5,513,785 


9,967 




11,740 




1850 
Total, 


1,485,961 


119,256 


1,606,217 


6,593,462 


25,000 




17,830 


3,i66 


$14,294,962 


3,346,224 


17,640,186 


67,000,736 


2,583,643 


27,692 


180,980 


8,470 


1851 


2,155,945 


829,342 


2,485,287 


7,066,144 


147,475 




46,817 


10,198 


1852 


2,480,066 


183,111 


2,663,177 


10,693,950 


19,728 


'28i 


67,264 


21,507 


1863 


3,212,574 


524,418 


3,736,992 


10.673,710 


489,344 




66,041 


24,808 


1854 


1,293,925 


104,168 


1,398,088 


10,506,329 


155,588 


108,174 


68,658 


18,547 


1865 


1,533,057 


186,372 


1,719,429 


11,048,726 


674,983 




101,660 


15,768 


1856 


2,048,244 


509,993 


2,558,237 


10,454,436 


633,592 


1,666 


86,438 


10,467 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year fi-om this time begins July 1. 



PRINCIPAL PORTS. 

Amoy, a commercial city and seaport of China, province of Fo-kien, on an island 
of the same name, in a bay of the Chinese sea, opposite Formosa, and 320 miles 
B.KE. of Canton, lat. 24o 10' K, long. 118° 13' E. Population 250,000. Harbor 
excellent; ships can lie close to the quays, or in a deep and sheltered creek. There 
is a considerable trade, especially with Formosa ; manufactures of porcelain, grass 
cloths, umbrellas, paper, etc., which, with sugar-candy and Congou tea, compose its 
principal exports. Imports comprise rice, sugar, camphor, and European produce. 

Canton, in China, province of Quantong, lat. 23° 7' 10'' N. long. 113° 14' E. It 
is situated on the eastern bank of the Pekiang river, about 80 miles from the south- 
ern sea of China. Ships ascend the river only as far as Whampoa, 15 miles below 
Canton, loading by means of native boats. The vessels take pilots at Macao roads ; 
but the entrance to the river is safe, and sometimes a pilot is not waited for. Until 
within a few years, Canton was the principal mart for foreign commerce, and was in 
fact the only port open to foreigners. 



182 



Myreign Commercial Statistics. 



51 



MAUKITIUS, OR ISLE OF FRANCE, 

An island in the Indian Ocean, colony of Great Britain. Length, 36 
miles ; breadth, 20 miles. Chief town, Port Louis. Latitude of Coop- 
er's Island 20° 9' V" S., longitude 57° 31' 1" E. Area, 700 square 
miles. 

Exports and Imports, etc. — ^Mauritius is pretty fertile, a considerable 
part of the surface being, however, occupied by mountains. Its shape is 
circular, being about 160 miles in circumference. The climate is healthy, 
but subject to hurricanes. The principal product of the island is sugar, 
which is now cultivated to the almost total neglect of every thing else ; 
but it also produces excellent coffee, indigo, and cotton. The blackwood 
or ebony of the Mauritius is very abundant, and of a superior quality. 
Very little corn or grain of any kind is raised in the island ; most articles 
of provision being imported. Previously to 1825, the sugar and other 
articles brought to Great Britain from the Mauritius were charged with 
the same duties as the like articles from India ; but in the above-men- 
tioned year this distinction was done away, and it was enacted (6 Geo. 
4. c. Ill § 44), that all goods of the growth, produce, or manufacture 
of the Mauritius, should, upon importation into any port of the United 
Kingdom, be subject to the same duties and regulations as the like goods 
being of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the British colonies in 
the West Indies ; and that the trade with the Mauritius should be placed 
as nearly as possible on the same footing as that of the West India 
islands. 

This was a great boon to the Mauritius, and the exports of sugar from 
it have since rapidly increased. According to Milbum (Oriental Com- 
merce, ii., 568), they amounted, in 1812, to about 5,000,000 pounds. 
In 1818, they amounted to about 8,000,000 pounds; and in 1824, to 
23,334,553 pounds. Since 1826, nine tenths of the sugar raised in the 
Mauritius has been shipped for the United Kingdom. Its wonderful in- 
crease is seen in the following table : 



ACCOUNT OF SUGAR EXPORTED FROM MAURITIUS SINCE 1839-1840. IN FRENCH 





POUNDS. 




Years. 


Pounds. 


Years. 


Pounds. 


1839—1840, . 


64,886,184 


1846—1841, . 


. 133,410,203 


1840—1841, . 


11,114,253 


1841—1848, . 


. 122,821,288 


1841—1842, . 


85,191,831 


1848—1849, . 


. 106,350,598 


1842—1843, . 


50,660,499 


1849—1850, . 


. 120,523,495 


1843—1844, . 


59,545,885 


1850—1851, . 


. 111,086,406 


1844—1845, . 


18,165,106 


1851—1852, . 


. 131,315,119 


1845—1846, . 


. 102,168,168 







The shipments of sugar from the island in 1849-50, 1850-51, and 
1851-52, were distributed as follows : 



United Kingdom, 
Cape of Good Hope, 
Australian Colonies, 
Other places, 

Total, 



1849-50. 

101,355,498 

6,233,114 

6,432,266 

501,951 


1850-51. 

106,539,831 

4,254,813 

5,491,469 

194,233 


1851-52. 

114,859,149 

13,098,861 

9,211,133 

145,430 


120,523,495 


111,086,406 


131,315,119 



50 



Foreign Commerce of the United States. 



183 



PoEEiGN Commerce of the United States with the Countries stated below. 
There being but occasional Commerce, oe a few consecutive years, thb 
aggregate only is given. 

BOURBON AND MAURITIUS. 



Yeaks 

ENDING 

Sept. 



EXPORTS. 



Domestic. 



$453,697 



FOEEIGN. 



$157,013 



Total. 



$610,710 



IMPOETS. 



Total. 



$258,006 



Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 



ExpoET. Impost, 



TON'GE CL'D. 



Amee. Foe. 



6,743 



846 



ST. HELENA. 



$7,854 



7,854 



,250 



MOCHA AND ADEN. 
23,250 •••• 



MOROCCO AND BARBARY POWERS. 
3,928 273,441 322,369 1 1 76TJ12 



1,643 



$9,783 



4,880 



GREECE. 
14,663 90,607 



176 



821 



$512 



FRENCH AMERICAN PORTS. 

959 I 1,471 4,051 



127 



117 



NEWFOUNDLAND AND BRITISH FISHERIES. 
$28,068 7,358 35,426 21,562 .... 



:,251 



585 



BRITISH AFRICAN PORTS. 
$464,475 15,827 480,302 12,836 



1,152 



$121,&48 



OTHER BRITISH COLONIES. 
7,656 129,304 806,830 .... 113,329 



5,125 



70 



TUSCANY. 



1856 



$46,664 
425,595 



23,468 
5,583 



69,132 
431,178 



1,596,801 



$51,495 



FRENCH FISHERIES. 
51,495 119 



050 1,921 



SANDWICH ISLANDS. 



1856 



$929,671 
798,058 



195,951 
126,847 



1,125,622 
919,405 



442,899 
249,704 



129,238 
194,505 



54,052 



19,811 
17,550 



2,200 
1,817 



1856 $320,045 



WHALE FISHERIES. 
2,290 342,835 58,067 



5,954 54,744 670 



184 Foreign Commercial Statistics. 53 

ASIA. 

This division of the globe is distinguished by its vast extent ; by the 
striking character of its interior geography ; above all, by the stupendous 
revolutions of which it has been the scene ; and, lastly, by the high an- 
tiquity of its civilization, of which we can still faintly trace the precious 
remains. Stretching from the southern hemisphere into the northern re- 
gions of perpetual winter, it comprises within its bounds the opposite ex- 
tremes of heat and cold ; all the varieties, consequently, of the animal 
and vegetable tribes ; and that still more interesting variety which the 
irresistible law of climate impresses on the human species. 

Foreign Commerce, — In addition to her internal trade, Asia maintains 
an extensive intercourse by sea with Europe, America, Egypt, and the 
Mediterranean. A great trade is also carried on from Hindostan and 
China to the Asiatic Archipelago, and the trade of the Asiatic islands 
with each other is of great importance. It appears that those islands 
were at a very early period the seat of commerce ; and the learned re- 
searches of Europeans have brought to light, in some of them, the mon- 
uments of ancient civilization. Sumatra was the seat of the Malay 
etu pire, Java of a Hindoo state, and the Celebes were inhabited by the 
Bugis, a race of expert navigators and merchants. The productions of 
these islands, and of the Moluccas and Borneo, namely spices, aromatics, 
and gold, entered into the commerce of the ancient world, and were im- 
ported into Rome through Egypt. In later times, about the ninth cen- 
tury, the Asiatic Archipelago was visited by the Arabs and the Chinese, 
while the adventurous Malays frequented the coasts of Asia, and even 
of Africa, and particularly the African island of Madagascar. When 
these islands were visited by Europeans, about the fifteenth century, Ma- 
lacca, Acheen, and Bantam were the great marts of the Eastern Archi- 
pelago, where the rich produce of Sumatra, Borneo, and the Moluccas, 
conveyed in the small trading craft of the country, was exchanged for 
that of India and China. The Portuguese fixed on Goa, on the Malabar 
coast, as the capital of their eastern settlements ; and they afterward se- 
lected Malacca as a central station for protecting and extending their 
intercourse with the neighboring nations. The Dutch chose Bantam, and 
afterward Batavia, situated midway between Hindostan and China, as the 
center of their commercial settlements. The situation was most advan- 
tageous, and the port was soon frequented by vessels from China and 
Japan, Tunkin, Malacca, Cochin-China, and the island of Celebes. But 
the great and flourishing trade of Java was crushed under the colonial 
monopoly of the Dutch, and under what Sir Stamford Rafiies terms 
" the short-sighted tyranny of a mercantile administration." The con- 
quest of Java by the British in 1812 put an end to this thraldom, and 
the great trade of the Asiatic Archipelago began to center in Batavia, 
which was fast rising into a great commercial emporium ; all the articles 
which were the exclusive produce of the Eastern islands being collected 
at its principal ports for re-exportation to India, China, and Europe. 
Since Java was restored to the Dutch, the free port of Singapore, estab- 
lished by the British, is the center of a great trade, and is frequented by 
the Chinese in their junks, and by all the other navigators of those seas 
with the produce of their respective islands. 



52 



Asia, Europe, Africa, West Indies, etc. 



185 



FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WTTH OTHER 

PARTS— ASIA, EUROPE, AFRICA, THE WEST INDIES 

GENERALLY, AND UNCERTAIN" PORTS, 

From October 1, 1820, to July 1, 1856. 



Yeaks 

ENDINO 


EXPOETS. 


IMPOETs' 


Whereof there was 
in Bullion & Specie. 


TON'GE CL'D. 


Sept. 
80. 




1 










Domestic. 


I'OREIGN. 


Total. 


Total. 


Export. 


Import. 


Amer. 


For, 


1821 


$949,243 


$1,594,267 


$2,543,510 


$295,151 


$1,154,905 


$67,536 


49,819 




1822 


812,626 


1,311,385 


2,124.011 


875;799 


949,525 


56,557 


45,874 




1823 


692,881 


615,560 


1,308,441 


699,843 


885,245 


69,918 


34,796 


'sis 


1824 


772,336 


705,400 


1,477,736 


502,192 


845,152 


84,369 


39,874 





1825 


891,543 


851,871 


1,743,414 


815.512 


623,631 


108,043 


51,388 


'436 


1826 


1,010,587 


614,567 


1,625,154 


441,887 


371,584 


81,408 


45,881 




1827 


887,409 


783,935 


1,671,344 


382,918 


618,161 


90,651 


45,742 


i'.i9i 


1828 


890,661 


525,006 


1,415,667 


650,218 


173,021 


61,229 


48,216 


'745 


1829 


660,293 


318,047 


978,845 


307,736 


164,450 


72,918 


32,278 





1830 
Total, 


470,149 


340,821 


810,970 


320,109 


158,750 


112,089 


45,012 


650 


$8,037,733 


7,660,859 


15,698,592 


4,190,865 


4,984,374 


804,668 


438,880 


3,234 


1831 


941,327 


404,620 


1,345,947 


367,473 


174,500 


78,800 


68,775 


548 


1832 


1,148,364 


653,821 


1,801,685 


502,615 


406,926 


25,999 


82,768 




1833 


870,512 


703,479 


1,573,991 


754,105 


856,640 


43,714 


82,093 


8,695 


1834 


1,176,045 


621,127 


1,797,172 


604,658 


374,085 


56,529 


68,887 


4,166 


1835 


1,017,542 


836,818 


1,853,860 


760,016 


655,907 


96,266 


82,832 


6,755 


1836 


1,096,923 


720,805 


1,817,728 


960,741 


447,630 


109,256 


87,393 


4,863 


183T 


990,873 


426,839 


1,417,212 


1,010,362 


242,386 


63,457 


84,513 


6,742 


1838 


924,982 


204,274 


1,129,256 


906,986 


96,350 


90,797 


88,454 


5,137 


1839 


1,297,168 


547,559 


1,844,727 


812,666 


442,269 


67,831 


65,785 


5,070 


1840 
Total, 


1,396,631 


277,685 


1,674,316 


688,569 


.... 


51,997 


79,823 


2,989 


$10,859,867 


5,396,027 


16,255,894 


7,368,191 


8,196,693 


684,646 


791,278 


39,965 


1841 


1,605,425 


670,090 


2,275,515 


663,191 


500,577 


75,114 


94,116 


399 


1842 


1.257,489 


868,933 


1,626,422 


1,571,038 


814,029 


134,396 


91,873 


827 


1843* 


824,073 


808,,555 


1,132,628 


845,379 


239,536 


97.620 


55,805 


809 


1844 


1,449,778 


410.771 


1,860,549 


541,525 


282,018 


100;033 


90,891 


1,429 


1845 


1,392,891 


287,840 


1,680,731 


816,612 


158,861 


85,754 


91,773 


8,037 


1846 


1,365,550 


281,646 


1,647,196 


1.238,269 


163,150 


58,041 


93,298 


1,510 


1847 


1,334,861 


207,703 


1,542,564 


944,450 


116,920 


122,116 


73,852 


2,719 


1848 


1,562,805 


158,502 


1,720,807 


9SS.418 


37,266 


94,076 


83,515 


2,416 


1849 


1,567,997 


124,499 


1,692,496 


850,763 


20,328 


206,405 


72,925 


2,038 


1850 
Total, 


1,830,024 


123,445 


1,453,469 


1,092,515 


51,600 


133,760 


88,264 


16,027 


$13,690,393 


2,941,984 


16,632,377 


9,497,160 

1 


1,879,285 


1,107,315 


835,807 


80,706 


1851 


2,030,225 


203.586 


2,233,811 


1,248,906 


87,995 


77,873 


127,739 


41,885 


1852 


1,652,699 


56,896 


1,709,095 


1,812,952 


9,853 


63,495 


115,454 


12,485 


1853 


2,486,346 


147,868 


2,634,214 


1.272,492 


89,689 


59,948 


86,575 


14,556 


1854 


2,813,043 


321,043 


3,134,086 


1,869,810 


122,919 


80,788 


105,679 


12,057 


1855 


846,688 


16,410 


363,098 


41,641 


131,238 




59,618 


2,444 


1856 


268,215 


81,659 


299,874 


363,239 


4,000 


8,929 


4,875 


5,289 



* 9 months to June 30, and the fiscal year from this time begins July 1. 



ASIA. 
Early Commerce. — ^Asia, notwithstanding the wars by which it has been desolated, 
was from an early period the seat of commerce and of wealth. The eastern coun- 
tries of Hindostan and China preceded Europe in civilization and industry, and, 
independent of that diversity of natural productions which is the foundation of 
trade, they had cultivated many arts and manufactures which were unknown 
in the western world. Asia, accordingly, abounded m many precious commod- 
ities which could not be produced by the rude industry of Europe. Thus China 
had its silk and porcelain; Hindostan its muslin, cotton, precious stones, and 
aromatics of all sorts, costus, bdellium, spikenard, ivory, tortoise-shell, pepper, etc. 
These were in general demand throughout Europe, where they could not be pro- 
duced ; and they were procured in exchange chiefly for bullion, which then, as in 
later times, was the great article of export to India. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX 

TO SUBJECTS CONTAINED IN THE HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL 
SE:ETCH of THE FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 



A. 

Acapulco, 161. 

Adelaide, 83. 

Africa, 94. 

Africa (Miscellaneous), 185. 

Alabama, 40. 

Alabama, Commerce of, 41. 

Alexandria (Virginia), 31. 

Alexandria, 33, 

Alicant, Spain, 129. 

America, Central, 166. 

America, Central, Commerce o^ 167. 

American Colonies, 2. 

American Colonies, Commerce, Progress 
of, 54. 

American Colonies, Commerce in Seven- 
teenth Century, 55. 

American Colonies, Commerce from 17 00 
to the Revolution, 55. 

American Tonnage, 65. 

Amoy, 181. 

Amsterdam, 109. 

Annapolis, Maryland, 29. 

Antwerp, 67. 

Argentine Confederation, 174. 

Argentine Confederation, Commerce of^ 
175. 

Asia, 184. 

Asia (Miscellaneous Commerce ofj, 185. 

Australia, 82. 

Australia, Commerce of, 83. 

Austria^ 152. 

Austria, Commerce of, 153. 

Azores, Islands, 142. 

Azores, Islands, Commerce of, 143. 

B. 

Baltimore, 29. 

Bangor, 9. 

Barcelona, 129. 

Batavia, 113. 

Bath, 9. 

Beaufort, N. C, 35, 

Beaufort, S. C, 37. 

Belfast, Ireland, 71. 

Belfast, Maine, 9, 

Belgium, Commerce of, 66. 

Belgium and U. S., Commerce of, 67. 

Bengal, Commerce ofJ 78. 

Bergen, 123. 

Bermudas, 89. 

Bombay, 79. 



Bordeaux, 97. 

Boston, 15. 

Brazil, 172. 

Brazil, Commerce of) 173. 

Bremen, 117. 

Brest, 97. 

British Colonies, 92. 

British Colonies, Commerce of^ 93. 

British Colonies, Commerce ofJ 95. 

British Guiana, 86. 

British Guiana, Commerce o^ 87. 

British East Indies, Commerce of^ 79. 

British West Indies, Commerce of, 89. 

Bristol, 17. 

Brunswick, 39. 

Buenos Ayres, 174. 

Buenos Ayres, Commerce of) 175. 

Burlington, 13. 



Cadiz, Port of; 127. 

Caghari, 149. 

Calcutta, Town of, 78. 

California, Commerce of, 53. 

Callao, Port of, 179. 

Campeachy, Trade of, 85. 

Canada, Described, 90. 

Canada, Commerce of, after 1820, 91. 

Canada, Commerce of, before 1820, 93. 

Canary Islands, 130. 

Canary Islands, Commerce of, 131. 

Cape Breton, 92. 

Cape Breton, Commerce ofJ 93. 

Cape de Yerd Islands, 145. 

Cape de Verd Islands, Commerce of, 145, 

Cape of Good Hope, 80. 

Cape of Good Hope, Commerce of] 81. 

Cape To-tt-n, Port of, 81. 

Cartagena, 169. 

Cayenne, Port of, 102. 

Central America, 166. 

Central America, Commerce ofj 167. 

Chagres, 169. 

Champlain, Lake, 12. 

Charleston, S. C, Port of, 37. 

Cherburg, Port ofj 97. 

Chicago,' 50. | 

Chin Described, 176. 

ChUi, Commerce of, 177. 

China Described, 180. 

China, Commerce of, 181. 

Cincinnati, Described, 49. 



188 



Alphabetical Index. 



Cisplatine Republic, Commerce of, 163. 

Clyde, 164. 

Colombia, Described, 164. 

Colombia, Commerce of, 165. 

Colonies, Foundation ot, 1. 

Colonies, British, 92. 

Colonies, British, Commerce ofj 93, 95. 

Colonies, Danish, Commerce of^ lOt. 

Colonies, Dutch, 115. 

Colonies, French, Commerce o^ 101. 

Colonies, Spanish, 159. 

Colonies, Spanish, Commerce of, 159. 

Commerce, American, in Seventeenth 

Century, 55. 
Commerce from 1100, to Revolution, 55. 
Commerce, Progress of American, 54. 
Commerce of the States of the Union, 9. 
Commerce of the United States under 

Articles of Confederation, 51. 
Commerce of the United States, 64. 
Commerce of the United States under the 

Constitution, and until 1812, 57. 
Commerce of the United States since 1812 

up to present time, 62. 
Communication with the Mediterranean, 

153. 
Commercial Policy of the United States, 

30. 
Commercial German Union, 118. 
Commercial Policy, Spanish, 128. 
Connecticut, State of, 18. 
Connecticut, Commerce of, 26 years, 19. 
Constantinople, 155. 
Copenhagen, 105. 
Costa Rica, 166. 
Costa Rica, Commerce of, 161. 
Cuba, 134. 

Cuba, Commerce of 135. 
Curafoa, 111. 



Danish Colonies, 101. 

Danish Sound Dues, 106. 

Danish West Indies, 101. 

Dantzic, 119. 

Delaware, State o^ 26. 

Delaware Bay, 26. 

Delaware Breakwater, 21. 

Delaware, Commerce of, 26 years, 21. 

Denmark, 104. 

Denmark, Commerce of, 105. 

Detroit, 4l. 

District of Columbia, 31. 

Dutch Colonies, 115. 

Dutch East Indies, 112. 

Dutch East Indies, Commerce of, 113. 

Dutch Guiana, 114. 

Dutch Guiana, Commerce of, 145. 

Dutch West Indies, Commerce of. 111. 

E, 

East Indies, British, Commerce o^ 19. 
East Indies, Dutcli, 112. 



East Indies, Commerce o^ 113. 
Elsinore, Port of, 105. 
Erie, Lake, 48. 
Erie, Pa., 25. 

Establishment of Colonies, 1. 
Europe (Miscellaneous Commerce), 185. 
Exports of American Colonies from 1100 
to 1116, 6. 

F. 

Fairfield, 19. 

Fayal, Port of, 143. 

Fayal, Commerce of, 143. 

Florida, Described. 42. 

Florida, Commerce of, 43. 

Foreign Tonnage, 65. 

France, Described, 96. 

Prance, on the Atlantic, Commerce of, 91. 

France, Commerce ofj 98. 

France, on the Mediterranean, 99. 

French Colonies, 101. 

French Guiana, 102. 

French Guiana, Commerce of, 102. 

French West Indies, 100. 

French West Indies, 101. 

G. 

Galatz, Port of, 154. 

Gal way, Port of, 11. 

Genoa, Port of, 141. 

Georgetown, D. C, 31. 

Georgetown, British Guiana, 81. 

Georgia, State of, 38. 

Georgia, Commerce of, 39. 

German Commercial Union, 118. 

Gibraltar, 14. 

Gibraltar and U. S., Commerce of, 15. 

Glasgow, 13. 

Good Hope, Cape of, 80. 

Gottenburg, 123. 

Great Britain, 68. 

Great Britain and the U, S., Commerce 

of, 69. 
Greece, Described, 154. 
Greek Colonies, 1. 
Guatemala, Described, 166. 
Guatemala, Commerce of, 161. 
Guiana, Described, 103. 
Guiana, British, 86. 
Guiana, British, Commerce of, 81. 
Guiana, French, 102. 
Guiana, French, Commerce o^ 103. 
Guiana, Dutch, 114. 
Guiana^ Dutch, Commerce of, 115. 
Guyamas, Mexico, 161. 

H, 

Halifax, Port of, 93. 
Hamburg, Port of. 111. 
Hanse Towns, Commerce o:^ 111. 
Hanseatic League, 116. 
Havana, 135. 



Alphahetical Index. 



189 



Hayti, Described, 156, 

Hayti, Commerce of, 151. 

Holland, Commerce of, 108. 

Holland and U. S., Commerce of) 109. 

Honduras, Described, 84. 

Honduras, 166. 

Honduras and U. S., Commerce o^ 85. 

Honduras and U. S., Commerce of, 167. 

I. 

Illinois, State of, 50. 

Illinois, Commerce of, 51. 

Imports of American Colonies from 1700 

to 1776-7. 
Indies, East, British, Commerce of, 79. 
Indies, East, Dutch, 112. 
Indies, East, Dutch, Commerce of, 113. 
Indies, "West, Erench, 100. 
Indies, "West, French, Commerce of, 101. 
Ireland, Described, 70. 
Ireland and the U. S., Commerce of, 71. 
Italy, Described, 146. 
Italy, Commerce of, 147. 



Jamaica, Island of, 88. 
Jamaica, Commerce ofj 89. 
Java, Described, 112. 
Jersey City, 23, 



K. 

Key "West, Florida, 43. 



Leghorn, Port of, 147. 
Liberia, Described, 144. 
Lima, Port of, 179. 
Lisbon, Port of, 139, 
Liverpool, Port of, 69. 
London, Port of; 69. 
Louisiana, State of, 44. 
Louisiana, Commerce of) 45. 
Lubec, Port of; 117. 

M. 

Madeira Isles, 140. 

Madeira Isles, Commerce of, 141, 

Madras, 79. 

Maine, State of, 8. 

Maine, Commerce of, 9. 

Malta, Island ofj 76, 

Malta and U, S., Commerce ofj 77. 

ManiHa, Port of, 132. 

Manilla, Commerce of, 133. 

Marseilles, 99. 

Maryland, State of, 28. 

Maryland, Commerce of, 36 years, 29. 

Massachusetts, State of, 14. 

Massachusetts, Commerce of, 36 years, 15. 

Mauritius, Island of, 182. 

Mauritius, Commerce of, 183. 

Melbourne, Commerce of, 83, 95. 

Memel, Port of, 119. 



Mexico, Commerce ofj 160. 
Mexico and U. S., Commerce of, 161. 
Michigan, State ofj 46. 
Michigan, Commerce of, 47. 
Middletown, Connecticut, 19. 
Mobile, Port of, 41. 
Moldavia, Commerce of, 154. 
Montevideo, Port of, 162. 
Montreal, 91. 

New Brunswick, Colony of, 92, 

New Brunswick, Commerce of, 93. 

New G-ranada, 168. 

New Granada, Commerce of, 169. 

New Hampshire, State of, 10. 

New Hampshire, Commerce of, 11. 

New Haven, Port of, 19. 

New Jersey, 22. 

New Jersey, Commerce of, 23. 

New London, Port ofj 19. 

New Orleans, Port of, 45. 

Newport, Ehode Island, 17. 

New York, State of, 20. 

New York State, Commerce o^ 21. 

New York City, 21. 

Nicaragua, 166. 

Nicaragua, Commerce ofj 167. 

Norfolk, Port of, 33. 

North Carolina, State of, 34. 

North Carolina, Commerce of) 35. 

Norway, 124. 

Norway and Sweden, 122. 

Norway and Sweden, Commerce of, 123. 

Nova Scotia, Colony of, 92. 

Nova Scotia. Commerce of; 93. 

0. 

Odessa, Port of, 121. 

Ohio, State of; 48. 

Ohio, Commerce of; 36 years, 49. 

Oregon, Commerce of, 53. 

P. 

Palermo, Port of, 151. 

Panama, Port of, 169. 

Paramaribo, Port of, 115. 

Paterson, N. J., 23. 

Pennsylvania, State of, 24. 

Pennsylvania, Commerce of, 25. 

Pensacola, Florida, 49. 

Perth Amboy, Port of, 23. 

Peru, 178. 

Peru, Commerce of, 179. 

Petersburg, Port of, 121. 

Philadelphia, Port of, 25. 

Philippine Islands, 133. 

Philippine Islands, Commerce ofj 133. 

Port-au-Prince, 157. 

Portland, Port of, 9. 

Port Louis, 95. 

Porto Rico, Commerce of, 136. 



190 



Alphabetical Index. 



Porto Rico, 137. 

Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 11. 

Portugal, 138. 

Portugal, Commerce o^ 139. 

Progress of American Commerce, 185. 

Providence, Rhode Island, Vl. 

Prussia, Commerce of, 119. 

Prussian Commercial Union, 118. 

Puerto Cabello, Port of, 85. 



Quebec, 91. 



a 



R. 



Rhode Island, State of; 16. 

Rhode Island, Commerce of, 36 years, 17. 

Rio de Janeiro, Port o^ 173. 

Russia, 120. 

Russia, Commerce of, 36 years, 121. 

s. 

Saint Helena, 95. 

Saint John, Port of, 93. 

Salonica, 155. 

San Domingo, 156. 

San Domingo, Commerce o^ 157. 

San Juan de Nicaragua, 167. 

San Salvador, 166. 

San Salvador, Commerce of, 167. 

Sardinia, 148. 

Sardinia, Commerce of, 149. 

Savannah, Geo., 39. 

Scotland, 72. 

Scotland and U. S., Commerce of, 73. 

Sicily, Commerce of, 150. 

Sicily and U. S., Commerce of, 151. 

Sierra Leone, 94. 

Sierra Leone, Commerce of, 95. 

Singapore, 79. 

Sound Dues, Danish, 106. 

South Carolina, State of, 36. 

South Carolina, Commerce of, 36 years, 
37. 

Spain, Commerce ofj 126. 

Spain and the U. S., Commerce of, 127. 

Spain on the Mediterranean, 129. 

Spanish Colonies, 158. 

Spanish Colonies, Commerce of, 159. 

Spanish Colonies, 2. 

Spanish Commercial Policy, 128. 

Spanish West Indies (Cuba excepted), 
137. 

Steam Communication to the Mediterra- 
nean, 153. 

Steam Tonnage of the United States, 64. 

Stettin, Port of, 119. 

Stockholm, Port of, 123. 

Stonington, Connecticut, 19. 

Surinam, 111. 

Surinam, Commerce of, 114. 

Sweden and Norway, 122. 



Sweden and Norway, Commerce of, 123. 
Sweden, Commerce of| 122. 
Swedish "West Indies, Commerce o^ 125. 
Sydney,' 83. 

T. 

Tampico, 161. 

Tea Imports into U. S., 180. 

Teneriflfe, Island of, 131. • 

Teneriffe, Commerce of, 132. 

Texas, State of, 52. 

Texas, Commerce of, 53. 

Texas (when Spanish Colony), 159. 

Toulon, Port of, 99. 

Tonnage of the United States, 65. 

Tonnage, Steam, ef the United States, 64. 

Treaties, 30. 

Trieste, Port of; 152. 

Trieste, Commerce of, 153. 

TruxiHo, Port of, 85. 

Turkey, 154. 

Turkey, Commerce of, 155. 

IT. 

Uncertain Ports, 185. 

United States, Commercial Policy of, 30. 

United States, Commerce of (under the 

Articles of Confederation), 57. 
United States, Commerce of (under tiie 

Constitution, and until 1812), 57. 
United States, Commerce of (since 1812 

up to the present time), 62. 
United States, Commerce of, 64. 
United States, Tonnage, 65. 
United States, Steam Tonnage, 64. 
Uruguay, Described, 163. 

V. 

Yaletta, Port of, 76. 

Valparaiso, Port of, 177. 

Venezuela, Commerce of, 170. 

Venezuela and U. S., Commerce of; 171. 

Vera Cruz, Mexico, 161. 

Vermont, State of, 12. 

Vermont, Commerce o^ 13. 

Virginia, State of, 32. 

Virginia, Commerce of, 36 years, 33. 

w. 

"West Indies, British, 78. 

West Indies, British, Commerce of, 79. 

West Indies, French, 100. 

West Indies, French, Commerce of, 101. 

West Indies, Danish, 107. 

West Indies^ Dutch, 111. 

West Indies, Swedish, 125. 

West Indies (Miscellaneous), Commerce 

o^ 185. 
Wilmington, Delaware, 27. 
Wihnington, N. C, 35. 
Wisconsin, Commerce ofj 53. 



MUTUAL 


LIFE 


INSURANCE 


COMPANY 




OF 


NEW YORK. 




EBPOET F0R"%HE TEAR ENDING 31ST JANUAET, 1857. 


OFFICE, 111 


BROADW/^ 

RECEIPTS 
es 


lY, TRINITY BUILDING 


1, NEW YORK. 

$808 101 98 


1 V . i . .liums and Policy Fe 


FOE 'i'H h: fiscal tear 








230 170 59 


" Annuities 






6 962 60 




DISBURSEMENTS FOR THE TEAR. 






$1,045,235 IT 



Paid Claims by Death $279,183 81 

" Additional to same, being Profits 18,737 49 

" Surreadered Policies and Dividends 82,525 53 

" Eeduction of Premiums 1,992 04 

" Annuities 2,564 69 

" Commissions to Agents 82,562 46 

" Expenses, including Eent, Taxes, Salaries, Postages, Exchanges, Medical Examina- 
tions, Printing, Stationery, etc 66,919 21 

$434,485 23 

Net increase of Assets during the year $610,749 94 

Net Assets 31st January, 1856 3,178,034 28 

Total net Assets 81st January, 1857 $3,788,784 22 

ASSETS, JANUARY 31, 185t. 

Cash on hand and in Bank . . . , 95,320 26 

Invested on Bond and Mortgage 3,639,795 40 

Deposited for Taxes, Fire Insurance, etc 6,121 08 

Due by Agents 47,517 48 







$3,788,784 22 


Number of Policies issued during the yes 
Number of Policies in force 1st February 


2,041 


18.^7 


. . 9.794 


I have examined the above statement, and believe it to be correct. 






SHEPPARD HOMANS, Actuary. 




BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 


FREDEEIC S. WINSTON, 


EICHAED PATRICK, 


ALFRED EDWAEDS, 


MILLAED FILLMOEE, 


JOSEPH BLUNT, 


LUCIUS EOBINSON, 


DAVID HOADLET, 


NATHANIEL HAYDEN, 


SAMUEL D. BABCOCK, 


WILLIAM V. BEADY, 


JONATHAN MILLEE, 


WILLIAM E. DODGE, 


HENEY A. SMYTHE, 


ABEAHAM BININGEE, 


CHAS. J. STEDMAN, 


EOBEET H. M'CUEDY, 


JOHN WADSWORTH, 


CEPHAS H. NOETON, 


JOHN V. L. PEUYN, 


JOHN P. YELVEETON, 


JOHN P. TREAD WELL, 


WILLIAM BETTS, 


WxM. J. BUNKEE, 


EZRA WHEELER, 


ISAAC GEEEN PEARSON, 


SAMUEL M. COENELL, 


WILLIAM H. POPHAM, 


WILLIAM MOOEE, 


SAMUEL E. SPEOULLS, 


LYCURGUS EDGEETON, 


JOHN H. SWIFT, 


JOHN M. STUART, 


W. SMITH BEOWN, 


GEOEGE S. COE, 


HAMLIN BLAKE, 


GEOEGE E. CLARK. 




PREDERICK: S. WINSTON, President 




ISAAC ABBATT, Secretary. 


SHEPPARD HOMANS, Actuary. 






MINTURN POST, M.D., Medical JEkcaminer. 






H. H. 


H^DE, General Agent 



Commencing a Meriet of Vatuabie BookM by $ub$cription onty. 



An Abridgment of the Debates of Congress^ 

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IW For Bank Officers, Private Bankers and Notaries Public. 

THE MERCHANTS AND BANKERS' REGISTER, 

For 1857. 

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CONTENTS. 

L List of Banks in the United States — arranged in States, and alphabetically in C5itieB 

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Thk History of Banking, with a Comprehensive Account op the Origin, Rise, Asnt PaoaRUS 
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American Edition, one Volume octavo, pp. 350. Price Two Dollars. 

The Appendix to this work contains asfollotca : 
1. Copy of the Bank Charter of 1844. II. Original By-Laws of the Bank of England. HI. Annual 
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I. A List of Rare and Valuable Works on Banking, Currency, Coins, «fcc., published in Great Britain 
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II. Sketch of the Origin of Savings Banks in Great Britain, and of the Existing Laws for their Gov- 
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III. A List of One Hundred and Fifty Books and Pamphlets contained in the Boston Athenaeum, upon 
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States, now out of print or exceedingly scarce.) 

IV. An Account of the Banking Institute of London. 

V. Alphabetical List of English and American Works on Banking, Coins, Currency, Bills of Ex- 
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VI. An Index to Articles upon the Subjects of Banks, Banking, Bank of England, Bank of United 
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Usury, Repudiation, &c. conlainea in the British and American Periodical Works of the last fifty Years. 
Compilad by Wm. F. Poole, Assistant Librarian of the Boston Athenaeum. {By means of this Index 
only the reader can readily faid the elaborate and valuable essays contained in the Edinburgh and 
London (Quarterly Reviercs, The Merchants' and The Bankers' Magazines, American Uuarterly 
and North American Reviews, Silliman's Journal of Science, Niles's Register, and many other lead- 
ing periodicals. It will also enable the reader to find readily the writings — the authorship hitherto 
unknown in many cases — of the following r'^ributors.) 

Appleton, Nathan, D'Argout, M., Humboldt. Baron, Ropes, J. S., 

Adams, Charles F., De Morgan, Johnson, A. B., '. Seaman, E. C. 

Ashburton. Lord, Dwight, E., Jacobs, VJm., Smith, F. O. J., 

Bancroft, Geo., Everett, A. H., Lanman, J. H., Smith, J. V. C, 

Bell, G. M., Fillmore, Millard, Madison, J., Sparks, Jared, 

Binney, Horace, Fosdick, D., McCulloch, J. R., Tucker, Geo., 

Brougham, Lord, Foster, J. B., McDuffie, Geo., Wallenstein, J. D., 

Carey, Henry C, Foster, W. H., Middlelon, Henry, Wetmore, W. S., 

Carey, Matthew, Gallatin, Albert, Otis, G., Wharton, F., 

Cary, T. G., Gilbart, J. W., Peabody, O. W. B., WTiipple, John, 

Chandler, P. W., Gouge, W. M., Phillips, W., Willard, A. P. 



Congdon,'j.'B.,'' Gordon, Tho.'k, Polk, J.' K., 

The History by Mr. Lawson contains many Interesting details relating to the Early Currency of Great 
Britain, — The Lombard Jews, — The Exchequer, — London Private Bankers of the I7ih, 18th, and 19th 
Centuries, —Origin of Banks in England, — Bills of Exchange, —History of the Bank of England, — 
The Goldsmiths, — The Clearing- House, — Frauds of Fauntleroy, Stephenson, &c., — Origin of Private 
Bankers, — Savings Banlcs, — Joint-Stock Banking, — Irish Banking, — Scotch Banking, — Bank 
Failures, — Monts de Piet6, — Loan Societies, —&c. 



Mr. Lawson has given us a very interesting velume, as his contribution to the History of Bzmking. 
He has taken great pains to make his work accurate : and as it is the result of many years' labor and 
research, it posspsses a higher value than could be claimed for a more ephemeral production. He pre- 
sents us with a good general view of the state of banking, and incidentally of com.'';rce also, from the 
earliest periods to the present time ; and he has interwoven his facts so pleasantly with aaecdoticai nar- 
rative that the work will b« found interesting by all classes of readers. — London Bankers' Magasine. 



^t gaitliBrs' Hap^ine mil ^tatistital %^\s{a. 



Published monthly at No, 162 Pearl Street, New-Tork, Terms, Five Dollars 
per annum. All orders and subscriptions to be forwarded per mail to the Editor 
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J. SMITH ROMANS, 



The following aw a few of the many voluntary and favorable opinions expressed by Bank 
officers, as to the value of this work to Banking Institutions • 

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and VI r^re the subscription price Jive times the sum, I should consider this article a good set o^ for the whole 
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I heard ii very highly spoken of in London when there recently, and especially so by Mr. Gilbart, whose praise 
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April, 1851. 

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April, 1851. 

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April, 1851. 

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S P. Clabk, Cashier J^ew- England Bank " Chablbs Spraoue, Cashier Globe Bank, '• 



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